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Fig. 5 in Ophirion lenkoi Gudin 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 5. Pycnogonum (Nulloviger) carinatum, male (holotype; NMV J48800;, A, B), female (NMV J48806; C, D). A, trunk, dorsal view; B, distal parts of leg 3, circle indicating absence of auxiliary claws; C, trunk, anterodistal view; D, trunk, ventral view. Scale bars: A, C, D = 1 mm; B = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Ophirion lenkoi Gudin 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 1. Type locality of Pycnogonum (Nulloviger) bifurcatum sp. nov. in Korea. Red circle indicating the collection site near Munseom Islet.

Fig. 3 in Tripedalia maipoensis Sun & Tsui & Wong & Cheung & Ng & Or & Qiu 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 3. Temporal pattern of migrating ovigerous female Epigrapsus notatus recorded on the embankment flood control road of Chengxi windbreaks between September and November in 2020 (A) and 2021 (B). Solid lines (─) and dash lines (---) represent nocturnal (1800-0559H) and diurnal (0600-1759H) high tides, respectively. The breaks in the lines indicate a lack of data on tidal height for the observation days. Closed and open circles represent new and full moons, respectively.

Fig. 4 in Ophirion lenkoi Gudin 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 4. Pycnogonum (Nulloviger) bifurcatum sp. nov., male (holotype). A, trunk, dorsal view; B, trunk, ventral view; C, trunk, anterodorsal view; D, leg 4, lateral view; E, granules; F, gonopore. Scale bars: A–D = 1 mm; E = 50 µm.

Fig. 4 in Tripedalia maipoensis Sun & Tsui & Wong & Cheung & Ng & Or & Qiu 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 4. Temporal change in the number of females releasing larvae between 1800H and 0200H along with the time of the nighttime high tide for Cardisoma carnifex (A, B) and Epigrapsus notatus (C, D). The total number of female C. carnifex and E. notatus are 311 and 204, respectively.

Fig. 3 in Ophirion lenkoi Gudin 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 3. Pycnogonum (Nulloviger) bifurcatum sp. nov., male (holotype). A, trunk, dorsal view; B, trunk, lateral view; C, trunk, anterodorsal view; D, leg 3, lateral view, arrow indicating bifurcated spine. Scale bars: A–C = 0.5 mm; D = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Tripedalia maipoensis Sun & Tsui & Wong & Cheung & Ng & Or & Qiu 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 1. The location of the study area of the crabs in Chengxi windbreaks of Taijiang National Park, Tainan, Taiwan. Red arrows indicate the start point and end point of the migration survey on the road in 2020. The white line (1450 m) and orange line (950 m) represent the migration survey areas on the embankment flood control road for Cardisoma carnifex and Epigrapsus notatus, respectively, in 2021. The white asterisk (site A, photograph A) and orange asterisk (site B, photograph B) represent the sites for the observation of larval release of C. carnifex and E. notatus, respectively, in 2021. Photograph C is the embankment flood control road where the surveys of crabs took place.

Fig. 2 in Tripedalia maipoensis Sun & Tsui & Wong & Cheung & Ng & Or & Qiu 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 2. Temporal pattern of migrating ovigerous female Cardisoma carnifex recorded on the embankment flood control road of Chengxi windbreaks between March and November 2020 (A, C) and between June and September 2021 (B). Solid lines (─) and dash lines (---) represent nocturnal (1800- 0559H) and diurnal (0600-1759H) high tides, respectively. The breaks in the lines indicate a lack of data on tidal height for the observation days. Closed and open circles represent new and full moons, respectively. Because few Cardisoma carnifex were found on the road in March, April, May, October and November (n <30), the numbers of female crabs per month were combined (C).

Fig. 7. A in Tripedalia maipoensis Sun & Tsui & Wong & Cheung & Ng & Or & Qiu 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 7. A, Diameter of the sea urchin host and its relationship with the size of the pinnotherid guest. N = 62. B) Size and wet weight of pinnotherid females according to their reproductive condition. Arrow shows minimum incubation size (1.2 cm). N = 62.

Fig. 6 in Tripedalia maipoensis Sun & Tsui & Wong & Cheung & Ng & Or & Qiu 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 6. GSI for sea urchins with and without pinnotherids inside the host digestive system, as a function of host test diameter.

Fig. 4 in Ophirion lenkoi Gudin 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 4. Calibration dating of Varroa destructor based on COI haplotype sequences. Outgroups of Varroa jacobsoni and the varroan haplotypes of Luzon were used for comparisons. Divergent time is labeled in million years ago (Mya). Haplotypes from the parasite host of A. cerana are labeled in italic and those from A. mellifera are labeled in accession number with its acquired country.

Fig. 2 in Ophirion lenkoi Gudin 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 2. Haplotype network (A) and the possible evolved processes of ancestral and derived haplotypes according to the DELTRAN optimization (B) of Varroa destructor based on the COI haplotype sequences. The haplotype of Sri Lanka in the rectangle was used as the outgroup. Red and black circles represent the sampling mites parasitized in the host of Apis cerana and A. mellifera, respectively. The dotted red circles of Japanese and Russian haplotypes have both hosts of A. cerana and A. mellifera. A hypothetical haplotype is shown in a dot black circle. (A) The small circle corresponds to one individual, and the individual's number of remaining haplotypes is marked within the corresponding medium and large circles. The nonsynonymous substitution position and its inducing amino acid changes between haplotypes are labeled. (B) The abbreviations of the haplotype are shown based on the haplotype name on panel A and Re means the extending haplotype from the Russian haplotype. C, C2, C2-1, C3, J, N, R, T, and V indicate the haplotypes of China, China 2, China 2-1, China 3, Japan, Nepal, Russia, Taiwan, and Vietnam, respectively.

Fig. 1 in Ophirion lenkoi Gudin 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 1. Morphological measurements of Taiwanese Varroa destructor. BL: body length, BW: body width. Scale bar in 200 μm was shown.

Fig. 3. A in Tripedalia maipoensis Sun & Tsui & Wong & Cheung & Ng & Or & Qiu 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 3. A, Relationship between sea urchin size and its total wet weight for the specimens collected from Calfuco Beach. N = 73. B, Sea urchin wet weight with pinnotherid and without pinnotherids, and C, Relationship between total wet weight of the sea urchin host and the carapace length of the harbored pinnotherid. N = 62.

Fig. 9 in Tripedalia maipoensis Sun & Tsui & Wong & Cheung & Ng & Or & Qiu 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 9. Sea urchin age as estimated from the sea urchin's test diameter (black circles) based on Gebauer and Moreno (1995). Blue circles correspond to the pinnotherid sizes. Arrow 1 corresponds to the period before the guest arrived inside the sea urchin. Arrow 2 corresponds to the range of sea urchin sizes containing the smallest and largest pinnotherids (approx. 3 and 9 cm diameter of test) found in this study. This size range corresponds to a growth period of 5 years for the sea urchin (estimated according to Gebauer and Moreno 1995) and for the guest crab as well, assuming that infestation by the pinnotherid occurred as a very early juvenile, shortly after metamorphosis. The two circled points (red circles) show the sea urchin that harbored the largest pinnotherid symbionts. Data below the lower dash line shows sizes of sea urchins that were never parasitized by pea crabs. The upper dash line indicates the age of the sea urchins in which the largest parasitic pinnotherid was found.

Fig. 8. A in Tripedalia maipoensis Sun & Tsui & Wong & Cheung & Ng & Or & Qiu 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 8. A, Diagram of the final section of a sea urchin intestine for a) infested and b) non-infected individuals. Solid arrows indicate the terminal portion of the digestive tract (i.e., the anus). The clear, vertical arrow indicates where the hosted pinnotherid was located. Broken arrows show the area of the digestive tract used for comparison between parasitized and non-parasitized sea urchins. B, Impact of the pinnotherid symbiont on the area of the host sea urchin intestine (rectal section). C, Relationship of the widening of the intestine (rectal section) with the diameter of the pinnotherid guest.

Fig. 3 in Ophirion lenkoi Gudin 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 3. Variable nucleotide (A) and amino acid sequence positions (B) of the COI of Varroa destructor haplotypes. Sequences identical to the first sequence of the Sri Lankan haplotype are indicated by a dot. Nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions are shown in oblique and bold. Haplotypes from the parasite host of A. cerana are labeled in italic and those from A. mellifera are labeled in accession number with its acquired country.

Fig. 5. A in Tripedalia maipoensis Sun & Tsui & Wong & Cheung & Ng & Or & Qiu 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 5. A, Relationship between the test diameter and dry weight of the non-gonadal tissues of the sea urchins collected at Calfuco Beach. N = 73. B, Relationship between presence or absence of pinnotherid symbionts and the weight of non-gonadal sea urchin tissues. C, Influence of the size of the hosted pinnotherid on the dry non-gonadal tissue weight of the sea urchin specimens collected in the Calfuco Beach. N = 62.

Fig. 4. A in Tripedalia maipoensis Sun & Tsui & Wong & Cheung & Ng & Or & Qiu 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 4. A, Relationship between the dry gonadal weight and the test diameter of the sea urchins collected on Calfuco Beach in 2021. N = 73. B, sea urchin test diameter and dry gonadal weight in sea urchins with pinnotherid and without pinnotherid symbionts, and C, Relationship between symbiont-harboring sea urchin dry gonadal weight and the length of the pinnotherid carapace. N = 62.

Fig. 1. A in Tripedalia maipoensis Sun & Tsui & Wong & Cheung & Ng & Or & Qiu 2023, sp. nov.

Fig. 1. A, Sea urchin without the upper part of the testa, showing the parasitic pinnotherid. P = pinnotherid, G = sea urchin gonads. B, Intertidal environment from which sea urchins were obtained. C, Map of South America, indicating (arrow) the sampling site of the sea urchin used in the present study.