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FIG. 27 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 27. — Dorsal and lateral views of the parietal of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399) showing the temporal foramina (photograph, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo, and schematic drawing with captions): A, dorsal view; B, lateral view. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; atf, anterior temporal foramen; Ju, jugal; mtf, median temporal foramen; Pa, parietal; ptf, posterior temporal foramen; pzc, postzygomatic crest; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 41 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 41. — Posterolateral view of the skull of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399) showing the distal notch of the posterior ramus of the stapedial artery (photograph, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo, and schematic drawing with captions). Abbreviations: bcf, basicochlear fissure; dnpr, distal notch for the posterior ramus of the stapedial artery; eacf, external aperture of the cochlear fossula;fo, foramen ovale;fv, fenestra vestibuli;gf, glenoid fossa;ju, jugular foramen; mctp, medial caudal tympanic process; mp, mastoid process; odm, probable origin of the digastric muscle; og, occipital groove; pgf, postglenoid foramen; poac, posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal;ppe, paroccipital process of the exoccipital; pttf, posttemporal foramen; sff, secondary facial foramen; smf, suprameatal fossa; tyh, tympanohyal. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 21 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 21. — Internal nasal structures and spaces of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) identified on six CT-slices in coronal view (A to F). Each cutting plane is indicated in the 3D-model of the right lateral wall of the nasal cavity (top left, septum removed). On the bottom right corner of each CT-slice is indicated the position of the slice within the sequence of 1812 images (resolution: on binned images, voxel size = 0.033mm). Abbreviations: C, canine; dnm, dorsal nasal meatus; etI, fossa for ethmoturbinal I; etII, fossa for ethmoturbinal II; fms?, probable area of attachment of the frontomaxillary septum; frI fossa for frontoturbinal I; frII, fossa for frontoturbinal II; fmxt?, possible fragments of the maxilloturbinal; M1, first upper molar; mxs, maxillary sinus; mxt, primary lamina of the maxilloturbinal; nlc, nasolacrimal canal; ns, nasal septum; nt, primary lamina of the nasoturbinal; P2, second upper premolar. Not to scale.
FIG. 20 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 20. — Posterodorsolateral view of the right side of the skull of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) showing the anterior region of the orbit. A, stereophotograph; B, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo; C, schematic drawing with captions. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; cpf, caudal palatine foramen; etf, ethmoidal foramen; fdf, frontal diploic foramen; Fr, frontal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; laf, lacrimal foramen; lrM3, lateral roots of M3; mrM2, medial root of M2; mrM3, medial root of M3; mxf, maxillary foramen; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pl, palatine; spf, sphenopalatine foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 48 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 48 (continuation). — Three-dimensional rendering of CT data illustrating the right side of the braincase of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399) with vessels reconstruction. Vessels courses reconstruction has been performed directly on the slides of the image stack obtained by CT scanning of the skull. C, medial view without transparency; D, medial view with transparency; E, vessels only in medial view. Scale bars: 1 cm. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 23 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 23. — Ventral view of the skull of Alcidedorbignya inopinata showing the basipharyngeal canal and its lateral walls with the posterior opening of the pterygoid canals: A, MHNC 8372; B, MHNC 8399. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; apf, accessory palatine foramen; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; cho, choanae; eam, external auditory meatus; enpc, entopterygoid crest; Eo, exoccipital; epal, ectopterygoid process of the alisphenoid; egls, entoglenoid process of the squamosal; fo, foramen ovale; foramen 3, see pterygoid section in the description; foramen 4, see basisphenoid section in the description; glf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramen; Ju, jugal; mae, mastoid exposure of the petrosal; mpf, major palatine foramen; mpmf, fossa for the medial pterygoid muscles; mpn, minor palatine notch; oc occipital condyle; pap, paroccipital process of the exoccipital; Pe, petrosal; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; Pl, palatine; poac, posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal; popc, posterior opening of the pterygoid canal; Ps, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; smn, stylomastoid notch; Sq, squamosal; tyal, tympanic process of the alisphenoid; tyh, typmanohyal. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 38 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 38 (continuation). — Left auditory region of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399) in ventralmedial view showing the foramen for the ramus superior of the stapedial artery: C, line drawings with captions. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; ats, sulcus for the auditory (Eustachian) tube; Bo, basioccipital, Bs, basisphenoid; cf, carotid foramen; cp, crista parotica; deeam, dorsal edge of the external acoustic meatus; eacf, external aperture of the cochlear fossula; eam, external acoustic meatus; egls, entoglenoid process of the squamosal; Eo, exoccipital; er, epitympanic recess; fi, fossa incudis; fo, foramen ovale; frsu, foramen for the superior ramus of the stapedial artery; gf, glenoid fossa; gpr, groove for the passage of the posterior ramus; hf, hypoglossal foramen; hfa, hiatus Fallopii; lctp, lateral caudal tympanic process; lact, cupula for lateral articulation for the anterior crus of the ectotympanic; mact, medial articulation for the anterior crus of the ectotympanic; mctp, medial caudal tympanic process; mp, mastoid process; npr, notch for the posterior ramus of the stapedial artery; odm, probable origin of the digastric muscle; Pe, petrosal; pge, postglenoid eminence; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; ppe, paroccipital process of the exoccipital; pr, promontorium; ptp, postympanic process of the squamosal; pyf, pyriform fenestra; pzc, postzygomatic crest; rtp, rostral typamnic process; sff, secondary facial foramen; smc, suprameatal crest; smf, suprameatal fossa; smn, stylomastoid notch; Sq, squamosal; stf, stapedius fossa; tyal, tympanic process of the alisphenoid; tyh, tympanohyal. A 3D photographic pdf file is available at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 40 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 40. — Isolated right petrosal of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8359) in: A, posterodorsolateral view; B, anteroventral view. Abbreviations: eacf, external aperture of the cochlear aqueduct; frsu, foramen for the ramus superior of the stapedial artery; fs, facial sulcus; hfa, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal acoustic meatus; po, promontorium; saf, subarcuate fossa; sn, stylomastoid notch; tyh; tympanohyal. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 48 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 48. — Three-dimensional rendering of CT data illustrating the right side of the braincase of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399) with vessels reconstruction. Vessels courses reconstruction has been performed directly on the slides of the image stack obtained by CT scanning of the skull. A, lateral view with transparency; B, vessels only in lateral view. Abbreviations: adm, arteria diploëtica magna; cca, common carotid artery; cev, capsuloparietal emissary vein; fro, foramen rotundum; ica, internal carotid artery; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; jv, jugular vein; oa, occipital artery; ota, orbitotemporal artery, fro foramen rotundum; otv, orbitotemporal vein; ov, occipital vein; ri, ramus inferior; rio, ramus infrorbitalis; rm, ramus mandibularis; rp, ramus posterior; rs, ramus superior; rt, ramus temporalis; sps, superior petrosal sinus; ss, sigmoid sinus; sta, stapedial artery; ts, transverse sinus; vdm, vena diploëtica magna. Scale bars: 1 cm. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 43 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 43 (continuation). — Anterodorsomedial view of the left endocranial aspect of the left auditory region of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372): C, schematic diagram with captions. Abbreviations: bcf, basicochlear fissure; cp, crista petrosa; cpevs, sulcus for the capsuloparietal emissary vein; dos, dorsum sellae; FAI, foramen acusticum inferius; eava, external aperture of the vestibular aqueduct; FAS, foramen acusticum superius; fn, canal for the facial nerve; fo, foramen ovale; fsg, foramen singulare for inferior vestibular nerve bundles; hf, hypoglossal foramen; hyf, hypophyseal fossa; icf, internal carotid foramen; iors, intracranial opening of the canal for the ramus superior of the stapedial artery; ju, jugular foramen; mtf, median temporal foramen; ots, orbitotemporal sulcus; pfc, prefacial commissure; pmcf, foramen for the petromastoid canal; pyf, pyriform fenestra; saf, subarcuate fossa; spss, sulcus for the superior petrosal sinus; sss, sulcus for the sigmoid sinus; svn, tractus for the passage of the superior branch of the vestibular nerve; tsf, tractus spiralis foraminosus (canal and cribriform tract for cochlear nerve) valp, vestigial anterior lamina of the petrosal.
FIG. 38 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 38. — Left auditory region of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399) in ventralmedial view showing the foramen for the ramus superior of the stapedial artery: A, stereophotographs; B, pencil drawing (cracks and breakages of the specimen have been omitted). Scale bar: 1 cm. A 3D photographic pdf file is available at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 35 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 35. — Ventrolateral view of the left side of the skull of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) showing the undetermined foramen discussed in text. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 19 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 19. — Ventral view of the palate of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372): A, stereophotograph; B, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo; C, schematic drawing with captions. Abbreviations: apf, accessory palatine foramina; mpf, major palatine foramen; mpn, minor palatine notch; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pl, palatine; pleif, posterolateral edge of the incisive foramen; Pmx, premaxilla; pps, postpalatine spine, ppt postpalatine torus. Scale bar: 2 cm.
FIG. 43 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 43. — Anterodorsomedial view of the left endocranial aspect of the left auditory region of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372): A, photograph; B, drawing. Scale bar: A, 5 mm.
FIG. 17 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 17. — Lateral view of the snout of Alcidedorbignya inopinata showing the occlusion of the upper and lower canines: A, MHNC 8399; B, MHNC 8372. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 18 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 18. — Lateral view of the rostrum of Alcidedorbignya inopinata showing the interdigitated suture of the maxilla and the jugal: A, MHNC 8372; B, MHNC 8400. Abbreviations: af, anterior foramen possibly for the passage of a branch of the infraorbital artery entering the nasal cavity (see maxilla section in the description); Al, alisphenoid; aoic, anterior opening of the infraorbital canal; ef ethmoidal foramen; fdf, frontal diploic foramina; Fr, frontal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; lat, lacrimal tubercle; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; opf, optic foramen; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal, Pl, palatine; Pmx, premaxilla. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 16 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 16. — Dorsal view of the skull of a juvenile individual of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8416), which preserves the anterior tip of the left nasal. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 14 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 14. — Photo montage of the anterior part of the palate of Alcidedorbignya inopinata: MHNC 8399 with the left maxilla and premaxilla reconstructed with the mirror image of the right ones (as preserved). This montage shows that the upper incisors and premaxillae of Alcidedorbignya inopinata did not contact anteromedially and were widely separated. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 6 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 6. — Lateral view of the maxilla a of Alcidedorbignya inopinata showing the difference in the elevation of the snout (red bar = maxilla height in Fig. 7): A, female (MHNC 8372, right side reversed); B, male (MHNC 8400). Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 12 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 12. — Diagram of the skull of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MNHN 8372) with bone labels. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Os, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; Pe, petrosal; Pl, palatine; Pmx, premaxilla; Ps, presphenoid; So, supraoccipital; Sq, squamosal.
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