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FIGURE 13 in Phylogenetic systematics, ecology, and conservation of marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new biphasic species

FIGURE 13. Live adults and subadults of Gastrotheca elicioi showing variation in dorsal and ventral color pattern: (A) CJ 1841, subadult female, SVL = 33.9 mm, (B) CJ 1399, male, SVL = 48.9 mm, (C) CJ 1843, subadult female, SVL = 40.1 mm, (D) CJ 1400, male, SVL = 52.0 mm, (E) CJ 1941, male, SVL = not taken, and (F) CJ 1842, subadult female, SVL = 33.7 mm. Not to scale. Photos by LAC.

FIGURE 9 in Phylogenetic systematics, ecology, and conservation of marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new biphasic species

FIGURE 9. Localities of known occurrence of Gastrotheca cuencana (green), G. litonedis (red), G. elicioi (black), G. psychrophila (orange), G. turnerorum (blue), G. lojana (white), and G. yacuri (yellow). See Appendix II for detailed locality data. Some nearby localities are represented by a single symbol. Inset map indicates location of southern Ecuador (box) in Ecuador.

FIGURE 10 in Phylogenetic systematics, ecology, and conservation of marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new biphasic species

FIGURE 10. Live adults and brooding females of (A) holotype of Gastrotheca litonedis (KU 202690, SVL = 62.4 mm), of (B– C) G. litonedis (D–G) G. pseustes, G is the holotype (KU 203443, SVL = 55.2 mm) from 7.1 km N San Lucas, 2940 m, (H–I) G. elicioi, (J) G. turnerorum, (K) G. cuencana, (L) G. lojana, (M) female G. psycrophila (KU 164233, SVL = 63.5 mm) from 15 km E of Loja, 2850 m, and (N–O) G. yacuri, N is the holotype (CJ 5822, SVL = 57.4 mm). Not to scale. Photos A, G, M by WED; B–F, H–L by LAC, and N–O by PS.

FIGURE 36 in Phylogenetic systematics, ecology, and conservation of marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new biphasic species

FIGURE 36. (A) Principal components analysis (PCA) based on 14 morphometric variables. (A) Biplots of the three main principal components (PC 1, PC 2, PC 3) from the PCA performed with the species group 1, including adult specimens of Gastrotheca cuencana, G. elicioi, G. litonedis, G. lojana, and G. monticola (n = 166). (B) Biplots of the three main principal components (PC 1, PC 2, PC 3) from the PCA performed with the species group 2 including adult specimens G. pseustes, G. turnerorum, and G. yacuri (n = 130). Percent values indicate the proportion of variation explained. Variable abbreviations are: tibia length (TIBL), foot length (FL), interorbital distance (IOD), eyelid width (EW), tympanum diameter (TD), thumb length (FFL), Finger III length (TFL), and Finger III disc width (TFD).

FIGURE 8 in Phylogenetic systematics, ecology, and conservation of marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new biphasic species

FIGURE 8. Advertisement calls of Gastrotheca cuencana (A–D) and G. litonedis (E–H): (A) oscillogram of a three notes section of the call, (B) oscillogram of a single note, (C) spectrogram of a single note, (D) power spectrum of a single note, (E) oscillogram of a four notes section of the call, (F) oscillogram of a single note, (G) spectrogram of a single note, (H) power spectrum of a single note. All spectrograms at Hanning window function, 512 bands resolution. See text for details.

FIGURE 26 in Phylogenetic systematics, ecology, and conservation of marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new biphasic species

FIGURE 26. Live adults of Gastrotheca litonedis showing variation in dorsal and ventral color pattern: (A) QCAZ 42858, female, SVL = 56.0 mm, (B) QCAZ 49977, male, SVL = 52.4 mm, (C) CJ 401 female, SVL = not taken, (D) CJ 402, female, SVL = not taken, (E) CJ 403, female, SVL = not taken, and (F) CJ 404, male, SVL = not taken. Not to scale. Photos by LAC.

FIGURE 19 in Phylogenetic systematics, ecology, and conservation of marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new biphasic species

FIGURE 19. Live adults of Gastrotheca turnerorum showing variation in dorsaleral lateral, dorsal, ventral, groin, thighs and eye color pattern: (A) CJ 1386, female, SVL = 58.2 mm, and (B) CJ 7823, male, SVL = 46.7 mm. Not to scale. Photos by LAC.

FIGURE 7 in Phylogenetic systematics, ecology, and conservation of marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new biphasic species

FIGURE 7. Ontogenetic changes in live Gastrotheca cuencana (CJ 1945) from Cuenca, Azuay Province, Ecuador. Stages of Gosner: (A) Stage 41, and (B) Stage 46. Scale = 3 mm. Photos by LAC.

FIGURE 17 in Phylogenetic systematics, ecology, and conservation of marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new biphasic species

FIGURE 17. Advertisement calls of Gastrotheca elicioi (A–G) and G. lojana (H–N): (A) oscillogram of two consecutive calls with the first call composed of five short and three long notes and the next call composed of five short and four long notes, (B) oscillogram of a single short note, (C) spectrogram of a single short note, (D) power spectrum of a single short note, (E) oscillogram of a single long note, (F) spectrogram of a single long note, (G) power spectrum of a single long note, (H) oscillogram of three consecutive calls, with the first call composed of one long and one short notes and the next two calls composed of one long and two short notes, (I) oscillogram of a single long note, (J) spectrogram of a single long note, (K) power spectrum of a single long note, (L) oscillogram of a single short note, (M) spectrogram of a single short note, (N) power spectrum of a single short note. All spectrograms at Hanning window function, 512 bands resolution. See text for details.

FIGURE 23 in Phylogenetic systematics, ecology, and conservation of marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new biphasic species

FIGURE 23. Advertisement calls of Gastrotheca yacuri (A–G) and G. pseustes (H–N): (A) oscillogram of three consecutive calls, with the first call composed of two long notes and the next two calls composed of two long and two short notes, (B) oscillogram of a single long note, (C) spectrogram of a single long note, (D) power spectrum of a single long note, (E) oscillogram of a single short note, (F) spectrogram of a single short note, (G) power spectrum of a single short note, (H) oscillogram of two consecutive calls, with the first call composed of one long and five short notes and the next call composed of two long and five short notes, (I) oscillogram of a single long note, (J) spectrogram of a single long note, (K) power spectrum of a single long note, (L) oscillogram of a single short note, (M) spectrogram of a single short note, (N) power spectrum of a single short note. All spectrograms at Hanning window function, 512 bands resolution. See text for details.

FIGURE 12 in Phylogenetic systematics, ecology, and conservation of marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new biphasic species

FIGURE 12. Live holotype of Gastrotheca elicioi (CJ 1402, male, SVL = 46.4 cm): A) dorsal, ventral and lateral views, (B) ventral view of left hand, enlarged 1.8X of A, and (C) ventral view of left foot, enlarged 2.1X of A. Photos by LAC.

FIGURE 4 in Phylogenetic systematics, ecology, and conservation of marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new biphasic species

FIGURE 4. Live adults of Gastrotheca cuencana showing variation in lateral, groin, thighs and eye color pattern: (A) CJ 1940, female, SVL = 50.2 mm, (B) CJ 1392, male, SVL = 49.2 mm, and (C) CJ 1395, female, SVL = 62.7 mm. Not to scale. Photos by LAC.

FIGURE 5 in Phylogenetic systematics, ecology, and conservation of marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new biphasic species

FIGURE 5. Live tadpoles of: (A) Gastrotheca cuencana (CJ 1945, Stage 37), from Cuenca, Azuay Province, (B) Gastrotheca litonedis (CJ 6813, Stage 37), from Laguna de Busa, San Fernando, Azuay Province, (C) Gastrotheca lojana (CJ 1948, Stage 35), from Oña, Azuay Province, (D) Gastrotheca elicioi (CJ 4312a, Stage 37), from Loja, Loja Province, (E) Gastrotheca turnerorum (CJ 1957, Stage 36), from Laguna Negra de Jimbura, Parque Nacional Yacuri, Loja Province, and (F) Gastrotheca pseustes 1 (CJ 1949, Stage 37), from Chillacocha, El Oro Province. Scales = 3 mm (A–D, F) (E). Photos by LAC (A, C, E) and MAM (B, D).

FIGURE 2 in Phylogenetic systematics, ecology, and conservation of marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new biphasic species

FIGURE 2. Live holotype of Gastrotheca cuencana (CJ 1391, male, SVL = 50.4 mm): A) dorsal, ventral and lateral views, (B) ventral view of left hand, enlarged 2.15X of A, and (C) ventral view of right foot, enlarged 2.4X of A. Photos by LAC.

FIGURE 1 in Phylogenetic systematics, ecology, and conservation of marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new biphasic species

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic relationships of Gastrotheca species depicted from the Majority-rule consensus tree resulted from Bayesian analyses. Node support values are from Bayesian and Maximun likelihood analyses are shown (Bayesian posterior probalilities/bootstrap support). Asterisks incdicate that support values were greater than 0.95 and 70% repectively. Two asterisks (**) indicate an individual identified as G. lateonota by Blackburn and Duellman (2013), Duellman et al. (2014), and Duellman (2015).

FIGURES 42–46. Tenebriochernes pilosus n in Tenebriochernes, a new genus and species of Chernetidae (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) from north-western Colombia, with ecological observations

FIGURES 42–46. Tenebriochernes pilosus n. sp., female holotype, dorsal view, unless stated otherwise: 42, carapace, dorsal view. 43, left chelicera, dorsal view. 44, left rallum, lateral view. 45, left galea, lateral view; 46, left galea, lateral view, male paratype. Scale lines = 0.5 mm (Fig. 42), 0.1 mm (Figs 43–44), 0.05 mm (Figs 45–46).

FIGURES 38–39. Tenebriochernes mohani n in Tenebriochernes, a new genus and species of Chernetidae (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) from north-western Colombia, with ecological observations

FIGURES 38–39. Tenebriochernes mohani n. sp., genital sternites: 38, genital sternites, ventral view, male paratype. 39, genital sternites, ventral view female holotype. Scale lines = 500 μm (Figs 38–39).

FIGURES 35–37. Tenebriochernes mohani n in Tenebriochernes, a new genus and species of Chernetidae (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) from north-western Colombia, with ecological observations

FIGURES 35–37. Tenebriochernes mohani n. sp., unless stated otherwise: 35, male paratype, right pedipalp aspect. 36, female holotype, right pedipalp aspect. 37, right chela, lateral view. Scale lines = 0.2 mm (Figs 35–36), 0.5 mm (Fig. 37).

FIGURES 30–34. Tenebriochernes mohani n in Tenebriochernes, a new genus and species of Chernetidae (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) from north-western Colombia, with ecological observations

FIGURES 30–34. Tenebriochernes mohani n. sp., female holotype, dorsal view, unless stated otherwise: 30, carapace, dorsal view. 31, left chelicera, dorsal view. 32, left rallum, lateral view. 33, left galea, lateral view; 34, left galea, lateral view, male paratype. Scale lines = 0.5 mm (Fig. 30), 0.1 mm (Figs 31–32), 0.05 mm (Figs 33–34).

FIGURES 24–25. Tenebriochernes concavus n in Tenebriochernes, a new genus and species of Chernetidae (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) from north-western Colombia, with ecological observations

FIGURES 24–25. Tenebriochernes concavus n. sp., genital sternites: 24, genital sternites, ventral view, male paratype. 25, genital sternites, ventral view female holotype. Sp = spermathecae. Scale lines = 500 μm (Figs 24–25).