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Figure 19. A in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 19. A, holotype of Geodia phlegraei SOLLAS, 1880b, BMNH 1910.1.1.840. B, holotype of Synops pyriformis Vosmaer, 1882, RMNH Por. 660. C, lectotype of Isops pallida Vosmaer, 1882, RMNH Por. 652, external appearance (picture: R. van Soest). D, lectotype of I. pallida, RMNH Por. 652, internal appearance (picture: R. van Soest).
Figure 14 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 14. Distribution of Geodia hentscheli Cárdenas et al., 2010 (map made with GeoMapApp, http://www.geomapapp.org). T, type locality.
Figure 8 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 8. External morphology of Geodia barretti BOWERBANK, 1858. A. Balgim specimen CP63-22 cut in half, showing the preoscule full of sediments. B. Balgim specimen CP98-47 cut in half, showing the preoscule. C. Close-up of preoscule full of sediments (CP63-22). D. Close-up of preoscule (ZMBN 89722 from Spitsbergen). Scales: A: 5 cm; B-D: 2 cm.
Figure 5 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 5. Spicules of Geodia atlantica (Stephens, 1915). All spicules are from the holotype of Sidonops atlantica Stephens, 1915, S.R.151-27/364-1914, except E from ZMBN 77927. A and B, oxyaster I. C, oxyaster II. D, spheroxyasters. E, anatriaene. F, close-up on a sterraster showing hilum and rosettes. Notice the smooth rosettes. Scale bar: 4 Mm. G, sterraster.
Figure 2 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 2. Molecular phylogeny of the Geodia genus, modified from Cárdenas et al. (2011: figure 2). Maximum-likelihood tree made from concatenated sequences of COI (Folmer fragment) and 28S (C1-D2 domains). Bootstrap nodal support values are given above the nodes: *, ± 75%; +, ±99% (2000 replicates).
Figure 7 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 7. External morphology of Geodia barretti Bowerbank, 1858. A, specimen PC10 (fixed in ethanol) from Korsfjord, Norway; specimen is 10 cm large. B, specimen ZMBN 89716 just after dredging from north of Spitsbergen, 215 m depth; specimen is 30 cm long. C, specimen cut in half just after dredging from the Polarstern ARK-XXII/1a, 2007, field# 40-4(3); specimen is 14 cm large. D, specimen PC72 just after dredging from Korsfjord, Norway, at 200–400 m depth; specimen is 30 cm long. E, specimen in situ at Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 66°58′N, 11°7′E, 292 m depth, later collected under field# 27-1(11) (picture taken by J. Schauer, Polarstern ARK-XXII/1a, 2007). F, specimen PC359 just after dredging at 1818 m depth off western Ireland; specimen is 16 cm large. G, uniporal oscules inside the preoscule of ZMBN 89722 (from Spitsbergen); each oscule has a separate sphincter. Scale bar: 1 mm. H, cribriporal pores of ZMBN 89715 (from Spitsbergen). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 18 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 18. External morphology and thick sections of Geodia phlegraei Sollas, 1880b. A, specimen PC124 just after dredging from the Korsfjord, Norway, 200–400 m depth; specimen is 20 cm in diameter. B, specimen ZMBN 85211 just after collecting from Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 290 m depth: specimen is 20 cm in diameter. C, specimen PC68 just after dredging from the Korsfjord, Norway, 200–400 m depth; specimen is 4 cm in diameter. D, specimen PC191 just after dredging from the Korsfjord, Norway, 200–400 m depth; specimen is 20 cm in length. E, specimen from Ingolf Exp., st. 90, Denmark Strait, 1039 m depth (fixed in ethanol); specimen is 15 cm high and 8 cm in diameter. F, specimen R1341-18 in situ, collected at 2347 m depth, Orphan Knoll (50.05894, 45.60638); specimen is 20 cm in length and covered with the yellow encrusting sponge Hexadella dedritifera (Canadian DFO/ROPOS 2010). G, uniporal oscules (specimen from Shinkai Maru Exp., st. 32). H, uniporal pores (specimen from Shinkai Maru Exp., st. 32). I, thick section from ZMBN 77929 (Korsfjord, 200–400 m). J, uniporal pore with sphincter. Scale bars: G: 5 mm; H: 1 cm; I: 1 mm; J: 200 Mm.
Figure 13 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 13. Spicules of the paratype ZMB Por 7551 of Geodia hentscheli Cárdenas et al., 2010. A, microxeas. Arrow points at centrotylote portion. B, oxyasters. C, strongylasters. D, sterrasters and oxyaster. E, close-up on the hilum of a sterraster. Notice the warty rosettes. Scale bar: 2 Mm. F, irregular sterraster.
Figure 4. A in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 4. A, type slides of Isops pallida Vosmaer, 1882 for specimen numbers 62 (= a, here designated as lectotype) identified as G. phlegraei, and 64 (= b) identified as G. atlantica. B, orthotriaenes and abundant anatriaenes from one of the slides 64 (= b). C and D, thick sections of the holotype of Sidonops atlantica Stephens, 1915, specimen S.R.151-27/ 364–1914. E and F, thick sections of ZMBN 77927, Korsfjord, 200–400 m depth. Scale bars: B, 400 Mm; C, E, F: 500 Mm; D, 300 Mm.
Figure 22 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 22. Spicules of Geodia parva Hansen, 1885. A, orthotriaene (UPSZMC 76801, eastern Greenland). B, oxyaster (UPSZMC 78273, Flemish Cap). C, oxyaster and spheraster (UPSZMC 76801). D, two spherasters (UPSZMC 76801). E, spheraster (ZMBN 100, holotype). F, sterraster (ZMBN 100, holotype). G, sterraster (ZMBN 85210, Schultz Massive seamount). H, close-up on the hilum of a sterraster. Note the smooth rosettes (UPSZMC 76801). Scale bar: 3 Mm. I, sterrasters (regular and irregular) (UPSZMC 76801). All sterrasters of this plate are at the same scale (10 Mm). C and D are at the same scale (3 Mm).
Figure 15 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 15. External morphology and thick sections of Geodia macandrewii Bowerbank, 1858. A, specimen in situ at Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 66°58′N, 11°7′E, 293 m depth, not collected, specimen is c. 35 cm large. Notice two hermit-crabs on the top surface (picture taken by J. Schauer, Polarstern ARK-XXII/1a, 2007). B, specimen ZMBN 85207 cut in half just after collecting from the Røst reef, 312 m depth (Polarstern ARK-XXII/1a, 2007); specimen is 27 cm large. C, specimen ZMBN 89718 just after dredging from north of Spitsbergen, 215 m depth; specimen is 25 cm large (photo: A. Plotkin). D, flattened specimen UPSZMC 78254 from Flemish Cap, just after dredging at 1079 m depth (photo courtesy of NEREIDA Project). E, young specimen from the Labrador coast, SMNH-474. F, cribriporal oscules of ZMBN 85207. Scale bar: 1 mm. G, cribriporal pores of ZMBN 89717 (Spitsbergen, 215 m). H, thick section of ZMBN 77924 (Korsfjord, 200–400 m). Scale bar: 1 mm. I, close-up of cribriporal oscules (ZMBN 77924), a single sphincter (s) sits at the bottom of the oscule. Scale bars: D and E: 1 cm; F–H: 1 mm; I: 500 Mm.
Figure 6 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 6. Distribution of Geodia atlantica (Stephens, 1915) (map made with GeoMapApp, http://www.geomapapp.org). T, type locality.
Figure 11 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 11. External morphology of Geodia hentscheli Cárdenas et al., 2010. A, specimen UPSZMC 78266 (fixed in ethanol) from Davis Strait, 847 m depth. B, specimens just dredged in the Davis Strait at 847 m depth (photo courtesy of DFO Canada Central and Arctic Region). C, specimen from Ingolf Exp., st. 78, south of Iceland, 1462 m depth (fixed in ethanol). The arrows point at the buds. D, specimen PC221 (fixed in ethanol) from the Schultz Massif, 1262 m depth. E, cross-section in the preoscule of specimen UPSZMC 78266 (Davis Strait, 847 m). Note the massive and irregular ridges between the oscules. F, cribriporal pores of PC16 (northern Iceland, 604 m). Scale bars: A: 5 mm; C, E: 1 cm; F: 0.2 mm.
Figure 3 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 3. External morphology of Geodia atlantica (Stephens, 1915). A, specimen PC222 in situ, Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 66°58′N, 11°7′E, 292 m, specimen is c. 40 cm in diameter (picture: J. Schauer, Polarstern ARK-XXII/1a, 2007). B, specimen observed in situ but not collected, Schiehallion, West Shetlands, 60°20′30″N, 04°05′56″W, 450 m depth, unknown scale (picture supplied by Daniel Jones, SERPENT Project 2006, http://www.serpentproject.com). C, sea urchins (Cidaris cidaris and?Gracilechinus alexandri) on G. atlantica, West Shetlands, 450 m, unknown scale (picture supplied by Daniel Jones, SERPENT Project 2006). D, three specimens just after being dredged off Newfoundland, NEREIDA 0509 exp., field # DR19-1(2) (photo courtesy of NEREIDA Project). E, specimen PC77 from Korsfjord, western Norway. Scale: 1 cm. F, specimen ZMAPOR 21406 from Norway, 319 m. Scale: 4 cm. G, holotype S.R.151-27/364-1914, size is 2.7 ¥ 2 cm. H, uniporal oscules from a specimen collected in the Korsfjord. Scale: 1 cm. I, cribriporal pores (ZMBN 77927, Korsfjord). Scale: 5 mm.
Figure 9 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 9. Sections and spicules of Geodia barretti Bowerbank, 1858. A, thick section showing the cortex essentially made of sterrasters, and underlying large dichotriaenes. Scale bar: 1 mm. B, thick section in a preoscule showing the uniporal oscules (u.o.) with a single sphincter (s). Between the oscules, bundles of microxeas and strongylasters. Note the near absence of sterrasters. Scale bar: 500 Mm. C, microxeas, rarely modified to microstyles (ZMBN 77922, Korsfjord). Arrow points at centrotylote portion. D, dichotriaene (UPSZMC 78260, Davis Strait). E, anatriaene (UPSZMC 78260, Davis Strait). F, oxyaster II (ZMBN 77922, Korsfjord). G, strongylasters (ZMBN 77922, Korsfjord). H, oxyasters I (PC359, western Ireland). I, oxyasters I (Balgim CP98-47). J, close-up on the hilum of a sterraster. Notice the warty rosettes (ZMBN 77922, Korsfjord). Scale bar: 2 Mm. K, sterraster (ZMBN 77922, Korsfjord).
Figure 17 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 17. Distribution of Geodia macandrewii Bowerbank, 1858 (map made with GeoMapApp, http://www.geomapapp.org). T, type locality.
Figure 16 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 16. Spicules of Geodia macandrewii Bowerbank, 1858. A–D, H and I, ZMBN 89717, Spitsbergen, 215 m depth. E–G, UPSZMC 78255, Davis Strait, 564 m. A, oxyaster. B, cortical spheroxyasters. A and B have the same scale. C, sterraster. D, microxea. E, orthotriaene. F, mesoprotriaene. G, anatriaene. H, close-up on the hilum of a sterraster. Scale bar: 10 Mm. I, close-up on the warty rosettes of a sterraster. Scale bar: 3 Mm.
Figure 21 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 21. External morphology and thick sections of Geodia parva Hansen, 1885. A, specimens from Canadian Ice Island at 81°N, 130 m depth (Wagoner et al., 1989). B, specimen collected on the Schultz Massive Seamount (H2DEEP Exp. 2008). The three arrows point to other sponges living on the specimen: Hexadella dedritifera, Asbestopluma (A.) lycopodium and a large white hexactinellid. C, UPSZMC 76801 (left) and 76802 (right) from eastern Greenland, 1900 m depth (Swedish Polar Exp. 1900). D, specimen ZMBN 85210, budding (arrows point to the buds), from the lower slope of the Schultz Massive Seamount, 1997 m depth (BIODEEP Exp. 2007). E, uniporal oscules (UPSZMC 76802). F, uniporal pores (UPSZMC 76802). G, thick section (ZMBN 85210, Schultz Massive Seamount, 1997 m depth). H, thick section (PC553, Schultz Massive Seamount, 688 m depth). Scale bars: B: 10 cm; E and F: 1 cm; G and H: 1 mm.
Figure 10 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 10. Distribution of Geodia barretti Bowerbank, 1858 (map made with GeoMapApp, http://www.geomapapp.org). T, type locality;?, dubious records.
Figure 12 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region
Figure 12. Thick sections of Geodia hentscheli Cárdenas et al., 2010. A, paratype ZMB Por 7551. B and C, Ingolf Exp., st. 78, south of Iceland, 1462 m depth. D, ZMBN 77925, lower slope of the Schultz Massive Seamount, 1997 m. Scale bars: A, B and D: 500 Mm; C: 300 Mm.
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