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Fig. 32 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 32. Sylvicanthon bridarollii (Martínez, 1949). A–B. Individual from southern Bolivia. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C–D. Individual from Ecuador. C. Dorsal view. D. Ventral view.
Fig. 36 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 36. Clinal morphological variation in S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949). Note that, from south to north, the colouration of metafemora gradually fades from dark brown to reddish brown and orange with a light-brown base in populations of northern Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, and that the internal margin of protibiae (indicated by the red arrows) becomes progressively much subtler. Other features varying along this north-south cline are the presence of coarse elongate punctures at the base of metafemora (present in southern populations and absent in the northern ones) and of a fine transverse line on the posterior edge of pronotum (absent in the southern populations). See the text for more details.
Fig. 21 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 21. Sylvicanthon enkerlini (Martínez et al., 1964) comb. nov. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. Holotype and its labels.
Fig. 16 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 16. Abdominal lateral foveae of females (arrows). A. Sylvicanthon furvus (Schmidt, 1920). B. S. mayri sp. nov. C. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). D. S. foveiventris (Schmidt, 1920).
Fig. 15 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 15. Morphological variation and sexual dimorphism in the protibial spur of Sylvicanthon. A. S. enkerlini (Martínez et al., 1964) comb. nov., ♂. B. S. foveiventris (Schmidt, 1920), ♂. C. S. candezei (Harold, 1869), ♂. D. S. genieri sp. nov., ♂. E. S. aequinoctialis (Harold, 1868), ♂. F. S. aequinoctialis comb. nov., ♀. G. S. proseni (Martínez, 1949) stat. et comb. nov., ♂. H. S. proseni stat. et comb. nov., ♀. I. S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949), ♂. J. S. seag sp. nov., ♂. K. S. edmondsi sp. nov., ♂. L. S. attenboroughi sp. nov., ♂. M. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920), ♂. N. S. furvus (Schmidt, 1920), ♂. O. S. securus (Schmidt, 1920) comb. nov., ♂.
Fig. 28. A–B in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 28. A–B. Sylvicanthon aequinoctialis (Harold, 1868) comb. nov. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C–D. S. proseni (Martínez, 1949) stat. et comb. nov. C. Dorsal view. D. Ventral view.
Fig. 29 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 29. Type material of the aequinoctialis subgroup. A–B. Sylvicanthon aequinoctialis (Harold, 1868) comb. nov., type series. A. Lectotype and its labels. B. Paralectotype and its labels. C–E. S. proseni (Martínez, 1949) stat. et comb. nov., type series. C. Holotype and its labels. D. Paratype 1. E. Paratype 2.
Fig. 40 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 40. Type material of three species of Sylvicanthon described by Schmidt (1920). A. S. secures (Schmidt, 1920) comb. nov. a. Lectotype. b. Lectotype's labels. B. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). a. Lectotype. b. Lectotype's labels. c. Paralectotype 1. d. Paralectotype 3. e. Paralectotype 9. C. S. furvus (Schmidt, 1920). a. Lectotype. b. Lectotype's labels. c. Paralectotype 4. d. Paralectotype 6. e. Paralectotype 3. f. Paralectotype 1.
Fig. 13 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 13. Morphological variation in the metafemora of Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977. A. S. foveiventris (Schmidt, 1920). Note the presence of coarse elongate punctures at the base of the metafemur (arrow) and the tegument without microsculpture. B. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). Observe the tegument entirely covered by coarse non-elongate punctures. C. S. monnei sp. nov. D. S. mayri sp. nov. E. S. furvus (Schmidt, 1920). F. S. edmondsi sp. nov. G. S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949) (southern populations). H. S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949) (northern populations). Note the differences in colouration and in the presence of coarse punctation at the base of metafemur in the two ends of the clinal variation observed in S. bridarollii.
Fig. 38. A–B in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 38. A–B. Sylvicanthon edmondsi sp. nov. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C–D. Sylvicanthon attenboroughi sp. nov. C. Dorsal view. D. Ventral view.
Fig. 18 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 18. Aedeagus morphological diversity in the bridarollii subgroup. A. S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949). B. S. seag sp. nov. (arrow points to the ventral notch). C. S. edmondsi sp. nov. (idem). D. S. attenboroughi sp. nov. (idem).
Fig. 11 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 11. Morphological diversity in the protibiae of Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977. A. S. enkerlini (Martínez et al., 1964) comb. nov. B. S. aequinoctialis (Harold, 1869) comb. nov. C. S. securus (Schmidt, 1920) comb. nov. D. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). E. S. furvus (Schmidt, 1920). F. S. bridarollii (Martínez, 1949) (southern populations). G. S. bridarollii (northern populations). H. S. attenboroughi sp. nov. I. S. edmondsi sp. nov. J. S. candezei (Harold, 1869). Note the variation related to the presence and degree of development of an expansion on the internal edge of protibiae and to the number, size and position of the external teeth.
Fig. 10. Lateral view. A in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 10. Lateral view. A. Canthon (Francmonrosia) sp. B. Sylvicanthon enkerlini (Martínez et al., 1964) comb. nov. C. S. candezei (Harold, 1869).
Fig. 20 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 20. Combined distribution of the species of Sylvicanthon in the Neotropical region. Note that the genus occupies the four great areas of tropical humid forest of the American continent: Central American forests, the Choco of the South American northwest, the Amazon Rainforest and the Atlantic Forest. Following the hypothesis of Martínez et al. (1964) that the Amazon Basin was the ancestral area of the Sylvicanthon of the candezei group, three lineages have independently dispersed from there (arrows): that of the ancestors of S. aequinoctialis (Harold, 1868), which, from the Choco, invaded Central America at the pace of the tropical forests' gradual northwards advance, occurred during the Plio-Pleistocene, and those of the ancestors of respectively S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920) and S. foveiventris (Schmidt, 1920), which reached the Atlantic Forest through the corridors of humid forests that bridged that biome to the Amazon forest during the wettest periods of the Neogene (see a more detailed discussion in the text).
Fig. 23 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 23. Sylvicanthon foveiventris (Schmidt, 1920). A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. S. foveiventris type material: a. Lectotype. b. Lectotype's labels. c. Paralectotype 1's label. d. Paralectotype 6's labels.
Fig. 14. A in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 14. A. Ventral view of the anterior region of the pterothorax of S. proseni (Martínez, 1949) stat. et comb. nov. Abbreviations: MsEs = mesoventrite; SEs = meso-metaventrite suture; MsC = mesocoxa; RAMtEs = anterior region of metaventrite. B–E. Sexual dimorphism in the abdominal ventrites of Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977. B. S. foveiventris (Schmidt, 1920), ♀. Note the three lateral foveae between ventrites I–II, II–III, and III–IV and the broad ventrite VI at the middle, without emargination on its posterior edge and without its anterior edge covered by a medial flange of ventrite V. C. S. proseni stat. et comb. nov., ♀, ventrite VI broad. D. S. candezei (Harold, 1869), ♂. Note how the ventrite VI is narrow at the middle due to the emargination on its porterior edge and to the medial flage of the posterior edge of the ventrite V. E. S. candezei (Harold, 1869), ♀. Despite its posterior edge not being emarginate, its anterior edge is covered by a well-developed medial flange of ventrite V, which gives a narrowed aspect to the centre of ventrite VI.
Fig. 9. A in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 9. A. Sylvicanthon bridarollii (Martínez, 1949), profemur. Note that, as occurs in the other species of the candezei group, there is no denticulation on the anterior edge, which is, by contrast, completely smooth. B. S. enkerlini (Martínez et al., 1964) comb. nov., profemur. Arrow indicates the denticulation of anterior edge, a condition present in both sexes and unique in the genus. C. S. enkerlini, metepisternum. Arrow indicates the small tubercle at the suture between metepisternum and the lateral region of metaventrite. D. S. enkerlini, hypomeron. Notice the row of long setae present on the lateral of posterior region, a condition seen uniquely in this species in Sylvicanthon.
Fig. 8. Head, ventral view. A in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 8. Head, ventral view. A. Sylvicanthon bridarollii (Martínez, 1949). B. S. proseni (Martínez, 1949) stat. et comb. nov. See the differences in the shape of the suture between submentum and gula in these two species (red arrows), which is rounded in S. bridarollii and most of the other species of Sylvicanthon, while it has a 'Y'-shape in the two representants of the aequinoctialis subgroup.
Fig. 33 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 33. Sylvicanthon bridarollii (Martínez, 1949) type material. A. Holotype and its labels. B. Allotype and its labels.
Fig. 6. Head, dorsal view. A in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 6. Head, dorsal view. A. Sylvicanthon enkerlini (Martínez et al., 1964) comb. nov. B. S. candezei (Harold, 1869). C. S. genieri sp. nov. D. S. proseni (Martínez, 1949) stat. et comb. nov. E. S. seag sp. nov. F. S. securus (Schmidt, 1920) comb. nov. G. S. furvus (Schmidt, 1920).
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