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Fig. 2. A in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 2. A. Composite stratigraphic section of the lithologic members of the Oread Megacylothem and relative sea level curve; modified from Heckel 1999, 2013). B. Detailed measured stratigraphic sections of the Heebner Shale at each locality. Darkness of the shale intervals corresponds to the darkness of the shale in hand sample. See SOM 1 for exact locations.

Fig. 5 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 5. Principal component (PC) cross-plot and wireframes for all grooved specimens. A. Principal component cross plot of the first two principal components, labeled with their corresponding eigenvalues (blue, sinistral; red dextral). B. Black wireframes, the resulting form with values of the corresponding principal component values; gray outline, the mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit.

Fig. 1 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 1. Paleogeographic map of Laurentia (A) and the Midcontinent sea (B) during Late Pennsylvanian time. Terrestrial/marine environments represent regions dependent on glacio-eustatic and basin controls. Modern day state outlines for reference to sample locations: 1, Sedan spillway; 2, Clinton Dam; 3, interstate I-229 roadcut. A.W.A., Ancestral-Wichita-Amarillo mountains. A, based on Heckel (1999); B, modified from Algeo and Heckel (2008).

Fig. 3 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 3. Transformation of a conodont P1 element into morphometric coordinate points: 1, specimen is photographed; 2, coordinates are placed on the image using the software TspUtil; 3, wireframe outline is created by linking landmarks to each other; 4, image is removed to illustrate that all analyses beyond this point are performed on the landmarks only, and all other biological criteria are no longer considered. Open circles, location of Type 1 landmarks, and black ovals, location of Type 2 landmarks.

Fig. 4 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 4. Wireframe created by connecting landmarks chosen for the Idiognathodus simulator morphometric analysis. Numbers represent the landmark number designations used for the morphometric analysis: 1, ventral termination of the rostral adcarinal ridge; 2, dorsal termination of the carina; 3, ventral termination of the caudal adcarinal ridge; 4, rostral termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the rostral side; 5, caudal termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the rostral side; 6, rostral termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the caudal side; 7, caudal termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the caudal side; 8, rostral termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the rostral platform margin on the rostral side. 9, caudal termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the rostral platform margin on the rostral side; 10, rostral termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the caudal platform margin on the caudal side; 11, caudal termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the caudal platform margin on the caudal side; 12, rostral termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the rostral side; 13, caudal termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the rostral side; 14, rostral termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the caudal side; 15, caudal termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the caudal side; 16, dorsal tip of the element; 17, midpoint along the rostral adcarinal ridge; 18, midpoint along the caudal adcarinal ridge.

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Fig. 6 in The diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher from the Middle Ordovician of northern Algeria: Taxonomic revision and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 6. Oral surface of the diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher Termier and Termier, 1950a (MUA. 1024020); Middle Ordovician, Stita, Algeria. A. Four peri-orals (PO1, PO3, PO4, and PO6) between four circum-orals (CO1, CO2, CO4, and CO5), peristome partially covered by small subtriangular oral cover plates biseries, diplopore-bearing polygonal thecal plates immediately surrounding the peristome, hydropore over PO1 and PO6; in external view. B. Surface showing numerous diplopores. Photographs (A1, B1), coloured interpretations (A2, B2) of both surfaces illustrating names using circumorals and periorals (Paul 1973, 2017); in internal view. B–E ambulacral designations in Carpenter's system. Scale bars 5 mm.

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Fig. 4 in The diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher from the Middle Ordovician of northern Algeria: Taxonomic revision and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 4. Diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher Termier and Termier, 1950a (MUA. 1023001); Middle Ordovician, Stita, Algeria. A. Photograph of latex cast of external mould showing spines, tubercles, and the appearance of imbricate plates. B. Camera lucida drawing, note three generations of plates. Scale bars 2 mm.

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Fig. 3 in The diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher from the Middle Ordovician of northern Algeria: Taxonomic revision and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 3. Original reconstruction of the diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher Termier and Termier, 1950a (see Termier and Termier 1959; Kesling 1968). Scale bar 10 mm.

Fig. 46. Brachyhypopomus walteri. a. MCP 45291 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 46. Brachyhypopomus walteri. a. MCP 45291 (WC16.180598), female, 145 mm TL (head, and body in lateral and dorsal view); b. MCP 45292 (WC05.190598), male, 168 mm TL (body in lateral view); Brazil, rio Solimões-Japurá confluence, Amazonas dr. Note sexual dimorphism in caudal-filament length. Specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH. Scale bars = 5mm.

Fig. 45. Brachyhypopomus verdii. a in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 45. Brachyhypopomus verdii. a. UF 148520 (WC24.090104), paratype, male, 106 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view); b. MUSM 35307 (WC06.160104), holotype, female, 79 mm TL (body in lateral view). Peru, río Ucayali, Amazonas dr. Note sexual dimorphism in caudal-filament length and height. Specimens fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 42 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 42. Collection records for Brachyhypopomus regani (circles). Holotype location is marked with an open symbol. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see Fig. 2 for legend).

Fig. 41. Brachyhypopomus regani. MCP 47022 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 41. Brachyhypopomus regani. MCP 47022 (WC04.140301), holotype, female, 128 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Brazil, rio Solimões-Japurá confluence, Amazonas dr. Note prominent opercular accessory electric organ (pale structure). Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 43. Brachyhypopomus sullivani. MUSM 39624 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 43. Brachyhypopomus sullivani. MUSM 39624 (WC48.210709), holotype, female, 108 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Peru, río Ucayali, Amazonas dr. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 40. Brachyhypopomus provenzanoi. MBUCV-V 35650 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 40. Brachyhypopomus provenzanoi. MBUCV-V 35650, holotype, immature, 87 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Venezuela, río Orinoco, Orinoco dr. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 39 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 39. Collection records for Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus (circles) and B. verdii (squares). Holotype locations are marked with open symbols. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see Fig. 2 for legend).

Fig. 35. Brachyhypopomus occidentalis. a. NRM 27736 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 35. Brachyhypopomus occidentalis. a. NRM 27736, immature, 131 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Colombia, rio Baudó dr. b. BMNH 2012.6.13.1, largest syntype specimen, sex not determined, 147 mm TL (body in lateral view, specimen preserved in EtOH, note damage and subsequent regeneration to caudal filament); Colombia, río San Juan dr. c. IAVHP 7022 (WC04.230905), male, 162 mm TL. d. IAvHP 7022 (WC03.230905), female, 112 mm TL, non-type (bodies in lateral view, live individuals); Colombia, río Atrato dr. Note sexual dimorphism in caudal-filament length and height in c (male) & d (female). Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 37. Brachyhypopomus palenque. a in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 37. Brachyhypopomus palenque. a. UF 180270 (WC05.160404), holotype, female, 149 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Ecuador, río Palenque, río Guayas dr. b. USNM 247230, male, 171 mm TL (body in lateral view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Ecuador, río Quinindé, río Esmeraldas dr. Note sexual dimorphism in caudal filament height. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 36 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 36. Collection records for Brachyhypopomus occidentalis (circles) and B. palenque (squares). The lectotype location for B. occidentalis and holotype location for B. palenque are marked with open symbols. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see Fig. 2 for legend).

Fig. 44 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 44. Collection records for Brachyhypopomus sullivani (circles). Holotype location is marked with an open symbol. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see Fig. 2 for legend).

Fig. 34. Brachyhypopomus menezesi. MZUSP 87147 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 34. Brachyhypopomus menezesi. MZUSP 87147, holotype, male, 100 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Brazil, rio Sapão, rio São Francisco dr. Note prominent opercular accessory electric organ (pale structure). Scale bars = 5 mm.