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311 results for “Anopheles”
Data from: Tracing the origin of the early wet-season Anopheles coluzzii in the Sahel
In arid environments the source of the malaria mosquito populations that re-establish soon after first rains remains a puzzle and alternative explanations have been proposed. Using genetic data, we evaluated whether the early Rainy Season (RS) population of Anopheles coluzzii is descended from the preceding late-RS generation at the same locality, consistent with dry season (DS) dormancy (aestivation), or from migrants from distant locations. Distinct predictions derived from these two hypotheses were assessed, based on variation in 738 SNPs in eleven A. coluzzii samples, including seven samples spanning two years in a Sahelian village. As predicted by the 'local origin under aestivation hypothesis', temporal samples from the late RS and those collected after the first rain of the following RS were clustered together, whilst larger genetic distances were found among samples spanning the RS. Likewise, multi-locus genotype composition of samples from the end of the RS were similar across samples until the following RS, unlike samples that spanned the RS. Consistent with reproductive arrest during the DS, no genetic drift was detected between samples taken over that period, despite encompassing extreme population minima, whereas it was detected between samples spanning the RS. Accordingly, the variance in allele frequency increased with time over the RS, but not over the DS. However, not all the results agreed with aestivation. Large genetic distances separated samples taken a year apart, and during the first year, within-sample genetic diversity declined and increased back during the late RS, suggesting a bottleneck followed by migration. The decline of genetic diversity followed a mass distribution of insecticide treated nets was accompanied by a reduced mosquito density and a rise in the mutation conferring resistance to pyrethroids, indicating a bottleneck due to insecticidal selection. Overall, our results support aestivation in A. coluzzii during the DS that is accompanied by long distance migration in the late-RS.
Data from: Geographic population structure of the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae suggests a role for the forest-savannah biome transition as a barrier to gene flow
The primary Afrotropical malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto has a complex population structure. In western Africa, this species is split into two molecular forms and displays local and regional variation in chromosomal arrangements and behaviours. To investigate patterns of macro-geographic population substructure, 25 An. gambiae samples from 12 African countries were genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci. This analysis detected the presence of additional population structuring, with the M-form being subdivided into distinct west, central and southern African genetic clusters. These clusters are coincident with the central African rainforest belt and northern and southern savannah biomes, which suggests restrictions to gene flow associated with the transition between these biomes. By contrast geographically patterned population substructure appears much weaker within the S-form.
Data from: Generational conservation of composition and diversity of field-acquired midgut microbiota in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato during colonization in the laboratory
The gut microbiota is known to play a role in the mosquito vectors' life history, which is a subject of increasing research. Laboratory experiments are essential for such studies and require laboratory colonies. In this study, the conservation of field-obtained midgut microbiota was evaluated in laboratory-reared Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes continuously hatched in water from the field breeding habitats. Pupae and late instars were obtained from the field and reared, and the emerged adults were blood fed. The eggs obtained from them were hatched in either water from the field or in dechlorinated tap water. The mosquito colonies were maintained for 10 generations. Midguts of female adults from unfed F0 (emerging from field-caught pupae and larvae), F5, and F10 were dissected out and genomic DNA were extracted for 16S metagenomic sequencing. The sequences were compared to investigate the diversity, and bacteria compositional differences using ANCOM and correlation clustering methods. Less than 10% of the bacteria families identified had differential relative abundances between generational groups and accounted for 46% of the variation observed. Although diversity reduced in F10 mosquitoes during lab colonization (Shannon-Weaver; p-value< 0.05), 50% of bacteria genera were conserved in those bred continuously in field-water compared to 38% in those bred in dechlorinated tap water. The study is the first report on the assessment of gut bacterial community of mosquitoes during laboratory colonization and recommends the use of water from the natural breeding habitats if they are intended for microbiota research.
Data from: High-throughput genotyping of Anopheles mosquitoes using intact legs by Agena Biosciences iPLEX
Recent developments in genotyping technologies coupled with the growing desire to characterise genome variation in Anopheles populations opens the opportunity to develop more effective genotyping strategies for high-throughput screening. A major bottleneck of this goal is nucleic acid extraction. Here, we examined the feasibility of using intact portions of a mosquito's leg as sources of template DNA for whole genome amplification (WGA) by Primer-Extension Pre-amplification. We used the Agena Biosciences MassARRAY platform (formerly Sequenom) to genotype 78 SNPs for 265 WGA leg samples. We performed nucleic acid extraction on 36 mosquito carcasses and compared the genotype call concordance with their corresponding legs, and observed full concordance. Using three legs instead of one improved genotyping success rates (96% versus 89%, respectively), although this difference was not significant. We provide a proof of concept that WGA reactions can be performed directly on mosquito legs, thereby eliminating the need to extract nucleic acid. This approach is straightforward, sensitive and allows both species determination and genotyping of Anopheles mosquitoes to be performed in a high-throughput manner. Our protocol also leaves the mosquito body intact facilitating other experimental analysis to be undertaken on the same sample. Based on our findings, this method would also be suitable for use with other insect species.
Data from: Seasonality and locality affect the diversity of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii midgut microbiota from Ghana.
Symbiotic bacteria can have important implications in the development and competence of disease vectors. In Anopheles mosquitoes, the composition of the midgut microbiota is largely influenced by the larval breeding site, but the exact factors shaping this composition are currently unknown. Here, we examined whether the proximity to urban areas and seasons have an impact on the midgut microbial community of the two major malaria vectors in Africa, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae. Larvae and pupae were collected from selected habitats in two districts of Ghana during the dry and rainy season periods. The midgut microbiota of adults that emerged from these collections was determined by 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal DNA. We show that in both mosquito species, Shewanellaceae constituted on average of 54% and 73% of the midgut microbiota from each site in the dry and rainy season, respectively. Enterobacteriaceae was found in comparatively low abundance below 1% in 22/30 samples in the dry season, and in 25/38 samples in the rainy season. Our data indicate that seasonality and locality significantly affect both the diversity of microbiota and the relative abundance of bacterial families with a positive impact of dry season and peri-urban settings.
Data from: Dissecting functional components of reproductive isolation among closely related sympatric species of the Anopheles gambiae complex
Explaining how and why reproductive isolation evolves and determining which forms of reproductive isolation have the largest impact on the process of population divergence are major goals in the study of speciation. By studying recent adaptive radiations in incompletely isolated taxa, it is possible to identify barriers involved at early divergence before other confounding barriers emerge after speciation is complete. Sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex offer opportunities to provide insights into speciation mechanisms. Here we studied patterns of reproductive isolation among three taxa, An. coluzzii, An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis, to compare its strength at different spatial scales, to dissect the relative contribution of pre- versus post-mating isolation, and to infer the involvement of ecological divergence on hybridization. Because F1 hybrids are viable, fertile, and not uncommon, understanding the dynamics of hybridization in this trio of major malaria vectors has important implications for how adaptations arise and spread across the group, and in planning studies of the safety and efficacy of gene drive as a means of malaria control. We first performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published surveys reporting on hybrid prevalence, showing strong reproductive isolation at a continental scale despite geographically restricted exceptions. Second, we exploited our own extensive field datasets collected at a regional scale in two contrasting environmental settings, in order to assess: i) levels of pre-mating isolation; ii) spatio/temporal and frequency-dependent dynamics of hybridization, iii) relationship between reproductive isolation and ecological divergence, and iv) hybrid viability penalty. Results are in accordance with ecological speciation theory predicting a positive association between the strength of reproductive isolation and degree ecological divergence, and indicate that post-mating isolation does contribute to reproductive isolation among these species. Specifically, only post-mating isolation was positively associated with ecological divergence, whereas pre-mating isolation was correlated with phylogenetic distance.
Data from: Positional cloning of rp2 QTL associates the P450 genes CYP6Z1, CYP6Z3 and CYP6M7 with pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus
Pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles funestus is threatening malaria control in Africa. Elucidation of underlying resistance mechanisms is crucial to improve the success of future control programs. A positional cloning approach was used to identify genes conferring resistance in the uncharacterised rp2 QTL previously detected in this vector using F6 Advanced Intercross Lines (AIL). A 113 kb BAC clone spanning rp2 was identified and sequenced revealing a cluster of fifteen P450 genes and one salivary protein gene (SG7-2). Contrary to An. gambiae, AfCYP6M1 is triplicated in An. funestus while AgCYP6Z2 ortholog is absent. 565 new SNPs were identified for genetic mapping from rp2 P450s and other genes revealing high genetic polymorphisms with 1 SNP every 36bp. A significant genotype/phenotype association was detected for rp2 P450s but not for a cluster of cuticular protein genes previously associated with resistance in An. gambiae. QTL mapping using F6 AIL confirms the rp2 QTL with an increase logarithm of odds (LOD) score of 5. Multiplex gene expression profiling of 15 P450s and other genes around rp2 followed by individual validation using qRT-PCR indicated a significant over-expression in the resistant FUMOZ-R strain of the P450s AfCYP6Z1, AfCYP6Z3, AfCYP6M7 and the glutathione-s-transferase GSTe2 with respective fold-change of 11.2, 6.3, 5.5 and 2.8. Polymorphisms analysis of AfCYP6Z1 and AfCYP6Z3 identified amino acid changes potentially associated with resistance further indicating that these genes are controlling the pyrethroid resistance explained by the rp2 QTL. The characterisation of this rp2 QTL significantly improves our understanding of resistance mechanisms in An. funestus.
FIGURE 6 in Two new species of Anopheles (Anopheles) Hyrcanus Group (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of South Korea
FIGURE 6. Anopheles kleini, larva. (A) Head, left side dorsal, right side ventral. (B) Dorsomentum (Dm). (C) Thorax and abdominal segments I–VI, left side dorsal, right side ventral. (D) Pecten plate (PP) and pecten spines. (E) Abdominal segments VIII–X, side view.
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Anopheles (Anopheles) Hyrcanus Group (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of South Korea
FIGURE 2. Anopheles belenrae. (A) Pupa, cephalothorax. (B) Pupa, metathorax and abdomen, left side dorsal, right side ventral. (C) Male genitalia. (D) Tergum IX. Abbreviations used include CT = cephalothorax, GL = genital lobe, Pa = paddle, PDM = posterior dark mark.
FIGURE 3 in Two new species of Anopheles (Anopheles) Hyrcanus Group (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of South Korea
FIGURE 3. Anopheles belenrae, larva. (A) Head, left side dorsal, right side ventral. (B) Dorsomentum (Dm). (C) Thorax and abdominal segments I–VI, left side dorsal, right side ventral. (D) Pecten plate (PP) and pecten spines. (E) Abdominal segments VIII–X, side view.
FIGURE 5 in Two new species of Anopheles (Anopheles) Hyrcanus Group (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of South Korea
FIGURE 5. Anopheles kleini. (A) Pupa, cephalothorax. (B) Pupa, metathorax and abdomen, left side dorsal, right side ventral. (C) Male genitalia. (D) Tergum IX. Abbreviations used include CT = cephalothorax, GL = genital lobe, Pa = paddle, PDM = posterior dark mark.
FIGURE 2 in Formal taxonomy of species C of the Anopheles minimus sibling species complex (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 2. Alignment of the 28S sequences (341 bp) of Anopheles minimus, An. harrisoni and species E of the Minimus Complex.
FIGURE 5 in Formal taxonomy of species C of the Anopheles minimus sibling species complex (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 5. Alignment of the COII sequences (631 bp) of Anopheles minimus, An. harrisoni and species E of the Minimus Complex.
FIGURE 3 in Formal taxonomy of species C of the Anopheles minimus sibling species complex (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 3. Alignment of the ITS2 sequences (470 bp) of Anopheles minimus, An. harrisoni and species E of the Minimus Complex.
FIGURE 1 in Formal taxonomy of species C of the Anopheles minimus sibling species complex (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 1. The microscope slide bearing the syntypes of Anopheles vincenti Laveran. The two specimens indicated by arrows are females of An. jeyporiensis James; the other three specimens are females of the Minimus Complex that cannot be identified as either An. minimus Theobald or species C of the complex, both of which occur at the type locality of An. vincenti. The specimen of An. jeyporiensis located at lower right is designated the lectotype of An. vincenti (type locality: Van Linh Commune, Chi Lang District, Lang Son Province, Vietnam; depository: Institut Pasteur, Paris [PIP]).
FIGURE 2 in Redescription of Anopheles oswaldoi (Peryassú, 1922) (Diptera: Culicidae), with formal lectotype designation
FIGURE 2. Pupa and male genitalia of Anopheles oswaldoi. A: Pupa — CT: cephalothorax; Pa: paddle; I–IX: abdominal segments. B: Male genitalia — a: gonostylus; b: gonocoxite; c: internal seta; d: accessory setae; e: aedeagus; f: dorsal claspette; g: tubercle of parabasal spine; h: ventral claspette. C: Ventral claspette — ventral view, j: median sulcus; k: preapical plate; l: refringent structure; m: mesal cleft. Scales in mm.
FIGURE 3 in Redescription of Anopheles oswaldoi (Peryassú, 1922) (Diptera: Culicidae), with formal lectotype designation
FIGURE 3. Fourth-instar larva of Anopheles oswaldoi. A: antenna; C: cranium; Dm: dorsomentum; M: mesothorax; P: prothorax; PP: pecten plate; SA: spiracular apparatus; T: metathorax; Vm: ventromentum; I–VIII: abdominal segments; X, anal lobe. Scales in mm.
FIGURE 1 in Redescription of Anopheles oswaldoi (Peryassú, 1922) (Diptera: Culicidae), with formal lectotype designation
FIGURE 1. Photographs depicting the morphological differences between the male genitalia of Anopheles oswaldoi and An. konderi. A: Aedeagus of An. oswaldoi (from Jaguaré, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil); B: Aedeagus of An. konderi (from Coari, State of Amazonas, Brazil); C: Ventral claspette An. oswaldoi (from Jaguaré, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil); D: Ventral claspette of An. konderi (from Coari, State of Amazonas, Brazil).
FIGURE 3. A in Description of a new species, Anopheles pseudosundaicus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Kerala, India
FIGURE 3. A. Fourth-instar larva, head; B. Fourth-instar larva, thorax; C. Fourth-instar larva, pecten plate
FIGURE 1. A in Description of a new species, Anopheles pseudosundaicus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Kerala, India
FIGURE 1. A. Adult Female palpus (left), and proboscis (right); B. Wing; C. Male genitalia, phallosome; D. Male genitalia, claspette.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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