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Figure 12. Cyclobatis oligodactylus Egerton, 1844 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)

Figure 12. Cyclobatis oligodactylus Egerton, 1844 from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Hjoula, Lebanon. A, MNHN F.HDJ505a; B, detail of the pelvic girdle and fins, showing the compound radial articulating with several radials in parallel fashion (arrow); C, detail of the head, showing the articulation of nasal capsules with propterygia (arrow); D, MNHN F.HDJ505b, counterpart, detail of the of the pectoral girdle showing the suprascapulae (arrow). The arrowheads in C and D show the distance between pro-, meso- and metacondyles. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Figure 8. The 50 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)

Figure 8. The 50% majority rule consensus tree detected from the analysis of 74 morphological characters coded for 36 taxa showing the hypothetical relationships of Ostarriraja parva gen. et sp. nov. within Rajiformes. The list of synapomorphies on each node (capital letters) is given in Supplemental material, Table S1. Numbers below the nodes indicate the Bremer support.

Figure 10 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)

Figure 10. Palaeobiogeography of skates from the Late Cretaceous to Neogene: 1 – Egypt, 2 – India, 3 – Arkansas, 4 – Maryland, 5 – Texas, 6 – Sweden, 7 – Antarctica, 8 – Belgium, 9 – Germany, 10 – South Carolina, 11 – Oregon, 12 – France, 13 – England, 14 – Jordan, 15 – Switzerland, 16 – Niger, 17 – Czech Republic, 18 – Mexico, 19 – Ukraine, 20 – Portugal, 21 – Netherlands, 22 – Denmark, 23 – Austria, 24 – Poland, 25 – Malta, 26 – Japan, 27 – Costa Rica, 28 – California, 29 – Italy, 30 – Slovakia, 31 – Argentina. Data from Fischer-Ooster (1866), Lawley (1876), Leriche (1927), Radwanski (1965), Steininger (1966), Jonet (1968), Ray et al. (1968), Cappetta (1970, 2012), Welton (1972), Herman (1974), Langenwalter (1975), Ceuster (1976), Steurbaut & Herman (1978), Glaser (1979), Schultz (1979, 2013), Sahni & Mehrotra (1980), Ward (1984), Itoigawa et al. (1985), Werner (1989), Cappetta & Nolf (1991), Prasad & Cappetta (1993), Welton & Farish (1993), Long (1994), Hovestadt & Hovestadt-Euler (1995), Case & Cappetta (1997), Antunes et al. (1999), Laurito (1999), Muller (1999), Purdy et al. (2001), Siverson & Cappetta (2001), Ward & Bonavia (2001), Muller & Rozenberg (2003), Reinecke et al. (2005), Roth & Hoedemakers (2005), Adnet (2006), Becker et al. (2006), Cappetta & Cavallo (2006), Sabol & Kovac (2006), Antunes & Balbino (2007), Cahuzac et al. (2007), Adnet & Cappetta (2008), Gonźalez-Barba (2008), Wijnker et al. (2008), Brisswalter (2009), Cicimuri & Knight (2009), Schultz et al. (2010), Boessenecker (2011, 2013), Cione et al. (2012), Reinecke (2015), Pollerspock & Straube (2017), Engelbrecht et al. (2018). Maps are adopted and modified from Scotese (2002).

Figure 2 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)

Figure 2. Ostarriraja parva gen. et sp. nov. from the early Miocene of Upper Austria. A, NHMW 2005z0283/0097a, holotype under normal light; B, NHMW 2005z0283/0097a, holotype under UV light; C, NHMW 2005z0283/0097b, holotype, counterpart under normal light; D, NHMW 2005z0283/0097b, holotype, counterpart under UV light. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Figure 1. A in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)

Figure 1. A, location and simplified geological map of Upper Austria, based on Rupp et al. (2008), showing the position of the locality (red dot) where Ostarriraja parva gen. et sp. nov. was found. B, palaeogeographical sketch-maps of the Paratethys seas during the Ottnangian, middle Burdigalian, early Miocene showing the possible location of the locality in A, based on Rogl (1998).

Figure 5 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)

Figure 5. Ostarriraja parva gen. et sp. nov. from the early Miocene of Upper Austria, holotype, NHMW 2005z0283/0097. A, closeup of the tail with the anterior part on the left side; B, detail of the radials in the pectoral disc; C, close-up of the teeth; D, detail of some tail thorns. Abbreviations: mc, Meckel's cartilage; pq, palatoquadrate; th, thorns; vc, vertebral centra. The arrows indicate the rostral direction. Scale bars: A–C = 1 mm; D = 0.5 mm.

Figure 6 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)

Figure 6. Ostarriraja parva gen. et sp. nov. from the early Miocene of Upper Austria. A, NHMW 2005z0283/0097, close-up of the pelvic girdle and fins of the holotype under UV light; B, restoration. Abbreviations: bas, basipterygium; cr, compound radial; prp, prepelvic process; pub, puboischiadic bar; rad, radials. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Figure 7 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)

Figure 7. Ostarriraja parva gen. et sp. nov. from the early Miocene of Upper Austria. Three isolated teeth from the holotype NHMW 2005z0283/0097 in A, occlusal; B, lingual; C, labial; and D, lateral view. Scale bar: 200 µm.

Fig. 21 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 21. Stenaelurillus tamravarni Marathe & Maddison, 2022, male habitus, live photographs from Chandrappa circle, Bangalore, Karnataka. Photographs by Amith Kiran Menezes.

Fig. 20 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 20. Stenaelurillus neyyar Sudhin, Sen & Caleb, 2023, habitus, live photographs from Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu. A–C. Specimen, ♂ (NRC-AA-6968). D–F. Specimen, ♂ (NRC-AA-6969). G–I. Specimen, ♀ (NRC-AA-6970). Photographs by Rishikesh Tripathi.

Fig. 18 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 18. Stenaelurillus gabrieli Prajapati, Murthappa, Sankaran & Sebastian, 2016, habitus, live photographs from Kudal, Sindhudurg, Maharashtra. A–D. Specimen, ♀ (NRC-AA-6965). E–G. Specimen, ♂ (NRC-AA-6964). Photographs by Rishikesh Tripathi.

Fig. 19. Stenaelurillus lesserti Reimoser, 1934 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 19. Stenaelurillus lesserti Reimoser, 1934., habitus, live photographs from Bengaluru (A–B, G) and Puducherry (C–F). A–B, D, F. Specimen, ♂ (NRC-AA-6966). C, E. Specimen, ♀ (NRC-AA-6967). G. Mating. Photographs by Amith Kiran Menezes (A–B, G) and Rishikesh Tripathi (C–F).

Fig. 17 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 17. Stenaelurillus arambagensis (B. Biswas & K. Biswas, 1992), habitus, live photographs from Kanukurthy, Telangana. A–B, D. Specimen, ♂ (NRC-AA-6960). C, E–F. Specimen, ♀ (NRC-AA-6962). Photographs by Rishikesh Tripathi.

Fig. 15 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 15. Distant habitat views of the collection site of species of Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886. A. Stenaelurillus feral Tripathi, Kuni & Kadam sp. nov. B. Stenaelurillus naldurg Kuni, Kadam & Tripathi sp. nov. C. Stenaelurillus judithbleisterae Kadam, Tripathi & Kuni sp. nov. D. Stenaelurillus solapur Kuni, Tripathi & Kadam sp. nov. Photographs by Gautam Kadam (C), Nikhil Kuni (B, D) and Vasavi Prakash (A).

Fig. 14 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 14. Stenaelurillus solapur Kuni, Tripathi & Kadam sp. nov., genitalia. A–B. Holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6957). A. Male palp, ventral view; the arrow indicates the extension of embolus. B. Male palp, retrolateral view. C–E. Paratype, ♀ (NRC-AA-6959). C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Vulva, dorsal view. E. Vulva, dorsal view of insemination ducts on left side. Scale bars: A–B = 0.2 mm; C–D = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 13 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 13. Stenaelurillus solapur Kuni, Tripathi & Kadam sp. nov., genitalia. A–F. Holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6957). A. Male palp, ventral view. B. Male palp, retrolateral view. C. Embolic division, ventral view. D. Embolic division, retrolateral view. E. Embolic division, prolateral view. F. Embolic division, apical view. G–H. Paratype, ♀ (NRC-AA-6959). G. Epigyne, ventral view. H. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–H = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 11 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 11. Stenaelurillus solapur Kuni, Tripathi & Kadam sp. nov., habitus, live photographs. A–D. Holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6957). Photographs by Rishikesh Tripathi.

Fig. 12 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 12. Stenaelurillus solapur Kuni, Tripathi & Kadam sp. nov. A–D. Holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6957). A. Male habitus, dorsal view. B. Male habitus, lateral view. C. Carapace, frontal view. D. Leg I, prolateral view. E–H. Paratype, ♀ (NRC-AA-6959). E. Female habitus, dorsal view. F. Carapace, frontal view. G. Leg I, prolateral view. H. Habitus, lateral view. Scale bars: A–B, E, H = 1 mm; C–D, F–G = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 9 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 9. Stenaelurillus judithbleisterae Kadam, Tripathi & Kuni sp. nov., genitalia. A–G. Holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6955). A. Male palp, ventral view. B. Male palp, retrolateral view. C. Male palp, palpal segments, retrolateral view. D. Embolic division, ventral view. E. Embolic division, retrolateral view. F. Embolic division, prolateral view. G. RTA, ventral view indicate serration. H–I. Paratype, ♀ (NRC-AA-6956). H. Epigyne, ventral view. I. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–F = 0.2 mm; G–I = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 10 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 10. Stenaelurillus judithbleisterae Kadam, Tripathi & Kuni sp. nov., genitalia. A–B. Holotype, ♂ (NRC-AA-6955). A. Male palp, ventral view; the arrow indicates the serration of RTA. B. Male palp, retrolateral view. C–E. Paratype, ♀ (NRC-AA-6956). C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Vulva, dorsal view. E. Vulva, dorsal view of insemination ducts on left side. Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm.