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1,663 results for “BIAS”
Data from: Evolutionary consequence of a change in life cycle complexity: a link between precocious development and evolution towards female-biased sex allocation in a hermaphroditic parasite
The evolutionary consequences of changes in the complex life cycles of parasites are not limited to the traits that directly affect transmission. For instance, mating systems that are altered due to precocious sexual maturation in what is typically regarded as an intermediate host may impact opportunities for outcrossing. In turn, reproductive traits may evolve to optimize sex allocation. Here we test the hypothesis that sex allocation evolved towards a more female-biased function in populations of the hermaphroditic digenean trematode Alloglossidium progeneticum that can precociously reproduce in their second hosts. In these precocious populations, parasites are forced to self-fertilize as they remain encysted in their second hosts. In contrast, parasites in obligate 3-host populations have more opportunities to outcross in their third host. We found strong support that in populations with precocious development, allocation to male resources was greatly reduced. We also identified a potential phenotypically plastic response in a body size-sex allocation relationship that may be driven by the competition for mates. These results emphasize how changes in life cycle patterns that alter mating systems can impact the evolution of reproductive traits in parasites.
Data from: Conventional analysis of trial-by-trial adaptation is biased: empirical and theoretical support using a Bayesian estimator
Research on human motor adaptation has often focused on how people adapt to self-generated or externally-influenced errors. Trial-by-trial adaptation is a person's response to self-generated errors. Externally-influenced errors applied as catch-trial perturbations are used to calculate a person's perturbation adaptation rate. Although these adaptation rates are sometimes compared to one another, we show through simulation and empirical data that the two metrics are distinct. We demonstrate that the trial-by-trial adaptation rate, often calculated as a coefficient in a linear regression, is biased under typical conditions. We tested 12 able-bodied subjects moving a cursor on a screen using a computer mouse. Statistically different adaptation rates arise when sub-sets of trials from different phases of learning are analyzed from within a sequence of movement results. We propose a new approach to identify when a person's learning has stabilized in order to identify steady-state movement trials from which to calculate a more reliable trial-by-trial adaptation rate. Using a Bayesian model of human movement, we show that this analysis approach is more consistent and provides a more confident estimate than alternative approaches. Constraining analyses to steady-state conditions will allow researchers to better decouple the multiple concurrent learning processes that occur while a person makes goal-directed movements. Streamlining this analysis may help broaden the impact of motor adaptation studies, perhaps even enhancing their clinical usefulness.
Data from: Sex-biased genetic component distribution among populations: additive genetic and maternal contributions to phenotypic differences among populations of Chinook salmon
An approach frequently used to demonstrate a genetic basis to population-level phenotypic differences is to employ common garden rearing designs, where observed differences are assumed to be attributable to primarily additive genetic effects. Here, in two common garden experiments, we employed factorial breeding designs between wild and domestic, and among wild populations of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). We measured the contribution of additive (VA) and maternal (VM) effects to the observed population differences for 17 life history and fitness-related traits. Our results show that, in general, maternal effects contribute more to phenotypic differences among populations than additive genetic effects. These results suggest that maternal effects are important in population phenotypic differentiation, and also signify that the inclusion of the maternal source of variation is critical when employing models to test population differences in salmon, such as in local adaptation studies.
Data from: RADseq underestimates diversity and introduces genealogical biases due to nonrandom haplotype sampling
Reduced representation genome-sequencing approaches based on restriction digestion are enabling large-scale marker generation and facilitating genomic studies in a wide range of model and nonmodel systems. However, sampling chromosomes based on restriction digestion may introduce a bias in allele frequency estimation due to polymorphisms in restriction sites. To explore the effects of this nonrandom sampling and its sensitivity to different evolutionary parameters, we developed a coalescent-simulation framework to mimic the biased recovery of chromosomes in restriction-based short-read sequencing experiments (RADseq). We analysed simulated DNA sequence datasets and compared known values from simulations with those that would be estimated using a RADseq approach from the same samples. We compare these 'true' and 'estimated' values of commonly used summary statistics, π, θw, Tajima's D and FST. We show that loci with missing haplotypes have estimated summary statistic values that can deviate dramatically from true values and are also enriched for particular genealogical histories. These biases are sensitive to nonequilibrium demography, such as bottlenecks and population expansion. In silico digests with 102 completely sequenced Drosophila melanogaster genomes yielded results similar to our findings from coalescent simulations. Though the potential of RADseq for marker discovery and trait mapping in nonmodel systems remains undisputed, our results urge caution when applying this technique to make population genetic inferences.
Data from: Is there a temperate bias in our understanding of how climate change will alter plant-herbivore interactions? A meta-analysis of experimental studies
Climate change can drive major shifts in community composition and interactions between resident species. However, the magnitude of these changes depends on the type of interactions and the biome in which they take place. We review the existing conceptual framework for how climate change will influence tropical plant-herbivore interactions and formalize a similar framework for the temperate zone. We then conduct the first biome-specific tests of how plant-herbivore interactions change in response to climate-driven changes in temperature, precipitation, ambient CO2, and ozone. We used quantitative meta-analysis to compare predicted and observed changes in experimental studies. Empirical studies were heavily biased toward temperate systems, so testing predicted changes in tropical plant-herbivore interactions was virtually impossible. Furthermore, most studies investigated the effects of CO2 with limited plant and herbivore species. Irrespective of location, most studies manipulated only one climate change factor despite the fact that different factors can act in synergy to alter responses of plants and herbivores. Finally, studies of belowground plant-herbivore interactions were also rare; those conducted suggest that climate change could have major effects on belowground subsystems. Our results suggest that there is a disconnection between the growing literature proposing how climate change will influence plant-herbivore interactions and the studies testing these predictions. General conclusions will also be hampered without better integration of above- and belowground systems, assessing the effects of multiple climate change factors simultaneously, and using greater diversity of species in experiments.
Data from: Persistence of an extreme male-biased adult sex ratio in a natural population of polyandrous bird
In a number of insects, fishes and birds the conventional sex roles are reversed: males are the main care provider whereas females focus on matings. The reversal of typical sex roles is an evolutionary puzzle, because it challenges the foundations of sex roles, sexual selection and parental investment theory. Recent theoretical models predict that biased parental care may be a response to biased adult sex ratios (ASRs). However, estimating ASR is challenging in natural populations, because males and females often have different detectabilities. Here we use demographic modelling with field data from 2101 individuals, including 579 molecularly sexed offspring, to provide evidence that ASR is strongly male-biased in a polyandrous bird with male-biased care. The model predicts 6.1 times more adult males than females (ASR = 0.860, proportion of males) in the Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus. The extreme male-bias is consistent between years, and concordant with experimental results showing strongly biased mating opportunity toward females. Based on these results we conjecture that parental sex role reversal may occur in populations that exhibit extreme male-biased ASR.
Data from: The 'male escape hypothesis': sex-biased metamorphosis in response to climatic drivers in a facultatively paedomorphic amphibian
Paedomorphosis is a major evolutionary process that bypasses metamorphosis and allows reproduction in larvae. In newts and salamanders, it can be facultative with paedomorphs retaining gills and metamorphs dispersing. The evolution of these developmental processes is thought to have been driven by the costs and benefits of inhabiting aquatic versus terrestrial habitats. In this context, we aimed at testing the hypothesis that climatic drivers affect phenotypic transition and the difference across sexes because sex-ratio is biased in natural populations. Through a replicated laboratory experiment, we showed that paedomorphic palmate newts (Lissotriton helveticus) metamorphosed at a higher frequency when water availability decreased and metamorphosed earlier when temperature increased in these conditions. All responses were sex-biased, and males were more prone to change phenotype than females. Our work shows how climatic variables can affect facultative paedomorphosis and support theoretical models predicting life on land instead of in water. Moreover, because males metamorphose and leave water more often and earlier than females, these results, for the first time, give an experimental explanation for the rarity of male paedomorphosis (the 'male escape hypothesis') and suggest the importance of sex in the evolution of paedomorphosis versus metamorphosis.
Data from: Minimizing polymerase biases in metabarcoding
DNA metabarcoding is an increasingly popular method to characterize and quantify biodiversity in environmental samples. Metabarcoding approaches simultaneously amplify a short, variable genomic region, or "barcode", from a broad taxonomic group via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using universal primers that anneal to flanking conserved regions. Results of these experiments are reported as occurrence data, which provide a list of taxa amplified from the sample, or relative abundance data, which measure the relative contribution of each taxon to the overall composition of amplified product. The accuracy of both occurrence and relative abundance estimates can be affected by a variety of biological and technical biases. For example, taxa with larger biomass may be better represented in environmental samples than those with smaller biomass. Here, we explore how polymerase choice, a potential source of technical bias, might influence results in metabarcoding experiments. We compared potential biases of six commercially available polymerases using a combination of mixtures of amplifiable synthetic sequences and real sedimentary DNA extracts. We find that polymerase choice can affect both occurrence and relative abundance estimates, and that the main source of this bias appears to be polymerase preference for sequences with specific GC contents. We further recommend an experimental approach for metabarcoding based on results of our synthetic experiments.
Data from: Bias in phylogenetic measurements of extinction and a case study of end-Permian tetrapods
Extinction risk in the modern world and extinction in the geological past are often linked to aspects of life history or other facets of biology that are phylogenetically conserved within clades. These links can result in phylogenetic clustering of extinction, a measurement comparable across different clades and time periods that can be made in the absence of detailed trait data. This phylogenetic approach is particularly suitable for vertebrate taxa, which often have fragmentary fossil records, but robust, cladistically-inferred trees. Here we use simulations to investigate the adequacy of measures of phylogenetic clustering of extinction when applied to phylogenies of fossil taxa while assuming a Brownian motion model of trait evolution. We characterize expected biases under a variety of evolutionary and analytical scenarios. Recovery of accurate estimates of extinction clustering depends heavily on the sampling rate, and results can be highly variable across topologies. Clustering is often underestimated at low sampling rates, whereas at high sampling rates it is always overestimated. Sampling rate dictates which cladogram timescaling method will produce the most accurate results, as well as how much of a bias ancestor–descendant pairs introduce. We illustrate this approach by applying two phylogenetic metrics of extinction clustering (Fritz and Purvis's D and Moran's I) to three tetrapod clades across an interval including the Permo-Triassic mass extinction event. These groups consistently show phylogenetic clustering of extinction, unrelated to change in other quantitative metrics such as taxonomic diversity or extinction intensity.
Data from: Demographic inferences after a range expansion can be biased: the test case of the blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus)
The evolutionary history of species is a dynamic process as they modify, expand and contract their spatial distributions over time. Range expansions (REs) occur through a series of founder events that are followed by migration among neighbouring demes. The process usually results in structured metapopulations and leaves a distinct signature in the genetic variability of species. Explicitly modeling the consequences of complex demographic events such as REs is computationally very intensive. Here we propose an an alternative approach that requires less computational effort than a comprehensive RE model, but that can recover the demography of species undergoing a RE, by combining spatially explicit modelling with simplified but realistic metapopulation models. We examine the demographic and colonization history of Carcharhinus melanopterus, an abundant reef-associated shark, as a test case. We first used a population genomics approach to statistically confirm the occurrence of a RE in C. melanopterus and identify its origin in the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Spatial genetic modelling identified two waves of stepping-stone colonization: an eastward wave moving through the Pacific and a westward one moving through the Indian Ocean. We show that metapopulation models best describe the demographic history of this species and that not accounting for this may lead to incorrectly interpreting the observed genetic variation as signals of widespread population bottlenecks. Our study highlights insights that can be gained about demography by coupling metapopulation models with spatial modeling and underscores the need for cautious interpretation of population genetic data when advancing conservation priorities.
Data from: Response repetition biases in human perceptual decisions are explained by activity decay in competitive attractor models
Animals and humans have a tendency to repeat recent choices, a phenomenon known as choice hysteresis. The mechanism for this choice bias remains unclear. Using an established, biophysically informed model of a competitive attractor network for decision making, we found that decaying tail activity from the previous trial caused choice hysteresis, especially during difficult trials, and accurately predicted human perceptual choices. In the model, choice variability could be directionally altered through amplification or dampening of post-trial activity decay through simulated depolarizing or hyperpolarizing network stimulation. An analogous intervention using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) yielded a close match between model predictions and experimental results: net soma depolarizing currents increased choice hysteresis, while hyperpolarizing currents suppressed it. Residual activity in competitive attractor networks within dlPFC may thus give rise to biases in perceptual choices, which can be directionally controlled through non-invasive brain stimulation.
Variability in codon usage in Coronaviruses is mainly driven by mutational bias and selective constraints on CpG dinucleotide
<p>Supplementary Figures and Tables for the article called: " Variability in codon usage in Coronaviruses<em> </em>is mainly driven by mutational bias and selective constraints on CpG dinucleotide<sup>"</sup></p>
Figure 5. The polymorphism sites among the 25 in Biased heteroplasmy within the mitogenomic sequences of Gigantometra gigas revealed by sanger and high-throughput methods
Figure 5. The polymorphism sites among the 25 different cloning sequences of cox1. Weblogo 3.0 was used to show the nucleotide content of 25 cloning sequences of cox1 (Crooks et al., 2004). The abscissa stands for the number of the bases, while the ordinate stands for the proportion of nucleotide content provided by the 25 different cloning sequences in the same position. The sequence length between the two arrows stands for the barcode fragment size of cox1. The black triangles show the polymorphism positions in the 25 different cloning sequences, the red circles show the positions exhibited obvious second-peak in the results of direct Sanger sequencing without cloning, and the yellow stars show the different sites between the results of Sanger and HTS.
Figure 2 in Biased heteroplasmy within the mitogenomic sequences of Gigantometra gigas revealed by sanger and high-throughput methods
Figure 2. The different nucleotides of all 13 PCGs in mitogenomes obtained by Sanger and HTS sequencing. The different sequences of HTS sequencing are separately compared with the consequence of Sanger method. The horizontal axis stands for the nucleotide position, of which the sequences of 13 PCGs are ordered according to the circular mitochondrial DNA from nad2 to nad1 in the clockwise direction. The vertical axis stands for the number of the different sites in the sequences of 13 PCGs, and the different nucleotide in each site of all three HTS sequences compared with Sanger is shown in the corresponding panel.
Cognitive Biases in Building Energy Decisions
<p>Raw data and R-code of analysis on online survey for building energy decision making.</p>
Results and further resources concerning our pre-studies concerning revealing biases in news articles
<p>Slanted news coverage strongly affects public opinion. This is especially true for coverage on politics and related issues, where studies have shown that bias in the news may strongly influence elections and other collective decisions. Due to its viable importance, news coverage has long been studied in the social sciences, resulting in comprehensive models to describe it and effective yet costly methods to analyze it, such as content analysis. We present an in-progress system for news recommendation that is the first to automate the manual procedure of content analysis to reveal person-targeting biases in news articles reporting on policy issues. In a large-scale user study, we find very promising results regarding this interdisciplinary research direction. Our recommender detects and reveals substantial frames that are actually present in individual news articles. In contrast, prior work rather only facilitates the visibility of biases, e.g., by distinguishing left- and right-wing outlets. Further, our study shows that recommending news articles that differently frame an event significantly improves respondents' awareness of bias.</p>
Figure 4 from: Torralba-Burrial A, Merino-Sáinz I, Anadón A (2014) The relevance, biases, and importance of digitising opportunistic non-standardised collections: A case study in Iberian harvestmen fauna with BOS Arthropod Collection datasets (Arachnida, Opiliones). ZooKeys 404: 71-89. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.404.6520
Figure 4 - Cluster hierarchical analysis with harvestmen presence data from seven locations with planned collection events and this general subset.
Figure 3 from: Torralba-Burrial A, Merino-Sáinz I, Anadón A (2014) The relevance, biases, and importance of digitising opportunistic non-standardised collections: A case study in Iberian harvestmen fauna with BOS Arthropod Collection datasets (Arachnida, Opiliones). ZooKeys 404: 71-89. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.404.6520
Figure 3 - Distribution of harvestmen records in the unplanned collection events. A Ischyropsalididae, Nemastomatidae and Phalangiidae B Scleromatidae and Trogulidae.
Figure 2 from: Torralba-Burrial A, Merino-Sáinz I, Anadón A (2014) The relevance, biases, and importance of digitising opportunistic non-standardised collections: A case study in Iberian harvestmen fauna with BOS Arthropod Collection datasets (Arachnida, Opiliones). ZooKeys 404: 71-89. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.404.6520
Figure 2 - A diagram depicting the methodological design of this hybrid data paper. Harvestmen in the BOS Arthropod Collection (Merino-Sáinz et al. 2013c) have come from several sources: some from unplanned collection events and some from planned collections. For this hybrid data-paper, we compared the data subset of unplanned collection events with the subsets of harvestmen from planned collection events using monthly sampling (Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2008, 2013), and the harvestmen of similar planned events in the same area (Rosa García et al. 2009a, b, 2010a, b). All of the subsets compared appear in light blue in the diagram.
Figure 5 from: Tedersoo L, Anslan S, Bahram M, Põlme S, Riit T, Liiv I, Kõljalg U, Kisand V, Nilsson RH, Hildebrand F, Bork P, Abarenkov K (2015) Shotgun metagenomes and multiple primer pair-barcode combinations of amplicons reveal biases in metabarcoding analyses of fungi. MycoKeys 10: 1-43. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.10.4852
Figure 5 - Global Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) graph demonstrating the relative placement of samples (lower case letters, encoded in Suppl. material 1) in the ordination space. 95% confidence ellipses are indicated for each barcode-primer pair combination. For two-dimensional solution, stress=0.191 (R2=0.875).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.