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Figure 12 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figure 12. Parsimony reconstruction of the two types of interdental laminae of the leaf-cutter bee mandible. We used the tree topology obtained from the total-evidence analysis of the full data set (122 taxa) to visualize character states on the clade of leaf-cutter bees. All photographs are outer views of the mandibles, except for the second from top to bottom, which is an inner view of the mandible below. Odontogenic lamina highlighted in green and ctenogenic lamina in pink.

Figure 11 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figure 11. Total evidence dated phylogeny of Megachilini from the analysis of the full morphological data matrix (122 taxa). Majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis using fossils as terminals under the FBD tree prior. Blue bar at each node represents the 95% highest posterior density age range. Posterior probability below 100 indicated above each node. A capital letter above a node indicates a clade discussed in the text. Mandibles with interdental laminae highlighted in green (odontogenic) and pink (ctenogenic).

Figure 8 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figure 8. Strict consensus tree of 30 parsimonious trees obtained under equal weighting. Numbers above nodes are standard bootstrap values, numbers below nodes are absolute Bremer values. Branches without numbers indicate bootstrap values below 50% and Bremer values of 1. A capital letter above a node indicates a clade discussed in the text. Species within boxes of the same color correspond to the same subgenus of Megachile Latreille s.l. following Michener's (2007) classification. The colored column after the species names indicates approximate number of species per subgenus. Half-colored boxes without a number correspond to species that did not cluster with the other species of the same subgenus included in the analysis. Species richness taken from Michener (2007), Moure et al. (2007), and Ascher & Pickering (2018). Mandibles with interdental laminae highlighted in green (odontogenic) and pink (ctenogenic).

Figure 9 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figure 9. Preferred total evidence dated phylogeny of Megachilidae. Majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis using fossils as terminals under the FBD tree prior. Blue bar at each node represents the 95% highest posterior density age range. Posterior probability below 100 indicated above each node.

Figure 6 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figure 6. Examples of the types of setae found on the male S4–S6 of Megachile Latreille s.l. A. Branched, unmodified, S4, Megachile (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson. B. Acuminate, S4, M. (Megachile) centuncularis (Linnaeus). C. Acuminate, S6, M. (Chalicodoma) sicula (Rossi). D. Fan-shaped, S6, M. (Chelostomoides) exilis Cresson. E. Capitate-spatulate, S5, M. (Chelostomoides) rugifrons (Smith). F. Capitate-spatulate, S5, M. (Xanthosarus) fortis Cresson.

Figure 4 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figure 4. Some female morphological features used in the phylogenetic analysis. A, B. Lateral view of axilla. C. Dorsal view of mesoscutellum and metanotum. D, E. Outer view of apex of mesotibia. F–I. Pretarsal claws. Megachile (Melanosarus) xylocopoides Smith (A); M. (Stenomegachile) dolichosoma Benoist (B, C); M. (Chelostomoides) rugifrons (Smith) (D); M. (Megachiloides) pascoensis Mitchell (E); Dioxys productus (Cresson) (F); M. (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson (G); M. (Hackeriapis) ferox Smith (H); M. (Schizomegachile) monstrosa Smith (I).

Figure 1 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figure 1. Species richness of currently recognized genera in the bee tribe Megachilini. A. Dorsal habitus of a female of Coelioxys sp. B. Lateral habitus of a female of Noteriades spinosus Griswold & Gonzalez. C. Male of Megachile (Zonomegachile) kalina Gonzalez, Griswold, & Engel on top of a brood cell built with leaf pieces. D. Facial habitus of leaf-cutter M. (Eutricharaea) minutissima Radoszkowski (left) and dauber bee M. (Callomegachile) pluto (Smith) (right). E. Outer surface of the female mandible of M. (Leptorachis) laeta Smith, a leaf-cutter bee, showing interdental lamina in pink. F. Dorsal habitus of M. (Rhyssomegachile) kartaboensis Mitchell. G. Dorsal views of M. (E.) minutissima (upper left) and M. (C.) pluto (right). Photographs are not at the same scale, except for the large and small species compared in figures D and G.

Figure 2. Leaf excisions and a in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figure 2. Leaf excisions and a sampling of the morphological diversity among the female mandible of leaf-cutter bees. A. Leaves of Rosa sp. (Rosaceae) from Lesvos, Greece. B. Fossil leaf cut (Fabaceae) from Eckfeld Maar, Germany (~43 Ma). C–J. Outer view of the mandible showing interdental laminae in green (odontogenic) and pink (ctenogenic). C. Megachile (Chrysosarus) parsonsiae Schrottky. D. M. (Rhyssomegachile) simillima Smith. E. M. (Pseudocentron) pruina Smith. F. M. (Zonomegachile) sp. G. M. (Moureapis) maculata Smith. H. M. (Melanosarus) xylocopoides Smith. I. M. (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson. J. M. (Leptorachis) petulans Cresson. Abbreviations: Mt = mandibular tooth.

Figure 13 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figure 13. Female mandible of leaf-cutter ants and extinct Baltic amber megachilids. A–C. Right mandible of leaf-cutter ant (Formicidae: Attini: Atta sp.) in frontal, lateral, and inner views, respectively. Arrow points to the lower margin. D–G. Synchrotron-radiation µCT scan of Glyptapis sp. (Glyptapini) from Eocene Baltic amber; facial view of the head and right mandible in outer, superior, and inner views, respectively [note that the scan resolution could not resolve the finest setae, such as those of the compound eyes which are present in this specimen as in all species of Glyptapis Cockerell (Engel, 2001)].

Figure 3 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figure 3. Female mandible of Megachile Latreille s.l. in outer (A, E, G), frontal (D), and inner views (B, C, F, H). A. Megachile (Callomegachile) pluto Smith. B. M. (Callomegachile) sp. C–E. M. (Chelostomoda) spissula Cockerell. F. M. (Rhyssomegachile) simillima Smith. G. M. (Creightonella) frontalis (Fabricius). H. M. (Pseudocentron) pruina Smith. Interdental laminae highlighted in green (odontogenic) and pink (ctenogenic). Abbreviations: CR = corono-radicular ridge; AP = adductor apical ridge.

Figure 5 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figure 5. Some male morphological features used in the phylogenetic analysis. A–C. Ventral projection of mandible. D–F. Dorsal (left half) and ventral (right half) views of sixth tergum. G–I. Dorsal view of seventh tergum. J. Ventral view of sixth sternum. K–M. Ventral view of eighth sternum. N–P. Dorsal view of genital capsule. Q, R. Profile view of genital capsule. S. Apex of penis valves. Taxa: Megachile (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson (A, L); M. (Callomegachile) biseta Vachal (B); M. (Maximegachile) maxillosa Guérin-Méneville (C); M. (Argyropile) longuisetosa Gonzalez & Griswold (D, G); M. (Grosapis) cockerelli (E, H, R); M. (Creightonella) cognata Smith (F, I); M. (Zonomegachile) moderata Smith (J, K); M. (Largella) donbakeri Gonzalez & Engel (M); M. (Austromegachile) montezuma Cresson (N); M. (M.) centuncularis (Linnaeus) (O); M. (Moureapis) maculata Smith (P); M. (Chalicodoma) parietina (Geoffroy) (Q); M. (Chalicodoma) sicula (Rossi) (S).

Fig. 197 in Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)

Fig. 197. Summary tree of the analysis of unordered characters, depicting a strict reduced consensus where only the unstable fragmentary wildcards have been removed. Those branches intersected by dotted lines show the variable phylogenetic positions of the wildcard taxa among the most parsimonious trees. Node numbers correspond to table 15.

Fig. 194 in Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)

Fig. 194. Strict component consensus of heuristic search performed with ordered multistate characters.

Fig. 196 in Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)

Fig. 196. Strict component consensus of heuristic search performed with unordered multistate characters.

Fig. 192 in Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)

Fig. 192. Selected views of Camp Margetts ''mandible taxon B'' (AMNH 26400). (A) Right view, (B) right p2–p4, (C) dorsal view, (D) lingual view of incisors and canines, (E) labial view of incisors and canines.

Fig. 195 in Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)

Fig. 195. Summary tree of the analysis of ordered characters, depicting the primary strict reduced consensus and the possible positions of pruned wildcards as represented by lettered dotted lines. Those branches intersected by dotted lines show the variable phylogenetic positions of the wildcard taxa among the most parsimonious trees. Node numbers correspond to table 14.

Fig. 191 in Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)

Fig. 191. Selected mandibles referred to Camp Margetts ''mandible taxon A''. (A) Dorsal view of AMNH 26415, (B) right view of AMNH 26410, (C) right premolars of AMNH 26410, (D) right molars of AMNH 26410, (E) lingual view of incisors of AMNH 26410, (F) labial view of incisors of AMNH 26410, (G) lingual view of i3 of AMNH 26418.

Fig. 190 in Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)

Fig. 190. Dental fragments from the Pondaung formation of Myanmar referred to Bunobrontops sp. by Holroyd and Ciochon, 2000, but referred to here as cf. Palaeosyops sp. (A) partial right m3 (AMNH 32423b), (B) posterior fragment of right m3 (AMNH 32423a).

Fig. 184 in Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)

Fig. 184. Holotype mandible of Epimanteoceras amplus (PIN 3109-41). (A) Dorsal view, (B) left view. From Yanovskaya (1980: plate 2).

Fig. 182 in Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)

Fig. 182. Specimens referred to Duchesneodus thyboi. (A) SDSM 63690, and (B) SDSM 63689 (the holotype). Photos from Bjork (1967).