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Figure 3 from: Wurdack KJ, Zartman CE (2019) Insights on the systematics and morphology of Humiriaceae (Malpighiales): androecial and extrafloral nectary variation, two new combinations, and a new Sacoglottis from Guyana. PhytoKeys 124: 87-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.124.34679
Figure 3 Stamen structure and anatomy of Humiriaceae. AVantaneacompacta anther, lateral BVantaneacompacta anther, dorsal CVantaneadepleta anther, lateral DVantaneaspiritu-sancti anther, lateral ESchistostemonoblongifolius clearing of androecium with 3 stamen types, ventral FVantaneaspiritu-sancti longitudinal section of ovary with 2 superposed ovules per locule; lower left ovule partial GHylocarpaheterocarpa anthers (left to right): disporangiate dorsal, ventral; sterile, dorsal. Sources: A, BHatschbach 21265CHammel & Trainer 12954D, FSilva et al. 1436EMaas et al. 6804GDucke [JBRJ-30137] (all US).
Morphology and metabolic variation in two invasive Corbicula lineages in Argentina
<p>This data set contains information about the morphological and metabolic variation of 5 populations of the invasive bivalve <em>Corbicula </em>in Argentina. Three of these populations correspond to the C/S lineage (<em>C. largillierti</em>) and two to the A/R lineage (<em>C. fluminea</em>).</p>
Fig. 5 in Molecular and morphological variation among the European species of the genus Aphidius Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae)
Fig. 5 Species in morphospace defined by CS and phylogeny superimposed
FIGURE 1. A in Morphological variation within Solanum campylacanthum (Solanaceae) in Uganda and its relationship with S. cerasiferum
FIGURE 1. A map of Uganda showing the collection points in the different regions.
Figure 1. A in The Black Sea Flexopecten species-complex (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pectinidae): Shell morphology and 16S rDNA variation
Figure 1. A Neighbor Joining (NJ) tree depicting phylogenetic relationships among Flexopecten haplotypes (GenBank sequences depicted as purple, green, and light blue circles) and Black Sea samples (red and dark blue circles, this study) derived from the 16S ribosomal DNA gene. Outgroups are depicted as light blue square and black circles. Values at branch nodes indicate bootstrap support. The unit of branch-length measurement = 0.05 nucleotides.
Fig. 6. A in Genetic and morphological variation of metacercariae of Microphallus piriformes (Trematoda, Microphallidae): Effects of paraxenia and geographic location
Fig. 6. A: PCA-ordination of individual M. piriformes metacercariae body shapes. Ellipses show 95%-confidence intervals for the five groups in comparison. B: Mean body shapes of M. piriformes according to sampling site and host species. Transformation grids reflect deviation from the overall mean body shape.
FIGURE 2 in Morphological variation within Solanum campylacanthum (Solanaceae) in Uganda and its relationship with S. cerasiferum
FIGURE 2. Phenogram of mixed index distance measure.
Table 2 in Morphological and environmental variation within Hibiscus krichauffianus (Malvaceae), and the recognition of two new species, H. verecundus and H. calcareus
<p>Table 2. Specimens identified as possible type material of <i>Hibiscus krichauffianus</i>, and arguments for and against nominating these samples as original material.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Accession</th><th>Pro</th><th>Con</th><th>Decision</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>K000659853</th><td>Attributed to Babbage, a small fragment. Sent to Kew by Schomburgk in Sep.1871.</td><td>Includes fruit (label in Schomburgk’s hand).</td><td>Likely not seen by Mueller as this lacks an identification but part of original material.</td></tr><tr><th>K000659852</th><td>Annotated by Mueller.</td><td>A single fruit with seeds annotated as <i>H. krichauffii,</i> not <i>krichauffianus</i>. Dated 1885 by Mueller therefore too late for consideration.</td><td>Not a syntype.</td></tr><tr><th>AD 97611531</th><td><i>H. krichauffianus</i>, in the Schomburgk herbarium, collected in South Australia. No further collecting information. Buds and flower, no fruit.</td><td>A large branched specimen with minimal flowering material. Connection to Babbage tenuous and looks different from the material at <i>K</i>.</td><td>Probably not a syntype.</td></tr><tr><th>MEL 0068091A</th><td>Locality of Darling River, annotated by Mueller as <i>H. krichauffianus</i>, collected by Goodwin. Mentioned in protologue.</td><td>A collection of six small fragments, one of which has a young capsule. Description in protologue does not (appear to) encompass these.</td><td>Syntype, as part of the type gathering but not material used in describing the species.</td></tr><tr><th>Herb. F. Mueller: five branches from different collectors mounted on same K sheet as those above. Without barcode.</th><td>Herbarium of the author of the species. Includes a specimen locality of Darling River. All but the one on the right have flowers and no fruit. These specimens are all from the Mueller Herb. Bentham cites a Babbage collection in <i>Flora australiensis</i> supporting the concept that one of these five is the original Babbage collection used by Mueller.</td><td>As discussed in text, specimens 1, 2, and 5 can be excluded. Either or both specimens 3 and 4 represent original material used by Mueller to describe the species and could be chosen.</td><td>Specimens 3 and 4 are possible syntypes, possibly matching either the Babbage or Goodwin material.</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 1. Morphological diagnostic characters delimiting H in Morphological and environmental variation within Hibiscus krichauffianus (Malvaceae), and the recognition of two new species, H. verecundus and H. calcareus
<p>Table 1. Morphological diagnostic characters delimiting <i>H. krichauffianus</i> sens. strict., and the three new entities.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Character</th><th>Morphotype A – <i>Hibiscus krichauffianus</i></th><th>Morphotype B – <i>Hibiscus verecundus</i></th><th>Morphotype C – <i>Hibiscus calcareus</i></th><th>Morphotype D – <i>Hibiscus</i> sp. Belele (D.W.Goodall 3417)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Substrate preference</th><td>Deep sand</td><td>Typically shallow soils over sandstone, laterite or basalt</td><td>Lime-rich soils</td><td>Insufficient data</td></tr><tr><th>Plant habit</th><td>Subshrub or shrub to ~1 m high, usually erect or ascending</td><td>Low spreading subshrub or shrub to ~0.5 m high, usually decumbent</td><td>Low subshrub to ~0.5 m high, spreading, dome-shaped or rounded</td><td>Low or dwarf subshrub or shrub to ~0.3 m high</td></tr><tr><th>Branchlet indumentum colour</th><td>Silvery-white, white, sometimes fading to yellowish-white</td><td>Yellowish-brown, sometimes fading to white</td><td>White, or silvery-white</td><td>White on younger branchlets, older branchlets becoming ferruginous (ferruginous rays and white rays sometimes on the same hair)</td></tr><tr><th>Stipule width (mm)</th><td>0.16–0.4</td><td>0.1–0.17</td><td>0.2–0.5</td><td>0.2–0.35</td></tr><tr><th>Leaf lamina colour (adaxial)</th><td>Whitish-silver to grey, becoming greyish-green with age</td><td>Green to dark green</td><td>Grey to silvery-white</td><td>Silvery–ferruginous</td></tr><tr><th>Leaf lamina shape</th><td>Mostly ovate to lanceolate or oblong, occasionally broadly ovate</td><td>Ovate to broadly ovate, rarely elliptic–ovate</td><td>Ovate, elliptic–ovate or oblong–ovate</td><td>Ovate to elliptic–ovate</td></tr><tr><th>Leaf lamina in transverse</th><td>Flat to weakly concave or weakly folded</td><td>Flat to weakly concave or weakly folded</td><td>Mostly strongly concave to vshaped (and appearing folded on many herbarium specimens)</td><td>Flat to weakly folded</td></tr><tr><th>Leaf lamina length and width (mm)</th><td>10–55 × 5–35</td><td>9–52 × 8–33</td><td>6–28 × 4–16</td><td>17–43 × 6–22</td></tr><tr><th>Leaf lamina base</th><td>Obtuse, truncate or very broadly cuneate</td><td>Broadly cuneate, obtuse or truncate</td><td>Broadly cuneate or truncate</td><td>Truncate, very slightly cordate or broadly obtuse</td></tr><tr><th>Leaf lamina margin</th><td>Crenate to dentate</td><td>Serrate to dentate, rarely crenate</td><td>Serrate to dentate or crenate, undulate, sinus between teeth up to halfway to midvein</td><td>Dentate to crenate</td></tr><tr><th>Abcision line (at peduncle–pedicel junction), whether visible and position</th><td>Not obvious, obscured by hairs, usually 1–2 mm from the base, rarely up to one-half length from the base</td><td>Sometimes obvious, one-third to one-half length from the base</td><td>±Obvious, sometimes obscured by hairs, usually in upper half, 2–17 (–24) mm from the base</td><td>±Obvious, sometimes obscured by hairs, approximately one-third length from the base</td></tr><tr><th>Number of epicalyx lobes</th><td>5–8 (rarely 10, rarely bifurcating)</td><td>5–7</td><td>7–8</td><td>5–6</td></tr><tr><th>Epicalyx length (Including fused portion, excluding receptacle) (mm)</th><td>7–16</td><td>6–10</td><td>4–14</td><td>6–12</td></tr><tr><th>Fusion of epicalyx lobes at base</th><td>Fused for 1–4 mm</td><td>Free or fused to 0.5 mm</td><td>Fused for 1–3.5 mm</td><td>Free or fused for up to 1 mm</td></tr><tr><th>Epicalyx lobes degree of curvature</th><td>Straight in flower, becoming recurved or rarely incurved in fruit</td><td>Straight</td><td>Straight in flower, becoming recurved in fruit</td><td>Straight in flower, becoming recurved in fruit</td></tr><tr><th>Corolla colour</th><td>Pale pink or mauve (rarely white)</td><td>Pale pink or white (sometimes drying pale yellow)</td><td>Pale pink to mauve, sometimes almost white</td><td>Purple</td></tr><tr><th>Petal length (mm)</th><td>17–35</td><td>15–28</td><td>20–44</td><td>39–42</td></tr><tr><th>Seed indumentum</th><td>Patchy indumentum of wispy spreading, white to off-white hairs</td><td>Short patchy indumentum of appressed white to yellowish-brown hairs</td><td>Short patchy indumentum of appressed white hairs</td><td>Short patchy indumentum of appressed white to yellowish hairs</td></tr><tr><th>Seed length (mm, greatest dimension)</th><td>2–3</td><td>1.7–2.3</td><td>2.5–3</td><td>~3</td></tr><tr><th>Seed characteristic features or notes</th><td>Reniform (rarely subangular–reniform), funicular remnants brown, membranous and wing-like, on either side of the hilum</td><td>Two straighter sides almost forming a right angle at intersection, funicular remnants brown, membranous and wing-like, one centrally placed and one on either side of the hilum</td><td>Two straighter sides almost forming a right angle at intersection, funicular remnants brown, membranous and wing-like, on either side of the hilum</td><td>Two straighter sides almost forming a right angle at intersection, funicular remnants brown, membranous and wing-like, on either side of the hilum</td></tr><tr><th>Flower cleistogamy</th><td>Observed in some specimens</td><td>No evidence</td><td>Observed in a single specimen</td><td>Not observed in material examined</td></tr></tbody></table>
TABLE 1 in New specimens of Helicops boitata (Serpentes: Dipsadidae: Hydropsini), with data on morphological variation and behavior
<p><b>TABLE 1.</b> Meristic and morphometric variation for all known specimens of <i>Helicops boitata</i>. The asterisk (*) indicate the holotype.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Specimen</b></th><th><b>Sex</b></th><th><b>Total length</b></th><th><b>Tail length</b></th><th><b>Dorsals</b></th><th><b>Ventrals</b></th><th><b>Subcaudals</b></th><th><b>Supralabials</b></th><th><b>Infralabials</b></th><th><b>Temporals</b></th><th><b>Maxillary teeth</b></th><th><b>Cloaca</b></th><th><b>Nasal</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>UFMT-R 11490*</b></th><td>Male</td><td>642</td><td>205</td><td>25/25/21</td><td>113</td><td>68</td><td>10/10</td><td>13/12</td><td>2+2+3 / 1+2+3</td><td>20+2</td><td>Entire</td><td>entire</td></tr><tr><th><b>UFMT-R 12504</b></th><td>Male</td><td>495</td><td>143</td><td>25/25/21</td><td>113</td><td>66</td><td>10/10</td><td>12/13</td><td>2+3+4 / 2+4+3</td><td>20+2</td><td>Divided</td><td>Semi-divided</td></tr><tr><th><b>UFMT-R 12505</b></th><td>Female</td><td>383</td><td>86</td><td>25/25/21</td><td>118</td><td>52</td><td>11/10</td><td>13/13</td><td>2+2+3 / 2+2+3</td><td>20+2</td><td>Divided</td><td>Semi-divided</td></tr><tr><th><b>UFMT-R 12506</b></th><td>Male</td><td>598</td><td>177</td><td>23/25/21</td><td>112</td><td>66</td><td>9/10</td><td>12/11</td><td>1+3+3 / 1+2+3</td><td>20+2</td><td>Divided</td><td>Semi-divided</td></tr><tr><th><b>UFMT-R 12520</b></th><td>Female</td><td>618</td><td>153</td><td>25/25/21</td><td>–</td><td>56</td><td>10/10</td><td>13/12</td><td>–</td><td>19+2</td><td>Divided</td><td>Semi-divided</td></tr><tr><th><b>UFMT-R 12521</b></th><td>Male</td><td>639</td><td>197</td><td>25/25/21</td><td>115</td><td>67</td><td>10/10</td><td>13/12</td><td>2+3+5 / 2+3+3</td><td>19+2</td><td>Entire</td><td>Semi-divided</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 1 in New record of endoparasitic Pseudempleurosoma haywardi (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in sillaginid fishes from Thailand, with updates on host range, zoogeography, and morphological variation
<p>Table 1. List of sillaginid fishes examined and their prevalence and mean intensity of infection by <i>Pseudempleurosoma haywardi</i>.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Fish species</b></th><th><b>Number of examined fishes</b></th><th><b>Number of infected fishes</b></th><th><b>Number of monogeneans</b></th><th><b>Prevalence (%)</b></th><th><b>Mean intensity</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>Sillago aeolus</i></th><td>292</td><td>10</td><td>10</td><td>3.4</td><td>1.0</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sillago asiatica</i></th><td>12</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sillago indica</i></th><td>139</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sillago ingenuua</i></th><td>13</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sillago maculata</i></th><td>5</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sillago sihama</i></th><td>168</td><td>6</td><td>10</td><td>3.6</td><td>1.7</td></tr><tr><th>Total</th><td>629</td><td>16</td><td>20</td><td>2.5</td><td>1.3</td></tr></tbody></table>
FIGURE 1 in Morphological variations of Phrosina semilunata Risso, 1822 juveniles (Crustacea Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), new evidence from the Gulf of Mexico
FIGURE 1. Location of sampling stations from cruise ZOOMEP-1 in winter 2013.
Morphology of the limb, shell, and head explain the variation in performance and ecology across 14 turtle taxa (12 species)
<p>Because morphology directly influences an organism's ability to utilize its habitat and dietary resources, it also influences fitness. Comparing the relationship between morphology, performance, and ecology is fundamental to understand how organisms evolve to occupy a wide range of habitats and diets. In turtles, studies have documented important relationships between morphology, performance, and ecology, but none were field based or considered limb, shell, and head morphology simultaneously. We compare morphology, performance, and ecology of 14 turtle taxa (12 species) in Mexico that range in their affinity to water and in their diet. We took linear measurements of limb, shell, and head variables, measured maximum swimming speed, maximum bite force, how often turtles were encountered on land, and used stable isotopes to assess trophic position. We use these data to test three hypotheses. The first, that morphology, performance, and ecology covary. The second, that limb and shell variables, like hand length, correlate to swim speed and the percent time spent on land. The third, was that that head variables, like head width, correlate to bite force and stable isotopes. We find support for these hypotheses and provide the first evidence that morphology influences performance and ecology in turtles in the field.</p>
Data from: Mapping QTL contributing to variation in posterior lobe morphology between strains of Drosophila melanogaster
Closely-related, and otherwise morphologically similar insect species frequently show striking divergence in the shape and/or size of male genital structures, a phenomenon thought to be driven by sexual selection. Comparative interspecific studies can help elucidate the evolutionary forces acting on genital structures to drive this rapid differentiation. However, genetic dissection of sexual trait divergence between species is frequently hampered by the difficulty generating interspecific recombinants. Intraspecific variation can be leveraged to investigate the genetics of rapidly-evolving sexual traits, and here we carry out a genetic analysis of variation in the posterior lobe within D. melanogaster. The lobe is a male-specific process emerging from the genital arch of D. melanogaster and three closely-related species, is essential for copulation, and shows radical divergence in form across species. There is also abundant variation within species in the shape and size of the lobe, and while this variation is considerably more subtle than that seen among species, it nonetheless provides the raw material for QTL mapping. We created an advanced intercross population from a pair of phenotypically-different inbred strains, and after phenotyping and genotyping-by-sequencing the recombinants, mapped several QTL contributing to various measures of lobe morphology. The additional generations of crossing over in our mapping population led to QTL intervals that are smaller than is typical for an F2 mapping design. The intervals we map overlap with a pair of lobe QTL we previously identified in an independent mapping cross, potentially suggesting a level of shared genetic control of trait variation. Our QTL additionally implicate a suite of genes that have been shown to contribute to the development of the posterior lobe. These loci are strong candidates to harbor naturally-segregating sites contributing to phenotypic variation within D. melanogaster, and may also be those contributing to divergence in lobe morphology between species.
FIG. 7. Pallenopsis tritonis, male from 10105 in Morphological variation in and a redescription of Pallenopsis (Bathypallenopsis) tritonis Hoek, 1883 (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida)
FIG. 7. Pallenopsis tritonis, male from 10105#13, third leg. Scale line 52 mm.
Figure 3 from: Higashi R, Tsukagoshi A (2012) Two new species of the interstitial genus Parvocythere (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Cytheroidea) from Japan: an example of morphological variation. ZooKeys 193: 27-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.193.2842
Figure 3 - Carapaces of Parvocythere gottwaldi sp. n. A–D, G and H male specimens: A and B paratype (SUM-CO-2025) C and D paratype (SUM-CO-2026) G paratype (SUM-CO-2027) H paratype (SUM-CO-2028). A left external lateral view B right external lateral view C internal view of left valve D internal view of right valve G dorsal view H ventral view. E and F female specimens: E paratype (SUM-CO-2039) F paratype (SUM-CO-2040). E left external view F right external view. Scale bar indicates 100 μm.
Figure 6 from: Higashi R, Tsukagoshi A (2012) Two new species of the interstitial genus Parvocythere (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Cytheroidea) from Japan: an example of morphological variation. ZooKeys 193: 27-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.193.2842
Figure 6 - Caudal part of female of Parvocythere gottwaldi sp. n. Dorsal view (paratype, SUM-CO-2038). Arrows indicate openings. Scale bar indicates 50 µm.
Figure 13 from: Higashi R, Tsukagoshi A (2012) Two new species of the interstitial genus Parvocythere (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Cytheroidea) from Japan: an example of morphological variation. ZooKeys 193: 27-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.193.2842
Figure 13 - Antenna and male copulatory organ of Parvocythere japonica (holotype) as a representative of the Group S. A antenna B sketch of distal region of antenna C male copulatory organ. Shaded podomere is distal fourth podomere. Scale bars indicate 30 µm, 20 µm and 50 µm for A, B and C respectively.
Figure 10 from: Higashi R, Tsukagoshi A (2012) Two new species of the interstitial genus Parvocythere (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Cytheroidea) from Japan: an example of morphological variation. ZooKeys 193: 27-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.193.2842
Figure 10 - Male copulatory organs of Parvocythere gracilis sp. n. Holotype (SUM-CO-2050). A internal view of left organ B external view of right organ. Copulatory ducts are shaded. Abbreviation: Dr dorsal ramus Vr ventral ramus Dl Distal lobe. Scale bar indicates 50 µm.
Figure 9 from: Higashi R, Tsukagoshi A (2012) Two new species of the interstitial genus Parvocythere (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Cytheroidea) from Japan: an example of morphological variation. ZooKeys 193: 27-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.193.2842
Figure 9 - Appendages of Parvocythere gracilis sp. n. Holotype (SUM-CO-2050). A antennula B antenna C1 coxa of mandibula C2 palp of mandibula C3 proximal part of mandibular palp D maxillula E fifth limb F sixth limb. Scale bar indicates 50 µm.
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