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1,140 results for “Colony”
Data from: Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies
Due to the omnipresent risk of epidemics, insect societies have evolved sophisticated disease defences at the individual and colony level. An intriguing yet little understood phenomenon is that social contact to pathogen-exposed individuals reduces susceptibility of previously naive nestmates to this pathogen. We tested whether such social immunisation in Lasius ants against the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is based on active upregulation of the immune system of nestmates following contact to an infectious individual or passive protection via transfer of immune effectors among group members—that is, active versus passive immunisation. We found no evidence for involvement of passive immunisation via transfer of antimicrobials among colony members. Instead, intensive allogrooming behaviour between naive and pathogen-exposed ants before fungal conidia firmly attached to their cuticle suggested passage of the pathogen from the exposed individuals to their nestmates. By tracing fluorescence-labelled conidia we indeed detected frequent pathogen transfer to the nestmates, where they caused low-level infections as revealed by growth of small numbers of fungal colony forming units from their dissected body content. These infections rarely led to death, but instead promoted an enhanced ability to inhibit fungal growth and an active upregulation of immune genes involved in antifungal defences (defensin and prophenoloxidase, PPO). Contrarily, there was no upregulation of the gene cathepsin L, which is associated with antibacterial and antiviral defences, and we found no increased antibacterial activity of nestmates of fungus-exposed ants. This indicates that social immunisation after fungal exposure is specific, similar to recent findings for individual-level immune priming in invertebrates. Epidemiological modeling further suggests that active social immunisation is adaptive, as it leads to faster elimination of the disease and lower death rates than passive immunisation. Interestingly, humans have also utilised the protective effect of low-level infections to fight smallpox by intentional transfer of low pathogen doses ("variolation" or "inoculation").
Data from: Spatial and temporal unpredictability of colony size in cliff swallows across 30 years
Most colonially breeding animals occupy colonies that range in size from a few pairs to thousands of individuals, but the causes of colony size variation are largely unknown. Three general hypotheses are: (1) that variation in colony size is maintained by fluctuating selection via spatial and temporal changes in fitness associated with different colony sizes; (2) that colony formation reflects heterogeneity in habitat, with some sites having resources to support more individuals than others; and (3) that individuals assess the presence or annual reproductive success of current colony residents at each site and aggregate preferentially at high-quality sites. These hypotheses make predictions about how consistent colony size should be across sites and among years. We examined temporal and spatial variability of colony size for >200 Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) colony sites in western Nebraska across a 30-year period. A colony's substrate type, annual population size in the study area, and whether the nesting season was relatively warm or cool, influenced average annual colony size. While some Cliff Swallow colony sites hosted perennially large colonies and others perennially small ones, between-year variability in colony size at most sites was high. Annual colony size distributions were relatively stable over 30 years and provided no evidence for long-term directional changes in colony size. The only ecological characteristic that was strongly associated with Cliff Swallow colony size at a site was the type of nesting substrate, with bridges tending to have larger colonies and being more frequently occupied than other substrates. Some sites showed annual changes in colony size consistent with the birds' basing their choice of colony on the presence or success of conspecifics, but many sites did not conform to a pattern expected if coloniality is a by-product of traditional aggregation. Colony size in Cliff Swallows was temporally and spatially unpredictable when viewed across the 30 years of this study. Each of the three hypotheses to explain size variation may have applied at certain sites, but the pattern of colony size variability leant the most support to the hypothesis that fluctuating selection on group size maintains colonies of widely different sizes.
Data from: Destructive disinfection of infected brood prevents systemic disease spread in ant colonies
In social groups, infections have the potential to spread rapidly and cause disease outbreaks. Here, we show that in a social insect, the ant Lasius neglectus, the negative consequences of fungal infections (Metarhizium brunneum) can be mitigated by employing an efficient multicomponent behaviour, termed destructive disinfection, which prevents further spread of the disease through the colony. Ants specifically target infected pupae during the pathogen's non-contagious incubation period, utilising chemical 'sickness cues' emitted by pupae. They then remove the pupal cocoon, perforate its cuticle and administer antimicrobial poison, which enters the body and prevents pathogen replication from the inside out. Like the immune system of a metazoan body that specifically targets and eliminates infected cells, ants destroy infected brood to stop the pathogen completing its lifecycle, thus protecting the rest of the colony. Hence, in an analogous fashion, the same principles of disease defence apply at different levels of biological organisation.
Weight, Temperature and Humidity Sensor Data of Honey Bee Colonies in Germany, 2019 - 2022
<p>Files:</p> <p>bob_publication_data.zip<br>Sensor data in 1-minute, 1-hour and 1-day interval, processed and unprocessed version as described in data paper. Inspection data with beekeepers' meta-information collected using web app.</p> <p>bob_raw_data.zip<br>Raw sensor data with original measurement interval, mostly 5 or 10 seconds.</p> <p>bob_code_publication.zip<br>Code we used to prepare the data. We anonymised sections with personal keys and passwords.</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p><br>We present sensor data from 78 honey bee colonies in Germany collected as part of a citizen science project. Each honey bee hive was equipped with five temperature sensors within the hive, one temperature sensor for outside measurements, a combined sensor for temperature, ambient air pressure and humidity, and a scale to measure the weight. During the data acquisition period, beekeepers used a web app to report their observations and beekeeping activities.<br>We provide the raw data with a measurement interval of up to 5 seconds as well as aggregated data, with per minute, hourly or daily average values. Furthermore, we performed several preprocessing steps, removing outliers with a threshold based approach, excluding changes in weight that were induced by beekeeping activities and combining the sensor data with the most important meta-data from the beekeepers' observations. The data is organised in directories based on the year of recording. Alternatively, we provide subsets of the data structured based on the occurrence or non-occurrence of a swarming event or the death of a colony.<br>The data can be analysed using methods from time series analysis, time series classification or other data science approaches to form a better understanding of specifics in the development of honey bee colonies.</p> <p>Information:</p> <p>The first three years of the citizen science project were funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF).</p>
Morphometric data for colonies of Tabulipora sp.
<p>One of the challenges for bryozoans is avoiding refiltering of water that has already had its plankton removed. Larger colonies develop colony-wide maculae-centered feeding currents to avoid refiltering water, and generally have elevated maculae (monticules). We hypothesize that height and spacing of monticules is inversely proportional to curvature of the colony surface. Larger flatter colonies should have higher and more closely spaced monticules. We compare two Permian palaeostomate bryozoans whose colonies form branches with elliptical cross-sections: the smaller and more elliptical cystoporate <em>Evactinostella crucialis</em> from Western Australia (n = 17) and the larger and flatter trepostome <em>Tabulipora</em> sp. from eastern North Greenland (n = 15). Using calipers and digital elevation models we measured curvature, monticule height, and number of monticules per area. Results indicate that <em>Evactinostella</em> branches are at least twice as curved as those of <em>Tabulipora</em>, their monticules are 1/2 the height of <em>Tabulipora</em>, and their monticules are 22% less densely spaced than those of <em>Tabulipora</em>. In <em>Evactinostella</em> colonies, surface curvature is inversely proportional to monticule height and spatial density which is not true for <em>Tabulipora</em>. Therefore, we conclude that the smaller and more curved the colony surface, the less the colony needs robust colony-wide feeding currents created by tall closely spaced monticules.</p>
Morphometric data for colonies of Evactinostella crucialis
<p>One of the challenges for bryozoans is avoiding refiltering of water that has already had its plankton removed. Larger colonies develop colony-wide maculae-centered feeding currents to avoid refiltering water, and generally have elevated maculae (monticules). We hypothesize that height and spacing of monticules is inversely proportional to curvature of the colony surface. Larger flatter colonies should have higher and more closely spaced monticules. We compare two Permian palaeostomate bryozoans whose colonies form branches with elliptical cross-sections: the smaller and more elliptical cystoporate <em>Evactinostella crucialis</em> from Western Australia (n = 17) and the larger and flatter trepostome <em>Tabulipora</em> sp. from eastern North Greenland (n = 15). Using calipers and digital elevation models we measured curvature, monticule height, and number of monticules per area. Results indicate that <em>Evactinostella</em> branches are at least twice as curved as those of <em>Tabulipora</em>, their monticules are 1/2 the height of <em>Tabulipora</em>, and their monticules are 22% less densely spaced than those of <em>Tabulipora</em>. In <em>Evactinostella</em> colonies, surface curvature is inversely proportional to monticule height and spatial density which is not true for <em>Tabulipora</em>. Therefore, we conclude that the smaller and more curved the colony surface, the less the colony needs robust colony-wide feeding currents created by tall closely spaced monticules.</p>
Fig. 1 in PREVALENCE OF NOSEMA CERANAE (MICROSPORIDIA) IN THE APIS MELLIFERA MELLIFERA BEE COLONIES FROM LONG TIME ISOLATED APIARIES OF SIBERIA
Fig. 1. The map of localization of the Yenisei population and studied apiaries (dots 1–6)
Figure 1 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)
Figure 1. Pantanal study site, Praia do Totelão (16°32′11.10″S, 56°23′58.20″W), an 11,502 m² (414 m long × 51 m wide) exposed sandbar along the Cuiabá River, 108 km southeast of the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Numbers indicate Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) nests (S and N), tents signify observation hides.
Colonial House
Assignment 2 from my Maya Modeling class. This was created on 9/22/2020. We were given an image of a colonial house to base our model on. In this project I learned how to instance and copy geometry. Which really helped me when I needed to adjust multiple windows at once. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Figure 5 from: Kimoto T, Roberts J, Westcott R, Jendek E, Buck M, Holden D, Careless P (2015) Colony distribution and prey diversity of Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) in British Columbia. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 5555: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.5555.5644
Figure 5 - Red shale typically found in baseball fields in southwestern BC. Note 2 ant nests.
Figure 3 from: Kimoto T, Roberts J, Westcott R, Jendek E, Buck M, Holden D, Careless P (2015) Colony distribution and prey diversity of Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) in British Columbia. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 5555: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.5555.5644
Figure 3 - Map showing the location of the 3 Cerceris fumipennis colonies.
Figure 2 from: Kimoto T, Roberts J, Westcott R, Jendek E, Buck M, Holden D, Careless P (2015) Colony distribution and prey diversity of Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) in British Columbia. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 5555: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.5555.5644
Figure 2 - Cerceris fumipennis colony adjacent to the P'egp'ig'lha Community Centre, Lillooet, BC.
Figure 1 from: Kimoto T, Roberts J, Westcott R, Jendek E, Buck M, Holden D, Careless P (2015) Colony distribution and prey diversity of Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) in British Columbia. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 5555: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.5555.5644
Figure 1 - Cerceris fumipennis colony north of the Stein Valley Nlakapamux School, Lytton, BC.
Figure 4 from: Maggioni T, Taverna A, Tatián M (2016) Redescription of the deep-sea colonial ascidian Synoicum molle (Herdman, 1886): first record since its original finding during the Challenger Expedition. Zoosystematics and Evolution 92(2): 181-185. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.92.9521
Figure 4 - Abdomen of Synoicum molle showing the rounded smooth-walled stomach.
Figure 2 from: Maggioni T, Taverna A, Tatián M (2016) Redescription of the deep-sea colonial ascidian Synoicum molle (Herdman, 1886): first record since its original finding during the Challenger Expedition. Zoosystematics and Evolution 92(2): 181-185. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.92.9521
Figure 2 - Colony of Synoicum molle photographed in vivo.
Figure 1 from: Maggioni T, Taverna A, Tatián M (2016) Redescription of the deep-sea colonial ascidian Synoicum molle (Herdman, 1886): first record since its original finding during the Challenger Expedition. Zoosystematics and Evolution 92(2): 181-185. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.92.9521
Figure 1 - Study area in the SW Atlantic. The asterisk shows the sampling location.
Tourist Colonial Zone, Dominican Republic
In the 3D map presented is showing the most relevant atraction that make magic the Colonial Zone in Dominican Republic. The four atraction are: 1.Plaza España 2. San Francisco Monastery 3. Colon Park 4. Ozama Fortress Here can be found the Colonial history of Dominican Republic. Press the number and can find information about the place. Visit Dominican Republic! Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Colonial Era Shoe Buckle
This large shoe buckle made of copper alloy was recovered from a 1990's archaeological dig at the Brook Farm property. In 1715, Edward Ward had built a home here on land that was once part of a native settlement, eventualy passing the property to his son Timothy. A 1765 probate inventory for Ward lists "Shoes and Boots" as items of value along with several shirts, pants, jackets, and household linens. This buckle dates to the 18th century and likely belonged to someone in the Ward family. The ornate patterning can be seen when rotating the 3d model, indicating that the shoes were of high quality and perhaps part of a wardrobe meant to indicate the Ward's status in their community.Scanned by Brian Schools. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Concomitant Chemoradiotherapy With Weekly Paclitaxel and Vinorelbine and Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (GCSF) Support in Patients With Advanced Breast Cancer
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00724386. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) After Salvage Chemotherapy in Refractory AML
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02427919. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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