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APPENDIX 1 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

APPENDIX 1. — Principal component analysis of Fourier shape harmonics for identified species. The biplot presents the first two axes with a total explained variance of 96.4 %.

APPENDIX 2 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

APPENDIX 2. — Linear discriminant analysis of Fourier shape harmonics for A. sieminskae Witkowski, Kulikowskiy & Riaux-Gob. from different geographic regions (Europe, Wales, Scotland and England). Specimens of A. caledonicum (Lange-Bert.) Lange-Bert. are used as the outgroup. The biplot presents the first two axes with a total explained variance of 90.3 %.

FIG. 19 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 19. — Linear discriminant analysis of elliptic Fourier shape harmonics for identified species. The biplot presents the first 2 axes with a total explained variance of 81.3 %.

FIG. 21 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 21. — Relationships between diatom assemblages, four Achnanthidium Kütz. species and land use in 52 streams, rivers and lakes of Scotland, United Kingdom. A, B, NMDS ordination (2D stress 0.1) of Bray-Curtis similarities of diatom assemblages: A, the vector plot shows the direction of linear increase in land use types and the multiple correlation of each of the land use categories with the diatom assemblages; B, the vector plot shows the direction of linear increase in the most abundant diatom species and the multiple correlation of each species with the diatom assemblages. C-F, bubble plots of species: the relative abundance of four diatom species in 52 diatom assemblages is represented by the circle size: C, Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kütz.) Czarn.; D, Achnanthidium sieminskae Witkowski, Kulikowskiy & Riaux-Gob.; E, Achnanthidium neomicrocephalum Lange-Bert. & F.Staab; F, Achnanthidium caledonicum (Lange-Bert.) Lange-Bert.

FIG. 3 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 3. — Achnanthidium caledonicum (Lange-Bert.) Lange-Bert.: A-B, specimens from Brunnsee, Germany; C-F, specimens from Scotland, 2012, 44sto; A, SEM external view of whole raphe valve and rapheless valve; B, SEM external view of whole raphe valve, mantle and girdle bands at pole; C, SEM external view of valve centre of raphe valve; D, SEM external view of valve centre of rapheless valve; E, SEM external view of pole of raphe valve; F, SEM external view of pole of rapheless valve. Scale bars: A, 10 µm; B, 5 µm; C-F, 3 µm.

FIG. 5 in Analysis of the type material of Synedra deformis W.Sm. and Synedra vaucheriae var. deformis Grunow (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta)

FIG. 5. — Fragilaria pectinalis (O.F.Müll.) Lyngb. Images taken from the River Aa, province of Antwerp, Belgium: A-S, LM views of more or less normally formed valves of the population arranged in decreasing length; T, U, LM views of two frustules connected in girdle view; V-AJ, LM views of several deformed valves of the population arranged in decreasing length; AK, SEM external view of a frustule in oblique view showing the girdle bands and the mantle plaques; AL, SEM external view of an entire valve; AM, SEM external detail of a valve apex with the rimoportula; AN, SEM external detail of a valve apex lacking the rimoportula. Note the spines and small granules at the valve margin; AO, SEM internal view of an entire valve showing the slightly eccentric position of the rimoportula at one apex. Scale bars: A-AL, AN, 10 µm; AM, AO, 1 µm.

FIG. 2 in Analysis of the type material of Synedra deformis W.Sm. and Synedra vaucheriae var. deformis Grunow (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta)

FIG. 2. — Synedra vaucheriae var. deformis Grunow. Images taken from the type material (Grunow sample 907): A, LM view of four frustules connected in girdle view; B-Q, LM views of the population arranged in decreasing length; R, original drawing and notes made by Grunow (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria); S, SEM external detail of the apex of a frustule girdle view showing the girdle bands and the apical pore fields; T, SEM external view of an entire valve; U, SEM external detail of a valve apex with the rimoportula; V, SEM internal view of an entire valve showing the slightly eccentric position of the rimoportula at one apex. Scale bars: A-Q, T, V, 10 µm; S, U, 1 µm.

FIG. 1. — Synedra deformis W in Analysis of the type material of Synedra deformis W.Sm. and Synedra vaucheriae var. deformis Grunow (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta)

FIG. 1. — Synedra deformis W.Sm. Images taken from the type material (P. Mill Pond, Lewes, Sussex, United Kingdom): A, LM view of two frustules connected in girdle view; B-R, LM views of the population arranged in decreasing length; S, SEM external view of a frustule in girdle view; T, SEM external view of an entire valve. The arrows indicate interruptions in the areola series of the striae; U, V, SEM external view of two smaller valves. The arrows indicate the rimoportula; W, SEM external detail of the valve apex showing the rimoportula (arrow) and the apical pore field; X, SEM internal view of an entire valve showing the central position of the rimoportula at one apex; Y, SEM internal detail showing the eccentric position of the rimoportula. Scale bars: A-V, X, 10 µm; W, Y, 1 µm.

FIG. 4 in Analysis of the type material of Synedra deformis W.Sm. and Synedra vaucheriae var. deformis Grunow (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta)

FIG. 4. — Fragilaria joachimii Kahlert. Images taken from the type material (Strain TCC887 isolated from BrostrÖmmen near Norrtälje, Sweden): A-R, LM views of the population arranged in decreasing length; S, T, LM views of several frustules connected to form long chains in girdle view; U, SEM external view of several frustules in girdle view connected via mucus (indicated by the arrows); V, SEM external view of a frustule in girdle view showing the girdle bands and the mantle plaques. Note the small spines and granules near the valve face/mantle junction; W, SEM external view of an entire valve with scattered small spines on the margin; X, SEM external detail of a valve apex with the rimoportula and the apical pore field. Scale bars: A-W, 10 µm; X, 1 µm.

FIG. 6 in Analysis of the type material of Synedra deformis W.Sm. and Synedra vaucheriae var. deformis Grunow (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta)

FIG. 6. — Fragilaria vaucheriae (Kütz.) J.B.Petersen. Images taken from the type population (Quellen bei Leisling, Weissenfels, Germany): A, B, LM views of two frustules connected in girdle view; C-P, LM views of the population arranged in decreasing length. Scale bar: 10 µm.

FIG. 14 in New Hannaea Patrick (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta) species from Asia, with comments on the biogeography of the genus

FIG. 14. — Hannaea dorofeyukae Kulikovskiy, Glushchenko, Q. Liu & Kociolek, sp. nov. SEM. Internal views. White arrows show the rimoportulae. Scale bars: A, 10 μm; B, C, 2 μm; D, E, 1 μm.

FIG. 13 in New Hannaea Patrick (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta) species from Asia, with comments on the biogeography of the genus

FIG. 13. — Hannaea dorofeyukae Kulikovskiy, Glushchenko, Q. Liu & Kociolek, sp. nov. SEM. External views. White arrows show the opening of the rimoportulae. Scale bars: A, 10 μm; B, C, 2 μm; D-F, 1 μm.

FIG. 3 in Analysis of the type material of Synedra deformis W.Sm. and Synedra vaucheriae var. deformis Grunow (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta)

FIG. 3. — Fragilaria candidagilae Almeida, C.Delgado, Novais & S.Blanco. Images taken from the type material (Ribeira do Botão, Mondego River Basin, Coimbra Portugal): A, LM view of two frustules connected in girdle view; B-R, LM views of the population arranged in decreasing length; S, SEM external view of a frustule in girdle view showing the girdle bands, the apical pore fields and the mantle plaques; T, SEM external view of an entire valve; U, SEM external view of an entire small valve; V, SEM external detail of a valve apex with the rimoportula and the apical pore field; W, SEM internal view of an entire valve showing the slightly eccentric position of the rimoportula at one apex. Scale bars: A-U, W, 10 µm; V, 1 µm.

FIG. 11 in New Hannaea Patrick (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta) species from Asia, with comments on the biogeography of the genus

FIG. 11. — Hannaea dorofeyukae Kulikovskiy, Glushchenko, Q. Liu & Kociolek, sp. nov. LM, DIC. Valves views. Size diminution series. A, B, D, E, Suman Gol River (slide no 03098); C, HÖvsgÖl Lake (slide no 02694) holotype. Scale bar: 10 μm.

FIG. 12 in New Hannaea Patrick (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta) species from Asia, with comments on the biogeography of the genus

FIG. 12. — Hannaea dorofeyukae Kulikovskiy, Glushchenko, Q. Liu & Kociolek, sp. nov. LM, DIC. Valves views. Size diminution series. A-C, E, Type population (slide no 02694) D, HÖvsgÖl Lake (slide no 02687), F, Suman Gol River (slide no 03097). Scale bar: 10 μm.

FIG. 5 in New Hannaea Patrick (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta) species from Asia, with comments on the biogeography of the genus

FIG. 5. — Hannaea pamirensis Glushchenko, Kulikovskiy, Q. Liu & Kociolek, sp. nov. SEM. External views. White arrow shows the opening of the rimoportulae. Scale bars: A, 10 µm; B, C, 2 µm; D, 1 µm.

FIG. 4 in New Hannaea Patrick (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta) species from Asia, with comments on the biogeography of the genus

FIG. 4. — Hannaea pamirensis Glushchenko, Kulikovskiy, Q. Liu & Kociolek, sp. nov. LM, DIC. Valves views. Size diminution series. Type population (slide no 02547). D, Holotype. Scale bar: 10 μm.

FIG. 9 in New Hannaea Patrick (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta) species from Asia, with comments on the biogeography of the genus

FIG. 9. — Hannaea mongolica Glushchenko, Kulikovskiy, Q. Liu & Kociolek, sp. nov. SEM. External views. White arrow show the opening of the rimoportulae. Scale bars: A, 10 μm; B, C, 2 μm; D, E, 1 μm.

FIG. 2. — Hannaea tibetiana Q in New Hannaea Patrick (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta) species from Asia, with comments on the biogeography of the genus

FIG. 2. — Hannaea tibetiana Q. Liu, Glushchenko, Kulikovskiy & Kociolek, sp. nov. SEM. External views. White arrow shows the opening of the rimoportulae. Scale bars: A, 5 µm; B, 2 µm; C, E-G, 1 µm; D, 0.5 µm.

FIG. 10 in New Hannaea Patrick (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta) species from Asia, with comments on the biogeography of the genus

FIG. 10. — Hannaea mongolica Glushchenko, Kulikovskiy, Q. Liu & Kociolek, sp. nov. SEM. Internal views. White arrows show the rimoportulae. Scale bars: A, 10 μm; B-E, 2 μm.