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FIGURE 9 in Leaf venation of living species of Persea (Lauraceae), with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes

FIGURE 9. Photomicrographs of Persea leaves. A. P. glabra van der Werff (Fróes 20022). B. P. glabra van der Werff (Harley 27205). C. P. glabra van der Werff (Moraes 2585). D. P. haenkeana Mez (Solomon 9293). E. P. humilis Nash (Kral 48093). F. P. hypoleuca (A.Rich.) Mez (Linden 1773). G. P. jariensis Vattimo-Gil (Silva 5395). H. P. jenmanii Mez (Steyermark 120). I. P. julianae van der Werff (Holmgren 54397). J. P. liebmannii Mez (Tenorio L. 6241). K. P. lingue Nees (Gay s.n.). L. P. longipes (Schltdl.) Meisn. (Schiede 59). M. P. meridensis L.E.Kopp (Marcano Berti 1730). N. P. meziana Rasingam & Karthig. (Santos Lima 342). O. P. meziana Rasingam & Karthig. (Moraes 5185). P. P. meziana Rasingam & Karthig. (Pereira 9869). Q. P. oblongifolia L.E.Kopp (Liogier 11380). R. P. obovata Nees & Mart. (Garcia 902). S. P. palustris (Raf.) Sarg. (Hansen 9993). T. P. pedunculosa Meisn. (Claussen 1774). U. P. perseiphylla (C.K.Allen) van der Werff (Boom 5743). V. P. peruviana Nees (Bernardi 16235). W. P. peruviana Nees (Spichiger 4749). X. P. povedae W.C.Burger (Herrera Ch. 435). Y. P. psammophila P.L.R.Moraes (Moraes 5358). Z. P. pseudofasciculata L.E.Kopp (Krukoff 11283). A'. P. pseudofasciculata L.E.Kopp (Krukoff 7080). B'. P. pumila P.L.R.Moraes & R.S.Pacheco (Moraes 3572). Bars = 250 μm.

FIGURE 2. X in Leaf venation of living species of Persea (Lauraceae), with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes

FIGURE 2. X-ray images of Persea leaves. A. P. glabra van der Werff (Harley 27205). B. P. haenkeana Mez (Solomon 9293). C. P. humilis Nash (Kral 48093). D. P. jenmanii Mez (Steyermark 92485). E. P. julianae van der Werff (Holmgren 54397). F. P. liebmannii Mez (Tenorio L. 6241). G. P. lingue Nees (Mahu s.n.). H. P. longipes (Schltdl.) Meisn. (Schiede 59). I. P. meridensis L.E.Kopp (Berti 1730). J. P. meziana Rasingam & Karthig. (Moraes 5178). K. P. obovata Nees & Mart. (Godoy 775). L. P. palustris (Raf.) Sarg. (Hansen 9993). M. P. pedunculosa Meisn. (Claussen 1774). N. P. perseiphylla (C.K.Allen) van der Werff (Boom 5743). O. P. peruviana Nees (Bernardi 16235). P. P. povedae W.C.Burger (Herrera Ch. 435). Q. P. pseudofasciculata L.E.Kopp (Krukoff 11283). R. P. pumila P.L.R.Moraes & R.S.Pacheco (Moraes 3572). S. P. punctata Meisn. (Lund s.n.). T. P. rigida Nees & Mart. (Sellow 652). Bars = 1 cm.

FIGURE 5. X in Leaf venation of living species of Persea (Lauraceae), with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes

FIGURE 5. X-ray images (close-up) of the leaf venation of Persea. A. P. cuneata Meisn. (Escobar 7182). B. P. donnell-smithii Mez (Tenorio L. 14894). C. P. fastigiata L.E.Kopp (Cardoso 3363). D. P. ferruginea Kunth (McPherson 13173). E. P. fuliginosa Nees & Mart. (Sellow 4313). F. P. fulva L.E.Kopp (Glaziou 14203). G. P. fusca Mez (Glaziou 22069). H. P. glabra van der Werff (Moraes 2585). I. P. haenkeana Mez (Solomon 9293). J. P. humilis Nash (Kral 48093). K. P. jenmanii Mez (Steyermark 93567). L. P. julianae van der Werff (Holmgren 54397). Bars = 5 mm.

FIGURE 6. X in Leaf venation of living species of Persea (Lauraceae), with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes

FIGURE 6. X-ray images (close-up) of the leaf venation of Persea. A. P. liebmannii Mez (Tenorio L. 6241). B. P. lingue Nees (Mahu s.n.). C. P. longipes (Schltdl.) Meisn. (Schiede 59). D. P. meridensis L.E.Kopp (Berti 1730). E. P. meziana Rasingam & Karthig. (Moraes 5178). F. P. obovata Nees & Mart. (Garcia 902). G. P. palustris (Raf.) Sarg. (Hansen 9993). H. P. pedunculosa Meisn. (Claussen 1774). I. P. perseiphylla (C.K.Allen) van der Werff (Boom 5743). J. P. peruviana Nees (Bernardi 16235). K. P. povedae W.C.Burger (Herrera Ch. 435). L. P. pseudofasciculata L.E.Kopp (van der Werff 10006). Bars = 5 mm.

FIGURE 4. X in Leaf venation of living species of Persea (Lauraceae), with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes

FIGURE 4. X-ray images (close-up) of the leaf venation of Persea. A. P. alba Nees & Mart. (Schwacke 5779). B. P. albida Kosterm. (House 1057). C. P. americana Mill. (Rohan 44). D. P. areolatocostae (C.K.Allen) van der Werff (Monteagudo 4714). E. P. aurata Miq. (Blanchet 3566). F. P. benthamiana Meisn. (Spruce 2766). G. P. borbonia (L.) Spreng. (Jones 23939). H. P. buchtienii O.C.Schmidt (Nee 42046). I. P. caerulea (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez (van der Werff 9473). J. P. caesia Meisn. (Moraes 4715). K. P. chrysophylla L.E.Kopp (Soejarto 3057). L. P. croizatii van der Werff (Almeida 624). Bars = 5 mm.

FIGURE 1. X in Leaf venation of living species of Persea (Lauraceae), with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes

FIGURE 1. X-ray images of Persea leaves. A. P. alba Nees & Mart. (Schwacke 5779). B. P. albida Kosterm. (House 1057). C. P. americana Mill. (Rohan 44). D. P. areolatocostae (C.K.Allen) van der Werff (Monteagudo 4714). E. P. aurata Miq. (Vergne 63). F. P. benthamiana Meisn. (Spruce 2766). G. P. borbonia (L.) Spreng. (Jones 23939). H. P. buchtienii O.C.Schmidt (Nee 42046). I. P. caerulea (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez (van der Werff 9473). J. P. caesia Meisn. (Moraes 4715). K. P. chrysophylla L.E.Kopp (Soejarto 3057). L. P. croizatii van der Werff (Almeida 624). M. P. cuneata Meisn. (Escobar 7182). N. P. donnell-smithii Mez (Tenorio L. 14894). O. P. fastigiata L.E.Kopp (Cardoso 3363). P. P. ferruginea Kunth (McPherson 13173). Q. P. fuliginosa Nees & Mart. (Sellow 4313). R. P. fulva L.E.Kopp (Glaziou 14203). S. P. fusca Mez (Glaziou 22069). Bars = 1 cm.

FIGURE 3. X in Leaf venation of living species of Persea (Lauraceae), with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes

FIGURE 3. X-ray images of Persea leaves. A. P. rufotomentosa Nees & Mart. (Moraes 3593). B. P. ruizii J.F.Macbr. (Solomon 15364). C. P. schiedeana Nees (Hammel 6966). D. P. sericea Kunth (Harling 23755). E. P. venosa Nees & Mart. (Herbarium Lusitanicum). F. P. venosa Nees & Mart. (Riedel 698). G. P. venosa Nees & Mart. (Falkenberg 2971). H. P. veraguasensis Seem. (Davidse 24628). I. P. vesticula Standl. & Steyerm. (Hawkins 450). J. P. willdenovii Kosterm. (Sellow 5230 = H.I.B. 134). K. P. willdenovii Kosterm. (Reitz 11703). L. P. willdenovii Kosterm. (Moraes 3516). M. P. willdenovii Kosterm. (Moraes 3519). N. P. willdenovii Kosterm. Badini s.n. (OUPR [26599]). O. P. willdenovii Kosterm. (Moraes 3515). Bars: 1 cm.

FIGURE 10 in Leaf venation of living species of Persea (Lauraceae), with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes

FIGURE 10. Photomicrographs of Persea leaves. A. P. punctata Meisn. (Lund s.n.). B. P. punctata Meisn. (Riedel 2234). C. P. punctata Meisn. (Moraes 3602). D. P. rigida Nees & Mart. (Sellow 652). E. P. rigida Nees & Mart. (Aguirre 102). F. P. rigida Nees & Mart. (Moraes 5424). G. P. rufotomentosa Nees & Mart. (Moraes 3593). H. P. ruizii J.F.Macbr. (Solomon 15364). I. P. schiedeana Nees (Alvaro M. 747). J. P. sericea Kunth (Harling 23755). K. P. venosa Nees & Mart. (Herbarium Lusitanicum). L. P. venosa Nees & Mart. (Riedel 698). M. P. venosa Nees & Mart. (Brade 12999). N. P. venosa Nees & Mart. (Moraes 5379). O. P. veraguasensis Seem. (Davidse 24628). P. P. vesticula Standl. & Steyerm. (Hawkins 450). Q. P. weberbaueri Mez (Pérez 9075). R. P. willdenovii Kosterm. (Sellow 5230 = H.I.B. 134). S. P. willdenovii Kosterm. (Langsdorff s.n.). T. P. willdenovii Kosterm. (Reitz 2140). U. P. willdenovii Kosterm. (Reitz 9731). V. P. willdenovii Kosterm. (Badini s.n.). W. P. willdenovii Kosterm. (Araujo 7044). X. P. willdenovii Kosterm. (Moraes 5453). Bars = 250 μm.

FIGURE 11 in Leaf venation of living species of Persea (Lauraceae), with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes

FIGURE 11. Leaf venation of Persea microneura Meisn. A, D, G–H. Riedel s.n. B, E. Demuner 627. C, F, M–N. Fernandes 2877. I–J. Binot 197. K–L. Miers 4280. Bars: 1 cm (A–C), 5 mm (D–F), 250 μm (G–N).

FIGURE 12. A in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 12. A Holbrook specimen (ANSP 460) of Amphiuma means from "South Carolina" that matches the measurements, proportions, and approximate orientation of Holbrook (1842e)'s illustration by Thomas M. Logan M.D. (Fig. 11). Note the dissection of the lower jaw facilitating Holbrook's description of oral morphology. Ruler closest to specimen is marked in cm.

FIGURE 3 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 3. Illustration of a primary syntype of Salamandra auriculata Holbrook, 1838b, and a specimen (MNHN-RA 0.4675) from "Georgie [Woodmanston Plantation near Riceboro, Liberty County, Georgia]," here designated as lectotype, in dorsal (a, c) and ventral (b, d) views. The remaining primary syntypes of unknown number and disposition thereby become paralectotypes. This is a "type by association" (Bell 1996; Pyron and Beamer 2020), as we infer that it is the ANSP specimen from Holbrook described by Hallowell (1858), sent by Hallowell from Philadelphia to the MNHN in Paris in December 1856. Grid is in cm.

FIGURE 8 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 8. Lot (USNM 3981) containing the lectotype (larger specimen) of Salamandra granulata De Kay in Holbrook, 1842e, type locality "from the northern districts of New York," in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. This specimen was illustrated (Fig. 7) in both Holbrook (1842e) and De Kay (1842). The smaller specimen, part of the original lot and described by De Kay (1842), thereby becomes a paralectotype. Images adapted courtesy of the NMNH. Ruler is marked in cm.

FIGURE 2. A in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 2. A Holbrook specimen of Plethodon glutinosus sensu lato (MNHN-RA 0.4666), used as a primary syntype of Plethodon variolosum Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854 in dorsal (a), lateral (b), and ventral (c) views, here designated as the lectotype. The other syntypes thereby become paralectotypes, including MNHN-RA 0.4667 and MNHN-RA 2008.315 from Harlan, and others from Milbert. Images courtesy of A. Ohler, A. Fraysse, and the MNHN. No fixed scale-bar available

FIGURE 10 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 10. Holbrook (1842e)'s illustration by J. Queen in (a) dorsal and (b) ventral views, and specimen ANSP 14001 (c; dorsal view) of Triton niger (Green, 1818). This specimen bears an erroneous locality of "Penns." in the ANSP catalog but is likely from the series that Holbrook notes he has collected in Georgia and "Carolina." Ruler is in mm.

FIGURE 1 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 1. One of Holbrook's primary syntype specimens (ANSP 716) of Salamandra gutto-lineata Holbrook, 1838a in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views, here designated as the lectotype. Consequently, ANSP 717 and the two other primary syntypes of unknown location and disposition (one of them a male with cirri) thereby become paralectotypes. Of these two missing paralectotypes, we cannot be certain if MNHN-RA 0.4668 is one of them. We were unable to match the handwriting on the label; it may be Cope, Fowler, Dunn, or another worker. Ruler is in mm.

FIGURE 9 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 9. Lectotype (ANSP 490) of Salamandra quadridigitata Holbrook, 1842e, type locality in the vicinity of Charleston, S.C. The remaining primary syntypes, of unknown number and disposition, thereby become paralectotypes. This specimen was erroneously considered the holotype by Mittleman (1967), Malnate (1971), and Wray et al. (2017), who declared it destroyed and designated a neotype (UF 178833), which we reverse here. We were unable to match the handwriting on the label, but it appears modern and may be Malnate. Ruler is in mm.

FIGURE 7 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 7. Illustration by (a) J. W. Hill (De Kay 1842e) and J. H. Richard (Holbrook 1842e) in dorsal (b) and ventral (c) views of the lectotype (USNM 3981) of Salamandra granulata De Kay in Holbrook, 1842e, type locality "from the northern districts of New York." This specimen is the larger of the two in the lot, which is still extant at the NMNH (Fig. 8).

FIGURE 4 in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the salamanders (Urodela) from Holbrook's North American Herpetology

FIGURE 4. Illustrations of Salamandra maculo-quadrata Holbrook, 1840 by J. Queen (a, b) and J. H. Richard (c, d) from Holbrook (1842e), in dorsal (a, c) and ventral (b, d) views. Note the misnumbering on the first plate (b).

FIGURE 2 in Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on the names published in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by Drake del Castillo in 1903

FIGURE 2. Kalanchoe beharensis is one of the few truly arborescent species of Kalanchoe. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 4. Garcinia fluviatilis flowers. A–H. Staminate flower. A. Floral bud. B in Nomenclatural and taxonomic novelties in Garcinia (Clusiaceae) from Amazonian forest

FIGURE 4. Garcinia fluviatilis flowers. A–H. Staminate flower. A. Floral bud. B. Flower in lateral view. C. Flower in upper view. D. Outer petal. E. Inner petal. F. Heterodynamous stamens. G. Anther in frontal view. H–I. Pistillate flower. H. Flower in lateral view. I. Ovary in cross section, showing one ovule per locule. J. Mature fruit in frontal view. Scale bars = 1 mm, except in J = 1 cm.