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836 results for “Avoidance”
Data from: Movement-integrated habitat selection reveals wolves balance ease of travel with human avoidance in a risk-reward trade-off
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Pest defenses under weak selection exert a limited influence on the evolution of height growth and drought avoidance in marginal pine populations
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Broad-scale patterns of geographic avoidance between species emerge in the absence of fine-scale mechanisms of coexistence
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Why don't all animals avoid inbreeding?
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Optomotor response (eye movment) and avoidance responses (locomotor activity) of crabs Neohelice granulata for LP-lesioned, control lesioned and control crabs
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Data from: Avoiding impacts of phylogenetic tip-state-errors on dispersal and extirpation rates in alpine plant biogeography
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Data from: Avoiding dead ends: the experimental evolution of constraint as adaptation to environmental variation
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Avoiding 3D obstacles in mixed reality: Does it differ from negotiating real obstacles?
<p>This dataset is used in "Avoiding 3D obstacles in mixed reality: Does it differ from negotiating real obstacles?". Mixed-reality technologies are evolving rapidly, allowing for gradually more realistic interaction with digital content while moving freely in real-world environments. In this study, we examined the suitability of the Microsoft HoloLens mixed-reality headset for creating locomotor interactions in real-world environments enriched with 3D holographic obstacles. In Experiment 1, we compared obstacle-avoidance maneuvers of 12 participants stepping over either real or holographic obstacles of different heights and depths. Participants’ avoidance maneuvers were recorded with three spatially and temporally integrated Kinect v2 sensors. Similar to real obstacles, holographic obstacles elicited obstacle-avoidance maneuvers that scaled with obstacle dimensions. However, some participants showed maladaptive obstacle-avoidance maneuvers to holographic obstacles by consistently failing to raise their trail foot or by crossing the obstacle with extreme margins. In Experiment 2, we examined the efficacy of mixed-reality video feedback in altering such maladaptive avoidance maneuvers. Participants quickly adjusted maladaptive maneuvers in the course of mixed-reality feedback trials and these improvements were largely retained in subsequent trials without feedback. Participant-specific differences in real and holographic obstacle avoidance notwithstanding, the present results suggest that 3D holographic obstacles, supplemented with mixed-reality feedback, may be used for studying and perhaps also training 3D obstacle avoidance.</p>
Passive Morphological Adaptation for Obstacle Avoidance in a Self-Growing Robot Produced by Additive Manufacturing
<p>Dataset acquired for the obstacle negotiation experiments. The dataset collects the forces obtained by the growing robot when facing obstacles at different inclinations.</p> <p>You an find the related publication on https://doi.org/10.1089/soro.2019.0025</p>
Inbreeding and disease avoidance in a free‐ranging koala population
<p>Habitat destruction and fragmentation are increasing globally, forcing surviving species into small, isolated populations. Isolated populations typically experience heightened inbreeding risk, and associated inbreeding depression and population decline; although individuals in these populations may mitigate these risks through inbreeding avoidance strategies. For koalas, as dietary specialists already under threat in the northern parts of their range, increased habitat fragmentation and associated inbreeding costs are of great conservation concern. Koalas are known to display passive inbreeding avoidance through sex-biased dispersal, although population isolation will reduce dispersal pathways. We tested whether free-ranging koalas display active inbreeding avoidance behaviours. We used VHF tracking data, parentage reconstruction, and veterinary examination results to test whether female koalas make mate choices based on [1] relatedness, and [2] chlamydial disease in available mates. We found no evidence that female koalas based their mate choice on the relative relatedness of available mates. In fact, as the relatedness of potential mates increases, so did inbreeding events. We also found no evidence that female koalas based their mate choice on the chlamydial disease status of available mates. The absence of active inbreeding avoidance mechanisms in koalas is concerning from a conservation perspective, as small, isolated populations may be at even higher risk of inbreeding depression than expected. At-risk koala populations may require urgent conservation interventions to augment gene flow and reduce inbreeding risks. Similarly, if koalas are not avoiding mating with individuals with chlamydial disease, populations may be at higher risk from disease than anticipated, further impacting population viability.</p>
Conspicuous animal signals avoid the cost of predation by being intermittent or novel: confirmation in the wild using hundreds of robotic prey
<p>Social animals are expected to face a trade-off between producing a signal that is detectible by mates and rivals, but not obvious to predators. This trade-off is fundamental for understanding the design of many animal sig- nals, and is often the lens through which the evolution of alternative communication strategies is viewed. We have a reasonable working knowl- edge of how conspecifics detect signals under different conditions, but how predators exploit conspicuous communication of prey is complex and hard to predict. We quantified predation on 1566 robotic lizard prey that per- formed a conspicuous visual display, possessed a conspicuous ornament or remained cryptic. Attacks by free-ranging predators were consistent across two contrasting ecosystems and showed robotic prey that performed a conspicuous display were equally likely to be attacked as those that remained cryptic. Furthermore, predators avoided attacking robotic prey with a fixed, highly visible ornament that was novel at both locations. These data show that it is prey familiarity—not conspicuousness—that determine predation risk. These findings replicated across different preda- tor–prey communities not only reveal how conspicuous signals might evolve in high predation environments, but could help resolve the paradox of aposematism and why some exotic species avoid predation when invad- ing new areas.</p>
Including intraspecific trait variability to avoid distortion of functional diversity and ecological inference: lessons from natural assemblages
<p>1. Functional diversity assessments are crucial and increasingly used for understanding ecological processes and managing ecosystems. The functional diversity of a community is assessed by sampling traits at one or more scales (individuals, populations, species) and calculating a summary index of the variation in trait values. However, it remains unclear how the scale at which traits are sampled and the indices used to estimate functional diversity may alter the patterns observed and inferences about ecological processes.</p> <p>2. For 40 plant and 61 ant communities, we assess functional diversity using six methods – encompassing various mean-based and probabilistic methods – chosen to reflect common scenarios where different levels of detail are available in trait data. We test whether including trait variability at different scales (from individuals to species) alter functional diversity values calculated using volume-based and dissimilarity-based indices, Functional Richness (FRic) and Rao, respectively. We further test whether such effects alter the functional diversity patterns observed across communities and their relationships with environmental drivers such as abiotic gradients and occurrences of invasive species.</p> <p>3. Intraspecific trait variability strongly determined FRic and Rao. Methods using only species' mean trait values to calculate FRic (convex hulls) and Rao (Gower-based dissimilarity) distorted the patterns observed when intraspecific trait variability was considered. These distortions generated Type I and Type II errors for the effects of environmental factors structuring the plant and ant communities.</p> <p>4. The high sensitivity of FRic to individuals with extreme trait values was revealed in comparisons of different probabilistic methods including among-individual and among-population trait variability in functional diversity. By contrast, values and ecological patterns in Rao were consistent among methods including different scales of intraspecific trait variability.</p> <p>5. Decisions about where traits are sampled and how trait variability is included in functional diversity can drastically change the patterns observed and conclusions about ecological processes. We recommend sampling the traits of multiple individuals per species and capturing their intraspecific trait variability using probabilistic methods. We discuss how intraspecific trait variability can be reasonably estimated and included in functional diversity in the common circumstance where only limited trait data are available.</p>
Endurance and Avoidance Response Patterns in Pain Patients: Application of Action Control Theory in Pain Research
<p>Identifying pain-related response patterns and understanding underlying functional mechanisms of symptom formation and recovery are essential steps for tailoring interventions to increase the effectiveness of treatment. The focus of this study thus was to replicate pain-related avoidance and endurance response patterns associated with the Fear-Avoidance Model (FAM) and Avoidance-Endurance Model (AEM) by means of latent profile analysis. Apart from the analysis of primary and other secondary characteristics of the pain response profiles, we especially analyzed the influence of stress and action control as covariates in accordance with Action Control Theory (ACT).</p>
Data from: Induced phenological avoidance: a neglected defense mechanism against seed predation in plants
<p>1. Flowering phenology is an important life history trait affecting plant reproductive performance and is influenced by various abiotic and biotic factors. Pre-dispersal seed predation and pollination are expected to impose counteracting selection pressure on flowering phenology, with pre-dispersal seed predation expected to favor off-peak flowering and pollination to favor synchronous flowering. <br> 2. Here we studied the effect of pre-dispersal seed predation by the beetle Byturus ochraceus, a specialist seed herbivore, on the flowering phenology of Geum urbanum. This forest understorey plant species is self-pollinating, so that the influence of seed predation can be studied independent from pollination. We measured in detail the timing and predation rate of individual flowers during two consecutive years in more than 60 individuals. We tested the hypotheses that pre-dispersal seed predation exerts selection for within-season compensatory flowering as well as for induced phenological avoidance in the following season.<br> 3. We found no indication for compensatory flowering within a growing season, but plants that experienced predation shifted their flowers to the end of the flowering season the subsequent year. This induced phenological avoidance points to a plastic response to pre-dispersal seed predation that may be adaptive. Importantly, the delay in flower production came at a cost, since flowers later in the season had a reduced seed output, presumably because of increasing light limitation following forest canopy closure. <br> 4. Synthesis: Herbivory by specialist enemies can cause serious fitness decline in hosts. We here show that induced shifts in phenology can form an important defense strategy against pre-dispersal seed predation. The induced mismatches between herbivore and host phenology are anticipated to be adaptive when herbivory is predictable across successive flowering periods.</p>
Data from: Avoided emissions and conservation of scrub mangroves: a potential Blue Carbon project in the Gulf of California, Mexico
Mangroves are considered ideal ecosystems for Blue Carbon projects. However, because of their short stature, some mangroves ("scrub" mangroves, < 2m) do not fulfil the current definition of "forests" which makes them ineligible for emission reduction programs such as REDD+. Short stature mangroves can be the dominant form of mangroves in arid and poor nutrient landscapes, and emissions from their deforestation and degradation could be substantial. Here, we describe a potential Blue Carbon project in the Gulf of California, Mexico, to illustrate that projects which avoid emissions from deforestation and degradation could provide financial resources to protect mangroves that cannot be included in other emission reduction programs. The goal of the project is to protect 16,058 ha of mangroves through conservation concessions from the Mexican Federal Government. The cumulative avoided emissions of the project are 2.84 million Mg CO2 over 100 years, valued at $US 426,000 per year (US$15 per Mg CO2 in the California market). The funds could be used for community-based projects that will improve mangrove management, such as surveillance, eradication of invasive species, rehabilitation after tropical storms, and environmental education. The strong institutional support, secure financial status, community engagement, and clear project boundaries provide favourable conditions to implement this Blue Carbon project. Financial resources from Blue Carbon projects, even in mangroves of short stature, can provide substantial resources to enhance community resilience and mangrove protection.
Lack of sibling avoidance during mate selection in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana
<p>Species susceptible to inbreeding depression are hypothesized to combat this problem through a number of different mechanisms, including kin recognition. For species with kin recognition, it is unknown if filial recognition is innate or due to prior juvenile experience with siblings. Here, we first test for the presence of kin recognition, and then test these two hypotheses for the development of filial recognition, in the butterfly <em>Bicyclus anynana</em>, a species that suffers from inbreeding depression when forcibly inbred but recovers within a few generations when allowed to breed freely. We evaluate whether the rapid recovery from inbreeding depression is associated with either innate or learned filial recognition. First, we determined whether females innately prefer unrelated males over sibling males using females reared in isolation and then given a choice between an unrelated and a sibling male. Then, we determined if females raised with siblings learned to detect and avoid mating with siblings as adults when provided a choice between an unrelated male and a sibling male. Finally, we determined if females raised with siblings could learn to detect and avoid mating with familiar siblings when given a choice between familiar and unfamiliar siblings. We found that females mated randomly in all three choice combinations. Observed male behavior also did not influence female mating outcome. Our results suggest that adult females do not innately avoid or learn to avoid siblings during mate selection, and that filial detection may not be as critical to reproductive fitness in <em>B. anynana</em> as previously thought.</p>
Data from: Synchronized mating signals in a communication network: the challenge of avoiding predators while attracting mates
Conspicuous mating signals attract mates but also expose signalers to predators and parasites. Signal evolution, therefore, is driven by conflicting selective pressures from multiple receivers, both target and nontarget. Synchronization of mating signals, for example, is an evolutionary puzzle given the assumed high cost of reduced female attraction when signals overlap. Synchronization may be beneficial, however, if overlapping signals reduce attraction of nontarget receivers. We investigate how signal synchronization is shaped by the tradeoff between natural and sexual selection in two anuran species: pug-nosed tree frogs (<i>Smilisca sila</i>), in which males produce mating calls in near-perfect synchrony, and túngara frogs (<i>Engystomops pustulosus</i>), in which males alternate their calls. To examine the tradeoff imposed by signal synchronization, we conducted field and laboratory playback experiments on eavesdropping enemies (bats and midges) and target receivers (female frogs). Our results suggest that, while synchronization can be a general strategy for signalers to reduce their exposure to eavesdroppers, relaxed selection by females for unsynchronized calls is key to the evolution and maintenance of signal synchrony. This study highlights the role of relaxed selection in our understanding the origin of mating signals and displays.
Passive Non-Cooperative Intruder State Estimation and Optimal-Feedback Avoidance System for UAVs
<p>In recent years, numerous applications for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) have emerged, such as manufacturing inspections and reconnaissance. Ensuring safety is crucial for integrating UAS into the National Airspace System (NAS); this integration is being conducted on the basis of a century of experience that has made manned aircraft operations incredibly safe.</p><p>A key challenge for unmanned flight is the inability to "detect-and-avoid" (DAA) obstacles. Various DAA systems have been proposed in recent years, each employing different sensor modalities. Cooperative systems enable air vehicles to exchange state information, while devices like the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) use satellite navigation sensors and transponders, respectively, to broadcast position data. Additionally, the Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) led to the creation of the ACAS-XU standard for unmanned aircraft.</p><p>The DAA capability for UAS must be extended to address non-cooperative intruders. This paper introduces an integrated vision-based passive collision alert system (PCAS) and guidance system that is designed to detect and optimally avoid collision with non-cooperative intruders. The system can adhere to recently-introduced regulations for safety zones and can be customized pre-flight. Hardware-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation demonstrates the feasibility for deployment on UAS in a plug-and-play fashion.</p>
Pushing the limits of C3 intrinsic water use efficiency in Mediterranean semiarid steppes: responses of a drought-avoider perennial grass to climate aridification
<ol> <li>Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) reflects the trade-off between photosynthetic carbon gain and water loss through stomatal conductance and is key for understanding dryland plant responses to climate change. <em>Stipa tenacissima</em> is a perennial tussock C<sub>3</sub> grass with an opportunistic, drought-avoiding water use strategy that dominates arid and semiarid steppes across the western Mediterranean region. However, its ecophysiological responses to aridification and woody shrub encroachment, a major land-use change in drylands worldwide, are not well understood.</li> <li>We investigated the variations in leaf stable isotopes (δ<sup>18</sup>O, δ<sup>13</sup>C, δ<sup>15</sup>N), nutrient concentrations (N, P, K), and culm water content and isotopic composition (δ<sup>18</sup>O, δ<sup>2</sup>H) of paired pure-grass and shrub-encroached <em>S. tenacissima</em> steppes along a 350 km aridity gradient in Spain (10 sites, 160 individuals). </li> <li>Culm water isotopes revealed that <em>S. tenacissima</em> is a shallow-rooted grass that depends heavily on recent rainwater for water uptake, which may render it vulnerable to increasingly irregular rainfall combined with faster topsoil drying under climate warming and aridification. With increasing aridity, <em>S. tenacissima</em> enhanced leaf-level WUEi through more stringent stomatal regulation of plant water flux and carbon assimilation (higher δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>18</sup>O), reaching exceptionally high δ<sup>13</sup>C values (-23 to -21‰) at the most arid steppes. Foliar N concentration was remarkably low across sites regardless of woody shrub encroachment, evidencing severe water and N co-limitation of photosynthesis and productivity. Shrub encroachment decreased leaf P and K but did not affect <em>S. tenacissima</em> water status. Perennial grass cover decreased markedly with both declining winter rainfall and shrub encroachment suggesting population- rather than individual-level responses of <em>S. tenacissima</em> to these changes.</li> <li>The fundamental physiological constraints of photosynthetic C<sub>3</sub> metabolism combined with low foliar N content may hamper the ability of <em>S. tenacissima</em> and other drought-avoider species with shallow roots to achieve further adaptive improvements in WUEi under increasing climatic stress. A drought-avoiding water use strategy based on early stomatal closure and photosynthesis suppression during prolonged rainless periods may thus compromise the capacity of <em>S. tenacissima</em> steppes to maintain perennial grass cover, sustain productivity and cope with ongoing climate aridification at the drier parts of their current distribution. </li> </ol>
Chemosensory behaviour of juvenile crown-of-thorns sea stars (Acanthaster sp.), attraction to algal and coral food, and avoidance of adult conspecifics
<p>Intraspecific and habitat-mediated responses to chemical cues play key roles in structuring populations of marine species. We investigated the behaviour of herbivorous-stage juvenile crown-of-thorns sea stars (COTS: <em>Acanthaster</em> sp.) in flow-through choice chambers to determine if chemical cues from their habitat influence movement and their transition to becoming coral predators. Juveniles at the diet transition stage were exposed to cues from their nursery habitat (coral rubble-crustose coralline algae -CCA), live coral, and adult COTS to determine if waterborne cues influence movement. In response to CCA and coral as sole cues juveniles moved toward the cue source and when these cues were presented in combination, they exhibited a preference for coral. Juveniles moved away from adult COTS cues. Exposure to food cues (coral, CCA) in the presence of adult cues resulted in variable responses. Our results suggest a feedback mechanism whereby juvenile behaviour is mediated by adult chemical cues. Cues from the adult population may deter juveniles from the switch to corallivory. As outbreaks wane, juveniles released from competition may serve as a proximate source of outbreaks, supporting the juveniles-in-waiting hypothesis. The accumulation of juveniles within the reef infrastructure is an underappreciated potential source of COTS outbreaks that devastate coral reefs.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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