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Figure 7 from: Taylor JD, Glover EA (2019) Unloved, paraphyletic or misplaced: new genera and species of small to minute lucinid bivalves and their relationships (Bivalvia, Lucinidae). ZooKeys 899: 109-140. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.899.47070

Figure 7 'Rugalucina' cracentis sp. nov. A–ELucina concinna Holotype (ZMC I.100470) Gulf of Suez, exterior and interior of right and left valves and dorsal view, L 9.2 mm F–H 'Rugalucina cracentis' exterior of right valve and interior of right and left valves Egypt, Dahab, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. H. Blatterer colln, L 6.7 mm I, JR. cracentis exterior and interior of right valve Dahab, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, H. Blatterer colln, L 8.5 mm K, LR cracentis exterior and interior of left valve Egypt, 4 km north of Port Safaga, H. Dekker colln 6930, L 8.3 mm M interior of right valve, L 8.8 mm N, O exterior and interior left valve Egypt, 4 km north of Port Safaga, H. Dekker colln 6930, L 7.1 mm P, Q interiors of right and left valves, H. Dekker colln 6930, L 8.7 mm R, S hinge details of P and Q.

Figure 8 from: Taylor JD, Glover EA (2019) Unloved, paraphyletic or misplaced: new genera and species of small to minute lucinid bivalves and their relationships (Bivalvia, Lucinidae). ZooKeys 899: 109-140. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.899.47070

Figure 8 Pusillolucina pusilla and P. denticula. A–DPusillolucina pusilla (Glover & Taylor, 2016) APillucina pusilla Holotype (MNHN IM-2000-26591) Philippines, Bohol Island, L 1.2 mm B holotype dorsal view C, DP. pusilla interior of left and right valves, paratype (MNHN IM-2000-26592), L 1.05 mm E, F detail of hinge teeth in C, D. G–KPusillolucina denticula (Glover & Taylor, 2001) Durban Bay, South Africa G exterior of right valve, paratype (NMSA), L 2.9 mm H, I interior of left and right valves, holotype (NMSA), L 3.5 mm J, K detail of hinge teeth.

Figure 6 from: Taylor JD, Glover EA (2019) Unloved, paraphyletic or misplaced: new genera and species of small to minute lucinid bivalves and their relationships (Bivalvia, Lucinidae). ZooKeys 899: 109-140. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.899.47070

Figure 6 'Rugalucina' cypselis (Melvill, 1918). A–D Holotype Divaricella cypselis Melvill, 1918 (NHMUK 1921. 1. 28. 92), Karachi, L 5.2 mm E–L 'Rugalucina' cypselis Karachi (NHMUK 20191075) Winckworth collection E right valve, L 3.1 mm, ob – oblique commarginal lamellae F left valve, L 3.0 mm G right valve, L 3.2 mm H dorsal view, L 1.9 mm I interior left valve, L 3.2 mm J interior right valve, L 3.2 mm K interior left valve, L 3.0 mm L protoconch M detail of ventral margin (F) showing obliquely aligned commarginal lamellae. Scale bar: 100 µm (L); 1 mm (M).

Figure 11 from: Taylor JD, Glover EA (2019) Unloved, paraphyletic or misplaced: new genera and species of small to minute lucinid bivalves and their relationships (Bivalvia, Lucinidae). ZooKeys 899: 109-140. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.899.47070

Figure 11 Pusillolucina africana sp. nov. Mozambique, Inhaca Island, Baia Campessuane, 3–4 m, INHACA stn MD1. B–O Paratypes (MNHN-IM-2000-35108). A Holotype (MNHN-IM-2000-35107), L 2.3 mm B paratype exterior left valve, L 2.1 mm C interior of left valve, L 2.1 mm D interior right valve, L 1.9 mm E exterior right valve, L 2.2 mm F exterior left valve, L 2.2 mm G exterior of left valve, L 2.2 mm H dorsal view, L 2.4 mm I interior of left valve, L 2.1 mm J interior of right valve, L 2.1 mm K interior of right valve, L 2.1 mm L–N detail of hinges of I, J, K. O Protoconch. Scale bar: 50 µm (O).

Figure 10 from: Taylor JD, Glover EA (2019) Unloved, paraphyletic or misplaced: new genera and species of small to minute lucinid bivalves and their relationships (Bivalvia, Lucinidae). ZooKeys 899: 109-140. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.899.47070

Figure 10 Pusillolucina arabica sp. nov. Arabian Gulf NHMUK consultancy samples- see text for details. A Lateral view of right valve stn 41C (NHMUK 20191079) stained with Rose Bengal, L 1.3 mm B lateral view of left valve stn 41C (NHMUK 20191079), L 1.2 mm C, D exterior of left (L 1.5 mm) and right (L 1.3 mm) valves stn 39FC (NHMUK 20191081) E, F Interior of right (L 1.4 mm) and left (L 1.5 mm) valves stn 36FC (NHMUK 20191080) G dorsal view, stn 39FC (NHMUK 20191081), L 1.3 mm. H juvenile shell, stn 48FC (NHMUK 20191082), L 1.1 mm I juvenile shell, stn 36FC (NHMUK 20191080), L 0.9 mm J–L hinge teeth of left and right valves stn 36FC (NHMUK 20191080) M detail of posterior lateral tooth of right valve stn 36FC (NHMUK 20191080) N section through a ctenidial demibranch with thickened bacteriocyte zone, critical point dried preparation O symbiotic bacteria. Scale bars: 300 µm (J–L); 100 µm (M); 50 µm (N); 4 µm (O).

Figure 2 from: Taylor JD, Glover EA (2019) Unloved, paraphyletic or misplaced: new genera and species of small to minute lucinid bivalves and their relationships (Bivalvia, Lucinidae). ZooKeys 899: 109-140. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.899.47070

Figure 2 Rugalucina angela (Melvill, 1899). A–C Syntype of Lucina (Codakia) angela Melvill, 1899 (NHMUK 1899.12.18.20), exterior of left valve and interiors of right and left valves. Gwadur, Pakistan, L 8.1mm D–FL. (C.) angela syntype (NHMUK 1899.12.18.20), exterior of left valve and interiors of right and left valves, L 6.1 mm G–MRugalucina angela Ras al Khaimah, Arabian Gulf, (NHMUK 20191071) G exterior SEM of right valve, L 5.0 mm H, I interior SEM of right and left valves, L 7.7 mm J dorsal view, L 5.9 mm K exterior of left valve, L 7.9 mm L, M exterior of left valve, interior of right valve, L 7.6 mm N, OR. angela exterior and interior of left valve, Gulf of Suez (NHMUK1868.5.29.2), L 13.7 mm PR. angela exterior of right valve and interior of right and left valves, Egypt, 7km south of Hurgada, H Dekker colln 4569, L 12.8 mm Q interior of left and right valves, Egypt, Port Safaga, H Dekker colln 3263, L 9.4 mm R, S detail of hinge teeth of Q. TR. angela exterior of left valve. Red Sea, Yemen, Orestes Point, N of Midi, H Dekker colln 4553, L 9.8 mm UR. angela exterior of right and interior of left valves, Aden (NHMUK 1963340), L 10.6 mm VR. angela exterior and interior of right valve, Krusadai, India, (NHMUK 1953.1.30.69-76), L 8.4 mm.

FIG. 7 in Hanging on - lucinid bivalve survivors from the Paleocene and Eocene in the western Indian Ocean (Bivalvia: Lucinidae)

FIG. 7. — Eomiltha Cossmann, 1912 and Retrolucina n. gen., outline drawings of interiors of valves: A, Retrolucina voorhoevei n. comb. (Deshayes, 1857), Recent, Mozambique (USNM 628930); B, Retrolucina voorheoevi Recent, Mozambique (ANSP 234103); C, Retrolucina defrancei (Deshayes, 1857) Eocene, Lutetian, Chaumont-en-Vexin, France (MNHN.F.J07396); D, Retrolucina defrancei (Deshayes, 1857) Eocene. Lutetian, Parnes (NHMUK 33283a); E, F, Eomiltha contorta (Defrance, 1825) Paleocene, Thanetian, Abbecourt (MNHN); G, 'Eomiltha' pandata (Conrad, 1833) Eocene, Claiborne Formation, USA (NHMUK L 4402). Not to scale.

FIG. 5 in Hanging on - lucinid bivalve survivors from the Paleocene and Eocene in the western Indian Ocean (Bivalvia: Lucinidae)

FIG. 5. — Eomiltha Cossmann, 1912 fossils: A, Eomiltha alburgensis (Vincent, 1930) exterior of left valve, Paleocene, Danian, Calcaire de Mons, Mons, Belgium, (RBINS IG 5496), L 32 mm; B, C, Eomitha contorta (Defrance, 1825), exterior and interior of right valve, Paleocene, Thanetian, Abbecourt, Oise, France (MNHN), L 52 mm; D-F, Eomitha contorta (Defrance, 1825) interior and exterior of right valve and exterior of left valve, Paleocene, Thanetian, Sables de Bracheux, Beau- vais, France, (RBINS IG 8260), L 43 mm; G, Eomiltha contorta dorsal view, Abbecourt, (MNHN), L 54 mm; H, I, 'Eomiltha' pandata (Conrad, 1833), Eocene (mid.), Gosport Sand, Claiborne Formation, Alabama, USA (PRI 34183), L 34 mm; J, K, 'Eomiltha' scolaroi Vokes 1969b, holotype, (USNM 646423), early Miocene, Chipola Formation, Farley Creek, Calhoun Co. Florida, USA, L 32.6 mm.

FIG. 3 in Hanging on - lucinid bivalve survivors from the Paleocene and Eocene in the western Indian Ocean (Bivalvia: Lucinidae)

FIG. 3. — Barbierella Chavan, 1938 fossil species: A-D, Barbierella barbieri (Deshayes, 1857) Eocene, Lutetian, Parnes, Oise, France; A, B, exterior and interior of left valve (MNHN.F.A52519 coll. Pacaud), L 6.3 mm; C, D, exterior and interior of right valve (MNHN.F.A52520 coll. Pacaud), L 7.2 mm. Images by Peter Mas- sicard (MNHN); E, F, Barbierella miobarbieri (Sacco, 1901) holotype of Here miobarbieri Sacco, 1901. Exterior and interior of the single right valve, Museo di Geo- logia e Paleontologia della Universita di Torino BS, 154.09.001, Miocene, Elveziano (Langhian?), Bersano, Italy, L 17 mm. Images by Daniele Ormezano (MRSN).

FIG. 1 in Hanging on - lucinid bivalve survivors from the Paleocene and Eocene in the western Indian Ocean (Bivalvia: Lucinidae)

FIG. 1. — Gibbolucina Cossmann, 1904 fossil species: A-G, Gibbolucina callosa (Lamarck, 1806), Eocene, Lutetian, Calcaire Grossier, Grignon, France, NHMUK Earth Science L 14106; A, B, exterior and interior of left valve, L 11.7 mm; C, D, exterior and interior of right valve, L 10.3 mm; E, interior of right valve, L 11.2 mm; F, G, detail of hinge teeth of right (E) and left (B) valves; H, I, Gibbolucina axinoides (Dufour, 1881) exterior and interior of right valve, Eo- cene, Bartonian, Saint-Aignan-Grandlieu, Pierre-Aiguë, Loire-Atlantique, France, (MNHN.F.R53986), L 12 mm; J, K, Gibbolucina lefevrei (Cossmann, 1887) interior and exterior of right valve, Eocene, Bartonian, Bezu le Guery, France (MNHN), L 25 mm; L, Gibbolucina trigonula (Deshayes, 1830) interior of right valve, Miocene, Aquitanian, Villandraut, Gironde, France (MNHN), L 22 mm; M, N, Gibbolucina trigonula (Deshayes, 1830) Miocene, Burdigalian, Corbleu (Moulin de Carro), Landes, France. Images Pierre Lozouet, L 31 mm; O, P, Gibbolucina cf trigonula interior and exterior of right valve, locality as M, L 10 mm. Scale bar: F, G, 1.0 mm.

Figure 11. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait

Figure 11. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A transverse section through the rectum, showing minute fragments of ingested and digested prey items. AM, Amoebocyte; CIC, ciliated cell; FIPI, fragment of ingested prey item.

Figure 6. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait

Figure 6. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A transverse section through the visceral mass, towards the posterior end of the stomach and illustrating the disposition of the paired gonads. APRM, Anterior septal retractor muscles; DT, digestive tubule; EO, encapsulated oocyte; FIPI, fragment of ingested prey item; GF, gonadial follicle; IPI, ingested prey item; SC, secretory cells.

Figure 2 in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait

Figure 2. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. The organs of the mantle cavity and visceral mass, as seen from the right side after removal of the right shell valve and mantle lobe. AAM, anterior adductor muscle; AN, anus; APRM, anterior pedal retractor muscle; ASRM, anterior septal retractor muscle; AU, auricle; CS, crystalline style; CSS, crystalline style sac; DD, digestive diverticulae; EO, encapsulated oocyte; F, foot; G, gonad; HG, hind gut; M, mouth; MG, mid gut; PAM, posterior adductor muscle; PE, pericardium; PEG, pericardial gland; PL, pallial line; PPRM, posterior pedal retractor muscle; PR, prodissoconch; PS, pallial sinus; PSRM, posterior septal retractor muscle; SE, Septum; ST, stomach.

Figure 13 in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait

Figure 13. Illustrations of prey capture by (A) Grippina coronata; (B) Spheniopsis brasiliensis; and (C) Cuspidaria rostrata, all drawn to approximately the same scale. (A redrawn partly after Morton et al. (2015, fig. 24 C) and C redrawn partly after Reid and Reid (1974, fig. 1). Possible prey items are also identified. The arrows show how evolution of the rostrum has allowed deeper residence of the sediments presumably for enhanced protection.

opencc-zeroSep 2020View details →

Relatedness and the composition of communities over time: evaluating phylogenetic community structure in the late Cenozoic record of bivalves

Understanding the mechanisms that prevent or promote the coexistence of taxa at local scales is critical to understanding how biodiversity is maintained. Competitive exclusion and environmental filtering are two processes thought to limit which taxa become established in a community. However, determining the relative importance of the two processes is a complex task, especially when the critical initial stages of colonization cannot be directly observed. Here, we explore the use of phylogenetic community structure for identifying filtering mechanisms in a fossil community. We integrated a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of bivalve genera with a spatial dataset of late Cenozoic bivalves from the Pacific coast of North America to characterize how the community that was present in the semi-restricted San Joaquin Basin (SJB) embayment of present-day California was phylogenetically structured. We employed phylogenetic distance-based metrics across six time bins spanning 27-2.5 Ma and found no evidence of significant clustering or evenness in the SJB community when compared to communities randomly assembled from the regional source pool. Additionally, we found that new colonizers into the SJB were not significantly more or less closely related to native taxa than expected by chance. These findings suggest that neither competitive exclusion nor environmental filtering were overwhelmingly influential factors shaping the composition of the SJB community over time. We further discuss interpretations of these patterns in light of current understandings in community phylogenetics and reiterate the critical role historical perspectives play in how community assembly rules are assessed.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Cenozoic latitudinal response curves: individualistic changes in the latitudinal distributions of marine bivalves and gastropods

We use a Gaussian logistic regression model to characterize epoch-to-epoch and stage-tostage changes in the latitudinal response curves of Cenozoic marine bivalve and gastropod genera along the global latitudinal gradient, and analyze these changes to understand the mode and tempo of changes in latitudinal distribution. A ubiquitous ''hollow curve'' pattern is apparent, wherein smaller changes in response-curve parameters are much more common than larger changes. Curves are strikingly consistent in terms of the average level of change exhibited, despite the many unique environmental and biological changes documented between each of these intervals. This implies that the pace and magnitude of changes in the latitudinal distribution of marine mollusks are not controlled, in aggregate, by time-period-specific conditions. Additionally, we find no evidence for long-term migration from tropical to extratropical latitudes. Our results instead favor a model of either equatorward migration or no general trend. This likely reflects the tendency of genera to maintain their highest concentrations in the tropics even if their ranges become extended out of the tropics over time.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Evolution of the rudist bivalve Agriopleura Kühn (Radiolitidae, Hippuritida) from the Mediterranean region

The genus Agriopleura (Radiolitidae) is restricted to the Lower Cretaceous of the Mediterranean region, including the Middle East, and this rudist is apparently absent from the New World. Agriopleura underwent a size increase from late Hauterivian to mid-late Barremian, matching Cope's rule, followed by a Lilliput phase in the early Aptian. The relative development of radial bands increased through time and represents a key evolutionary index. During its evolution, Agriopleura increased in species diversity and expanded geographically onto the European Mediterranean Tethyan margin from the late Hauterivian to Barremian, after which it disappeared from the region (pseudotermination). In the lower Aptian, after a Lazarus gap, the genus reappears in the southern Mediterranean Tethyan margin. Assuming that Archaeoradiolites is the direct descendant of Agriopleura, the disappearance of the genus in the mid-Aptian was a pseudoextinction and this coincided with a major crisis of shallow carbonate settings and their associated biota. The definition of Agriopleura species is based on a set of qualitative and quantitative external and internal characters. Five species are recognized: three Barremian species, Agriopleura blumenbachi, the type species, A. marticensis and A. carinata; one lower Aptian species A. libanica; and a new species A. sequana restricted to the upper Hauterivian. Principal component analysis is used to test the distinctiveness of the species and the pattern of relationships of some of their key quantitative characters.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Were bivalves ecologically dominant over brachiopods in the late Paleozoic? A test using exceptionally preserved fossil assemblages

Interpreting changes in ecosystem structure from the fossil record can be challenging. In a prominent example, the traditional view that brachiopods were ecologically dominant over bivalves in the Paleozoic has been disputed on both taphonomic and metabolic grounds. Aragonitic bivalves may be underrepresented in many fossil assemblages due to preferential dissolution. Abundance counts may further understate the ecological importance of bivalves because they tend to have more biomass and higher metabolic rates than brachiopods. We evaluate the relative importance of the two clades in exceptionally preserved, bulk-sampled fossil assemblages from the Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation of Kentucky, where aragonitic bivalves are preserved as shells, not molds. At the regional scale, brachiopods were twice as abundant as bivalves and were collectively equivalent in biomass and energy use. Analyses of samples from the Paleobiology Database that contain abundance counts are consistent with these results and show no clear trend in the relative ecological importance of bivalves during the middle and late Paleozoic. Bivalves were probably more important in Paleozoic ecosystems than is apparent in many fossil assemblages, but they were not clearly dominant over brachiopods until after the Permian-Triassic extinction, which caused the shelly benthos to shift from bivalve and brachiopod dominated to merely bivalve dominated.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Microencapsulated diets to improve bivalve shellfish aquaculture

Aquaculture is the fastest growing food sector and feeds over 3 billion people. Bivalve shellfish aquaculture makes up 25% of global aquaculture production and is worth annually US$19 billion, but continued growth is currently limited by suboptimal diets and limited tools for disease control. New advances in microencapsulation technology could provide an effective way to overcome these biological limitations. This study demonstrated that a new formulation of microencapsulated diet known as BioBullets could be ingested by a commercially farmed bivalve; the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Microparticles could be captured by mussels with similar efficiency to natural foods. Microparticles too large for ingestion were rejected in psuedofaeces. Microparticles were successfully ingested and broken down by the gut. Further work is needed to assess the impact of BioBullets diets on bivalve growth. There is now an exciting opportunity to tailor the composition of microencapsulated diets for specific applications to improve production output and efficiency in the commercial bivalve shellfish industry.