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Fig. 4 in Additional Distributional Records of Ambystoma laterale, A. jeffersonianum (Amphibia: Caudata) and Their Unisexual Kleptogens in Northeastern North America

Fig. 4. Distribution of Ambystoma jeffersonianum, Ambystoma laterale, and unisexuals in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Fig. 3. Ambystoma jeffersonianum and unisexuals associated with A in Additional Distributional Records of Ambystoma laterale, A. jeffersonianum (Amphibia: Caudata) and Their Unisexual Kleptogens in Northeastern North America

Fig. 3. Ambystoma jeffersonianum and unisexuals associated with A. jeffersonianum found in Pennsylvania. Ambystoma jeffersonianum (AMNH 169835) (top), triploid unisexual (LJJ) (AMNH 169828) (middle), and tetraploid LJJJ unisexual (AMNH 169833) (bottom). All are from site 179.

Fig. 2. Ambystoma laterale and unisexuals associated with A in Additional Distributional Records of Ambystoma laterale, A. jeffersonianum (Amphibia: Caudata) and Their Unisexual Kleptogens in Northeastern North America

Fig. 2. Ambystoma laterale and unisexuals associated with A. laterale found in Pennsylvania. Ambystoma laterale (AMNH 165901 from site 189) (top), diploid unisexual LJ (AMNH 169928 from site 174) (middle), and triploid unisexual LLJ (AMNH 166022 from site 189) (bottom).

Fig. 1 in Additional Distributional Records of Ambystoma laterale, A. jeffersonianum (Amphibia: Caudata) and Their Unisexual Kleptogens in Northeastern North America

Fig. 1. Graph of mean (± SD) erythrocyte area for diploid Ambystoma jeffersonianum (JJ), diploid A. laterale (LL), diploid unisexuals (LJ), triploid unisexuals (LJJ, LLJ), and tetraploid unisexuals (LLLJ, LJJJ) from the data in table 7.

Text-fig. 7. Number of required character state changes under parsimony (steps) for various positions of Mugideiriflora portugallica, based on the Doyle and Endress character matrix and backbone tree (Doyle and Endress 2000, 2014). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 7. Number of required character state changes under parsimony (steps) for various positions of Mugideiriflora portugallica, based on the Doyle and Endress character matrix and backbone tree (Doyle and Endress 2000, 2014).

Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (c–e) of flower of Lambertiflora elegans gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 082). a) Flower in lateral view showing long pedicel and overlapping elongated tepals; b) Detail of flower showing overlapping elongated tepals; note the numerous holes indicating the position of probable secretory cells; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing overlapping elongated tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (cut between orthoslices xz0510 and 0570); d) Flower in longitudinal section (comparable to c) showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle; note the prominent cavities from secretory cells scattered through the tissues (cut between orthoslice xz0560 and 0575); e) Flower in transverse section showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and remains of probable poorly developed carpels (cut between orthoslices xy1160 and 1180). Scale bars = 1 mm (a), 500 µm (b–e). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (c–e) of flower of Lambertiflora elegans gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 082). a) Flower in lateral view showing long pedicel and overlapping elongated tepals; b) Detail of flower showing overlapping elongated tepals; note the numerous holes indicating the position of probable secretory cells; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing overlapping elongated tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (cut between orthoslices xz0510 and 0570); d) Flower in longitudinal section (comparable to c) showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle; note the prominent cavities from secretory cells scattered through the tissues (cut between orthoslice xz0560 and 0575); e) Flower in transverse section showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and remains of probable poorly developed carpels (cut between orthoslices xy1160 and 1180). Scale bars = 1 mm (a), 500 µm (b–e).

Text-fig. 8. Number of required character state changes under parsimony (steps) for various positions of Lambertiflora elegans, based on the Doyle and Endress character matrix and backbone tree (Doyle and Endress 2000, 2014). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 8. Number of required character state changes under parsimony (steps) for various positions of Lambertiflora elegans, based on the Doyle and Endress character matrix and backbone tree (Doyle and Endress 2000, 2014).

Text-fig. 2. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy volume renderings (a, b) and orthoslices (c–e) of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). Yellow dots – stamens, red dots – carpels. a) Flower in lateral view showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals; b) Flower in longitudinal section showing the flat to slightly concave floral receptacle with a central conical gynoecial region (cut between orthoslices yz0800 and 1220); c) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series and the stamens cut in the region of the poorly differentiated anthers; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as and transverse sections of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads) (cut at orthoslice xy0770); d) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0820); e) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0920); f) Flower in longitudinal section showing the shallowly concave floral receptacle with laminar tepals, stamens, and a central conical gynoecial region bearing poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice yz0900); g) Flower in longitudinal section perpendicular to that in (f) showing stamens and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xz1630). Scale bars = 1 mm (a, b), 500 µm (c–g). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 2. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy volume renderings (a, b) and orthoslices (c–e) of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). Yellow dots – stamens, red dots – carpels. a) Flower in lateral view showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals; b) Flower in longitudinal section showing the flat to slightly concave floral receptacle with a central conical gynoecial region (cut between orthoslices yz0800 and 1220); c) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series and the stamens cut in the region of the poorly differentiated anthers; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as and transverse sections of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads) (cut at orthoslice xy0770); d) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0820); e) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0920); f) Flower in longitudinal section showing the shallowly concave floral receptacle with laminar tepals, stamens, and a central conical gynoecial region bearing poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice yz0900); g) Flower in longitudinal section perpendicular to that in (f) showing stamens and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xz1630). Scale bars = 1 mm (a, b), 500 µm (c–g).

Text-fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). a) Flower in oblique lateral view showing numerous broad tepals, numerous inwardly curved stamens and the flat floral receptacle with a conical gynoecial region; b–c) Flower in two different oblique apical views showing numerous broad laminar tepals and inwardly curved stamens surrounding the carpels; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as bases of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads); d) Detail of flower showing a cluster of poorly differentiated carpels in the center surrounded by elongated stamens; note grooves in the dorsal surface of the stamens indicating the position of the pollen sacs; e) Detail of flower showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals, rhomboidal stamen bases and poorly differentiated carpels; f) Detail of flower showing inwardly arched stamens and poorly differentiated carpels. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–c), 200 µm (d–f). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). a) Flower in oblique lateral view showing numerous broad tepals, numerous inwardly curved stamens and the flat floral receptacle with a conical gynoecial region; b–c) Flower in two different oblique apical views showing numerous broad laminar tepals and inwardly curved stamens surrounding the carpels; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as bases of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads); d) Detail of flower showing a cluster of poorly differentiated carpels in the center surrounded by elongated stamens; note grooves in the dorsal surface of the stamens indicating the position of the pollen sacs; e) Detail of flower showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals, rhomboidal stamen bases and poorly differentiated carpels; f) Detail of flower showing inwardly arched stamens and poorly differentiated carpels. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–c), 200 µm (d–f).

Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of multicarpellate and apocarpous floral structures from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (a, b: PP43701, Puddledock sample 001; c: PP43000x, Puddledock sample 073). a) Anacostia? sp., strongly compressed, elongated receptacle with spirally arranged carpels (red dots; not all shown); note larger size compared to the other floral structures; b) Numerous Anacostia type pollen grains in proximal view from the base of floral structure in (a); note graded reticulum over the proximal pole of the pollen grains; c) Elongated receptacle with numerous carpels in a spiral arrangement, possibly representing an earlier developmental stage of Anacostia? sp. Scale bars = 1 mm (a, c), 10 µm (b). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of multicarpellate and apocarpous floral structures from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (a, b: PP43701, Puddledock sample 001; c: PP43000x, Puddledock sample 073). a) Anacostia? sp., strongly compressed, elongated receptacle with spirally arranged carpels (red dots; not all shown); note larger size compared to the other floral structures; b) Numerous Anacostia type pollen grains in proximal view from the base of floral structure in (a); note graded reticulum over the proximal pole of the pollen grains; c) Elongated receptacle with numerous carpels in a spiral arrangement, possibly representing an earlier developmental stage of Anacostia? sp. Scale bars = 1 mm (a, c), 10 µm (b).

Text-fig. 9. Number of required character state changes under parsimony (steps) for various positions of Atlantocarpus virginiensis, based on the Doyle and Endress character matrix and backbone tree (Doyle and Endress 2000, 2014). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 9. Number of required character state changes under parsimony (steps) for various positions of Atlantocarpus virginiensis, based on the Doyle and Endress character matrix and backbone tree (Doyle and Endress 2000, 2014).

Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs (d–g) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (a–c) of flowers of Atlantocarpus virginiensis gen. et sp. nov. (a–d: holotype, PP43780, Puddledock sample 156), Atlantocarpus sp. from the Early Cretaceous Buarcos locality (e, f: S105025, Buarcos sample 244) and receptacle of Atlantocarpus? from the Early Cretaceous Vale de Água locality (g: S101300, Vale de Água sample 141). a) Flower in lateral view showing scar from a single bract (br), attachment scars of tepals (t) and stamens (st) on the expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels; b) Flower in lateral view showing expanded basal portion of the elongated receptacle and young carpels; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing expanded basal portion of the elongated receptacle and young carpels; note the irregular, possibly expanded stigmatic region (arrow heads), (orthoslice yz0340); d) Flower in lateral view showing attachment scars of tepals (t) and stamens (st) on the expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels with possible grooved stigmatic regions (arrow heads); e) Flower in lateral view showing expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels; f) Detail of flower in (e) showing in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs (d–g) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (a–c) of flowers of Atlantocarpus virginiensis gen. et sp. nov. (a–d: holotype, PP43780, Puddledock sample 156), Atlantocarpus sp. from the Early Cretaceous Buarcos locality (e, f: S105025, Buarcos sample 244) and receptacle of Atlantocarpus? from the Early Cretaceous Vale de Água locality (g: S101300, Vale de Água sample 141). a) Flower in lateral view showing scar from a single bract (br), attachment scars of tepals (t) and stamens (st) on the expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels; b) Flower in lateral view showing expanded basal portion of the elongated receptacle and young carpels; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing expanded basal portion of the elongated receptacle and young carpels; note the irregular, possibly expanded stigmatic region (arrow heads), (orthoslice yz0340); d) Flower in lateral view showing attachment scars of tepals (t) and stamens (st) on the expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels with possible grooved stigmatic regions (arrow heads); e) Flower in lateral view showing expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels; f) Detail of flower in (e) showing

Text-fig. 4. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices of flowers of Lambertiflora virginiense gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 081). White dots – tepals, yellow dots – stamens or staminodes, red dot – central conical gynoecial region. a) Flower in longitudinal section showing elongated overlapping tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice yz0454); b) Flower in transverse section showing rhomboidal bases of 30 tepals, nine poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1160); c) Flower in transverse section at the level of the floral receptacle showing 30 tepals, nine of the poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1250). Scale bars = 250 µm (a–c). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 4. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices of flowers of Lambertiflora virginiense gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 081). White dots – tepals, yellow dots – stamens or staminodes, red dot – central conical gynoecial region. a) Flower in longitudinal section showing elongated overlapping tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice yz0454); b) Flower in transverse section showing rhomboidal bases of 30 tepals, nine poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1160); c) Flower in transverse section at the level of the floral receptacle showing 30 tepals, nine of the poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1250). Scale bars = 250 µm (a–c).

Text-fig. 3. a–g, i, j: Quinquala obovata gen. et sp. nov., fruits from Wyoming and Oregon. a, b: Kisinger Lakes flora, Wyoming. a: Enlarged lateral view of split wing displaying venation along outer edge. Note the seed present in the locular area (arrow). UF 19376-60023b. b: Enlarged lateral view of split wing containing seeds within the locular area (arrow). UF 19376-60023c. c: Lateral view of fruit from White Cliffs, Oregon. UF 262-17690. d: Lateral view of fruit from West Branch Creek, Oregon. UF 229-53091. in Winged Fruits Of Rutaceous Affinity From The Eocene Of Western North America

Text-fig. 3. a–g, i, j: Quinquala obovata gen. et sp. nov., fruits from Wyoming and Oregon. a, b: Kisinger Lakes flora, Wyoming. a: Enlarged lateral view of split wing displaying venation along outer edge. Note the seed present in the locular area (arrow). UF 19376-60023b. b: Enlarged lateral view of split wing containing seeds within the locular area (arrow). UF 19376-60023c. c: Lateral view of fruit from White Cliffs, Oregon. UF 262-17690. d: Lateral view of fruit from West Branch Creek, Oregon. UF 229-53091.

Text-fig. 1. Distribution map for Quinquala obovata gen. et sp. nov. showing the Kisinger Lakes (KL) sites of the Tepee Trail Formation in Wyoming and Clarno Formation localities in Oregon – West Branch Creek (WBC) and White Cliffs (WC). in Winged Fruits Of Rutaceous Affinity From The Eocene Of Western North America

Text-fig. 1. Distribution map for Quinquala obovata gen. et sp. nov. showing the Kisinger Lakes (KL) sites of the Tepee Trail Formation in Wyoming and Clarno Formation localities in Oregon – West Branch Creek (WBC) and White Cliffs (WC).

Text-fig. 2. Quinquala obovata gen. et sp. nov., fruits from Kisinger Lakes flora, Wyoming. a: Lateral view of fruit on long pedicel. Note the two lateral wings and pair of longitudinal grooves representing wings extending into the matrix. UF 19376-60038. b: Lateral view of fruit on long, bent pedicel. Note the perianth scar at the base of the fruit (arrow). UF 19376-60023a. c: Lateral view of fruit on long, slightly bent pedicel. Note the pair of longitudinal grooves representing wings extending into the matrix, and in Winged Fruits Of Rutaceous Affinity From The Eocene Of Western North America

Text-fig. 2. Quinquala obovata gen. et sp. nov., fruits from Kisinger Lakes flora, Wyoming. a: Lateral view of fruit on long pedicel. Note the two lateral wings and pair of longitudinal grooves representing wings extending into the matrix. UF 19376-60038. b: Lateral view of fruit on long, bent pedicel. Note the perianth scar at the base of the fruit (arrow). UF 19376-60023a. c: Lateral view of fruit on long, slightly bent pedicel. Note the pair of longitudinal grooves representing wings extending into the matrix, and

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

An Optimized North America MODIS Leaf Area Index (LAI) Dataset for Air Quality Modeling

Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada Email: Junhua.zhang@ec.gc.ca   Leaf Area Index (LAI) is used in air quality models for land surface processes and for calculating biogenic emissions. MODIS LAI product provided by NASA (https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataprod/mod15.php) has been widely used in the air quality modeling community for such purposes. However, limitations of MODIS LAI product have been seen for some geographic areas, particularly unreasonably low LAI over the evergreen needleleaf boreal forests in the northern hemisphere during wintertime due to snow cover and low sun angle. Missing retrievals over urban areas and areas with persistent cloud cover are also seen. Considerable efforts have been made to improve the MODIS LAI product.  However, some issues are still persistent, such as the very low LAI over boreal forests during wintertime. In order to solve these issues for supporting regional air quality modelling, the 8-day MODIS Collection 6 (C6) LAI product at 500m resolution (MCD15A2H) was examined for North America. Statistics were calculated by month and by land cover type defined in the “Land Cover Type 1” science data set (SDS) of the Collection 6 MODIS Land Cover (MCD12Q1) product. Comparisons with LAI calculated from the EPA’s Biogenic Emissions Landuse Database, version 4 (BELD4, https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-modeling/biogenic-emission-sources) were also done (Zhang et al., 2020).  Based on the analysis, an updated monthly LAI dataset was calculated based on 1) 17-year (2003-2019) average of MODIS summer-time peak LAI, 2) fraction of evergreen and deciduous for each pixel from BELD4, and 3) monthly profiles of LAI for evergreen and deciduous vegetation species from MODIS LAI (Zhang et al., 2021).  This is the final LAI dataset for North America compiled using the 17 years of MODIS LAI product complemented by information from BELD4.   REFERENCES: Zhang, J., M. D. Moran, P. A. Makar, and S. Kharol, 2020.  Examination of MODIS Leaf Area Index (LAI) Product for Air Quality Modelling.  19th CMAS Conference, 26-30 Oct., Virtual  [see https://www.cmascenter.org/conference/2020/slides/ZhangJ_MODIS_LAI_CMAS_2020.pdf]. Zhang, J., P. A. Makar, S. Kharol, M. D. Moran, and C. McLinden, 2021.  Examination and Processing of MODIS Leaf Area Index (LAI) Product for Air Quality Modelling.  2021 Meteorology and Climate - Modeling for Air Quality Conference, Sep 14-17, 2021, Virtual

opencc-zeroDec 2008View details →

FIG. 3 in A biotic survey and inventory of the dynastine scarab beetles of Mesoamerica, North America, and the West Indies: review of a long-term, multicountry project

FIG. 3. — Map of the study area showing the phases (I-IV) of the dynastine biotic inventory project.

opencc-zeroDec 2008View details →

FIG. 1 in A biotic survey and inventory of the dynastine scarab beetles of Mesoamerica, North America, and the West Indies: review of a long-term, multicountry project

FIG. 1. — Brett Ratcliffe and Renaud Paulian in Bordeaux, France, 13 May 2001. Photo: M. L. Jameson.