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Fig. 12 in The Ecology And Migrations Of Sea Turtles 8. Tests Of The Developmental Habitat Hypothesis

Fig. 12. Satellite transmission history of a large subadult (78.6 cm SCLmin) Chelonia mydas from Bermuda. Argos locations displayed are the highest location class per day, selected from the hybrid output of the Douglas Argos filter algorithm. This output includes points passing the minimum redundant distance filter supplemented with points passing the distance angle rate filter during periods of migration.

Fig. 5 in The Ecology And Migrations Of Sea Turtles 8. Tests Of The Developmental Habitat Hypothesis

Fig. 5. Size composition of Chelonia mydas in Bermuda. A, All turtles captured with an entrapment net from 1968–2005 (excludes recaptures). B, A subsample of C. mydas from Bermuda for which sex and maturity status were determined using laparoscopy; all animals were immature. C, Size distribution of 141 C. mydas that stranded in Bermuda between 1992 and 2005. D, Size (SCLmin) at last capture versus time in years to foreign recapture of 53 C. mydas tagged in Bermuda. Minimum adult size, indicated by the dashed line, is based on laparoscopy of 178 C. mydas in Bocas del Toro, Panama (this study; Meylan and Meylan, unpubl. data).

Fig. 11 in The Ecology And Migrations Of Sea Turtles 8. Tests Of The Developmental Habitat Hypothesis

Fig. 11. Geographic distribution of 88 foreign tag returns (numbers in circles) through 2005 of Chelonia mydas originally tagged in Bermuda. The star indicates the only known nesting by a C. mydas tagged in Bermuda. This turtle was tagged in November 1992 and nested near Cancun, Mexico, during the summer of 2006.

Fig. 4 in The Ecology And Migrations Of Sea Turtles 8. Tests Of The Developmental Habitat Hypothesis

Fig. 4. Study site at Zapatilla Cays, Bocas del Toro Province, Panama. Solid circles indicate sites sampled with nets between 1990 and 2005. Point O' Reef, Peachy, and Comfort are in the Caribbean Sea and were fished with ''ocean sets.'' All remaining sites are within Chiriqui Lagoon and were fished with standard set nets (see Methods).

Fig. 6 in The Ecology And Migrations Of Sea Turtles 8. Tests Of The Developmental Habitat Hypothesis

Fig. 6. Carapace length (SCLmin), weight, and maturity status for 131 Chelonia mydas from Bermuda that were examined laparoscopically. Minimum adult size, indicated by the dashed line, is based on laparoscopy of 178 C. mydas in Bocas del Toro, Panama (this study; Meylan and Meylan, unpubl. data). For explanation of stages, see Methods.

Fig. 10 in The Ecology And Migrations Of Sea Turtles 8. Tests Of The Developmental Habitat Hypothesis

Fig. 10. Satellite transmission histories of four large subadult Chelonia mydas from Bermuda. Argos locations displayed are the minimum redundant distance (MRD) output of the Douglas Argos filter algorithm. This output includes points that have a consecutive or near-consecutive neighbor within 6 km. Adaptive kernel density percent volume contours, calculated from the MRD dataset, are also displayed. A, Locations (n 5 103) and volume contours for PTT 07665 (70.4 cm SCLmin). B, Locations (n 5 103) and volume contours for PTT 11676 (72.0 cm SCLmin). C, Locations (n 5 141) and volume contours for PTT 11677 (71.8 cm SCLmin). D, Locations (n 5 253) and volume contours for PTT 60810 (70.0 cm SCLmin).

Fig. 7 in The Ecology And Migrations Of Sea Turtles 8. Tests Of The Developmental Habitat Hypothesis

Fig. 7. Average number of Chelonia mydas caught per set of the entrapment net at Bermuda by month. Mean and one standard deviation are shown for all sets from January 1992–August 2005. Sample size above each bar is for the number of sets made during each month.

Fig. 8 in The Ecology And Migrations Of Sea Turtles 8. Tests Of The Developmental Habitat Hypothesis

Fig. 8. The number of Chelonia mydas caught at Bermuda per set of the entrapment net as a function of water temperature. Data shown are for 258 samples from January 1992–August 2005.

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Fig. 1 in Turtle cleaners: reef fishes foraging on epibionts of sea turtles in the tropical Southwestern Atlantic, with a summary of this association type

Fig. 1. Reef fishes cleaning sea turtles' hard and soft parts in the Southwestern Atlantic. A porkfish (Anisotremus virginicus) and a group of blue tangs (Acanthurus coeruleus) feed on epibionts on the shell of a moving hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata); a barely visible doctorfish (Acanthurus chirurgus) nibbles at the posterior portion of the turtle's shell, and two blue tangs nibble at the left hind limb (a). Photo by M. Granville. One Zelinda's parrotfish (Scarus zelindae) and three blue tangs feed on algae growth on the shell of a male loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) near a shipwreck; two Spanish hogfishes (Bodianus rufus) also inspect the turtle (b). Photo by Z. Matheus. Four Spanish hogfish inspect and forage on epibionts on the shell of the same loggerhead turtle; one blue tang and one Zelinda's parrotfish also "escort" the slowly moving turtle (c). Photo by Z. Matheus. A green turtle (Chelonia mydas) remain motionless on the bottom, while a Brazilian blenny (Ophioblennius trinitatis) forages on algae growth on the left lateral portion of the shell; a few smallmouth grunts (Haemulon chrysargyreum) also capitalize upon this situation, and nibble at the turtle's shell (d). Photo by C. Sazima. A sergeant major (Abudefduf saxatilis) nibbles at an algae patch on the anterior part of the shell of a posing and hovering green turtle (e). Photo by Z. Matheus. The herbivorous Rocas damselfish (Stegastes rocasensis) nibbles at the right hind limb of a green turtle posing near algae turfs tended by this damselfish (f). Photo by Z. Matheus.

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Fig. 2. A in Turtle riders: remoras on marine turtles in Southwest Atlantic

Fig. 2. A loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) with a juvenile sharksucker (Echeneis naucrates) attached to the plastron (red asterisk) (a). From a video-frame by G. Marcovaldi. A hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) with a juvenile sharksucker (Echeneis naucrates) attached to the carapace (red asterisk) (b). Photo by L. B. Francini.

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Fig. 1. A in Turtle riders: remoras on marine turtles in Southwest Atlantic

Fig. 1. A leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) with an adult couple of the common remora (Remora remora), one of the fish moving over the carapace (left side) and the other attached to the plastron. A group of pilotfish (Naucrates ductor) travels with the turtle. Photo by G. Marcovaldi.

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Fig. 3. A in Turtle riders: remoras on marine turtles in Southwest Atlantic

Fig. 3. A sharksucker (Echeneis naucrates) free-swimming in the water column (a). Photo by G. Marcovaldi. A station-based juvenile sharksucker cleaning a jewfish (Epinephelus itajara) in a shipwreck (b). Photo by L. B. Francini.

Figure 12 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 12. Abnormal morphologies observed during limb development in Phrynops hilarii. A, the arrows point to a condensation of centrale 3 that seems to be duplicated. B, the arrows point to three ossification nuclei representing the primary cartilages of the fibulare, intermedium, and centrale 4 in the proximal tarsal.

Figure 13 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 13. Scheme of limb development in pleurodiran turtles. These patterns were also observed in other turtles. In the forelimbs (A and B), developmental variation involves the number of cartilaginous primordia of the central series. At advanced embryonic stages and after hatching, secondary fusion may occur in the distal carpal series. In the hindlimbs (C and D), centrale 4 may originate as a distinct cartilaginous primordium, or fuse with the intermedium condensation. The astragalus ossification will develop in the intermedium–centrale cartilage. Abbreviations: I–V, digits I–V; c1–c4, centrale 1–4; d1–d5, distal carpalia/tarsalia 1–5; f, fibulare; F, femur; Fi, fibula; H, humerus; i, intermedium; p, pisiform; Ra, radius; Ti, tibia; Ul, ulna.

Figure 9 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 9. Histological sections of limb buds of Podocnemis unifilis at stage 16. A, scale bar: 0.5 mm. The rectangle indicates the area of the carpal section on the right. B, dorsoventral section showing cartilaginous foci of distal carpalia, metacarpalia, and the centrale 4. C, scale bar: 0.5 mm. The rectangles point the areas of the tarsal sections in (D–F). D, the relationships between distal tarsalia 5 and 4 seem to be similar to those of other distal tarsalia. E, the large cartilaginous mass of the intermedium can be seen. F, there are no relationships between the end of the tibia and the cartilaginous condensations of the tarsus. Abbreviations: I–V, digits I–V; c4, centrale 4; d1–d5, distal carpalia/tarsalia 1–5; Fi, fibula; i, intermedium; T, tibia. Scale bars: 0.2 mm in (D–F).

Figure 8 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 8. Hindlimb development in Phrynops hilarii. Dorsal views of left limbs. A, stage 17; B, stage 18; C, stage 19; D, stage 20; E, stage 23. The centrale 4 is completely integrated with the intermedium mass forming the proximal tarsale. Distal elements of toe V were lost in this specimen. Abbreviations: 1–5, tarsalia 1–5; I–V, digits I–V; c4, centrale 4; f, fibulare; Fi, fibula; i, intermedium; Ti, tibia. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 3 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 3. Early forelimb development in Podocnemis unifilis (A–F) and Podocnemis sextuberculata (G–J). Dorsal views of left limbs. A, stage 14; B, stage 15; C, stage 16; D, stage 17; E, stage 18; F, stage 19; G, stage 12; H, stage 15; I, stage 16; J, stage 19. Abbreviations: 1–5, carpalia 1–5; I–V, digits I–V; c2, centrale 2; c3, centrale 3; c4, centrale 4; cc, centralia; H, humerus; i, intermedium; p, pisiform; R, radius; U, ulna; u, ulnare. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 6. A–E in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 6. A–E, the sequence of reduction of the distal phalanx in toe V observed in Podocnemis unifilis (stages 20, 22, 23, 24, and juvenile). Three cartilaginous phalanges are segmented during digit development, but the distal one is lost before ossification. F, in Podocnemis sextuberculata, the third phalanx ossifies before hatching (stage 24). Abbreviations: 5, distal tarsale 5; mt V, metatarsale V; ph1–3, phalanges 1–3. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 5 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 5. Sequence of ossification in Podocnemis unifilis, dorsal view of left limbs. A–H, forelimbs. A1–H1, hindlimbs. A and A1, stage 18; B and B1, stage 19; C and C1, stage 20; D and D1, stage 21; E and E1, stage 22; F and F1, stage 23; G and G1, stage 24; H and H1, post-hatched specimen. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 10 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 10. Morphological and structural features of the hook in extant reptiles. A, Liolaemus multicolor, juvenile specimen. The hook has cartilaginous distal and proximal epiphyses, and a short ossified diaphysis. This ossification is perichondral. The proximal epiphysis forms a small concave surface to articulate with distal tarsale 4. The distal epiphysis is rounded. B, Caiman latirostris, juvenile specimen. The hook is a semispherical ossified element with a short and stout distal process. It is related to distal tarsale 4 and metatarsale IV, but lacks distinct articular surfaces. Toe V in crocodiles is reduced to this element only. C, Podocnemis unifilis, juvenile specimen. The hook is a subspherical element with a nucleus of endochondral ossification. It has a wide concave articular surface with the distal tarsale 4, and a distal and convex articular process with metatarsale V. The dorsal and outer surface of distal tarsale 5 bears fibers of two muscles of the crus: peroneus anterior and gastrocnemius (black mark). One of the ligaments of the gastrocnemius muscle is fused to the plantar aponeurosis, and attaches to the outer process of metatarsale V (black mark). The muscles flexor digiti brevis and interosseum insert along the anterior border of metatarsale V, and the posterior border of metatarsale IV (white marks). D, Liolaemus multicolor, adult specimen. The hook bears a fully ossified epiphyses and diaphysis. Secondary centres of ossification are visible in the proximal epiphyses and in the lateroposterior medial crest. The peroneus brevis, peroneus longus, and gastrocnemius muscles, as well as the superficial femoral aponeurosis, are attached to the lateral plantar process of the fifth hooked metatarsale. There are also fibers of the deep femoral aponeurosis (formed by tendons of the peroneus and gastrocnemius muscles) attached to the outer lateral plantar tubercle (black mark). Insertions of the interosseum (or intermetatarsale) muscle occur on the hook (white marks). Abbreviations: 3, 4, tarsalia 3 and 4; d, diaphysis; e, epiphysis; f, fibulare; olt, outer lateral plantar tubercle; op, outer process; soc; secondary ossification centre.