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611 results for “Body mass”
Appendix of the manuscript: The burden of disease attributable to high body mass index in Belgium
<p>These datasets are part of the Appendix of the manuscript: <em>The burden of disease attributable to high body mass index in Belgium </em>from Gorasso et al.</p> <p>Appendix 3 includes the relative risks by age, sex and disease extracted from GBD 2019 used in the manuscript;</p> <p>Appendix 4 includes the results of the population attributable fractions of high body mass index by age, sex and disease derived in the manuscript.</p>
Sex-specific body mass aging trajectories in adult Asian elephants
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Effects of population density on static allometry between horn length and body mass in mountain ungulates
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Artificial light at night alters activity, body mass and corticosterone level in a tropical anuran
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Spatial variation in the evolutionary potential and constraints of basal metabolic rate and body mass in a wild bird
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High-precision body mass predictors for small mammals: A case study in the Mesozoic
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Data and analysis from: Body mass, temperature, and depth shape the maximum intrinsic rate of population increase in sharks and rays
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Data from: Mass extinctions alter extinction and origination dynamics with respect to body size
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Variation in the ontogenetic allometry of horn length in bovids along a body mass continuum
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Allometric relationships describe the proportional covariation between morphological, physiological, or life history traits and the size of the organisms. Evolutionary allometries estimated among species are expected to result from species differences in ontogenetic allometry, but it remains uncertain whether ontogenetic allometric parameters and particularly the ontogenetic slope can evolve. In bovids, the non-linear evolutionary allometry between horn length and body mass in males suggests systematic changes in ontogenetic allometry with increasing species body mass. To test this hypothesis, we estimated ontogenetic allometry between horn length and body mass in males and females of 19 bovid species ranging from ca. 5 to 700 kg. Ontogenetic allometry changed systematically with species body mass from steep ontogenetic allometries over a short period of horn growth in small species to shallow allometry with the growth period of horns matching the period of body mass increase in the largest species. Intermediate species displayed steep allometry over long period of horn growth. Females tended to display shallower ontogenetic allometry with longer horn growth compared to males, but these differences were weak and highly variable. These findings show that ontogenetic allometric slope evolved across species possibly as a response to size-related changes in the selection pressures acting on horn length and body mass.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: The effects of body mass on immune cell concentrations of mammals
Theory predicts that body mass should affect the way organisms evolve and use immune defenses. We investigated the relationship between body mass and blood neutrophil and lymphocyte concentrations among 250+ terrestrial mammalian species. We tested whether existing theories (e.g., Protecton Theory, immune system complexity, and rate of metabolism) accurately predicted the scaling of immune cell concentrations. We also evaluated the predictive power of body mass for these leukocyte concentrations compared to sociality, diet, life history, and phylogenetic relatedness. Phylogeny explained >65% of variation in both lymphocytes and neutrophils, and body mass appeared more informative than other interspecific trait variation. In the best-fit mass-only model, neutrophils scaled hypermetrically (b = 0.11) with body mass whereas lymphocytes scaled isometrically. Extrapolating to total cell numbers, this exponent means that an African elephant circulates 13.3 million times the neutrophils of a house mouse, whereas their masses differ by only 250k-fold. We hypothesize that such high neutrophil numbers might offset the i) higher overall parasite exposure that large animals face and/or ii) the higher relative replication capacities of pathogens to host cells.
Quantifying selection on standard metabolic rate and body mass in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Standard metabolic rate (SMR), defined as the minimal energy expenditure required for self-maintenance, is a key physiological trait. Few studies have estimated its relationship with fitness, most notably in insects. This is presumably due to the difficulty of measuring SMR in a large number of very small individuals. Using high-throughput flow-through respirometry and a <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> laboratory population adapted to a life-cycle that facilitates fitness measures, we quantified SMR, body mass, and fitness in 515 female and 522 male adults. We used a novel multivariate approach to estimate linear and non-linear selection differentials and gradients from the variance-covariance matrix of fitness, SMR, and body mass, allowing traits specific covariates to be accommodated within a single model. In males, linear selection differentials for mass and SMR were positive and individually significant. Selection gradients were also positive but, despite substantial sample sizes, were non-significant due to increased uncertainty given strong SMR-mass collinearity. In females, only nonlinear selection was detected and it appeared to act primarily on body size, although the individual gradients were again non-significant. Selection did not differ significantly between sexes although differences in the fitness surfaces suggest sex-specific selection as an important topic for further study.</p>
Data from "The notion of calorific pressure and its possibleimplications on Body Mass Index in the canton of Geneva"
<p>-------------------------------------------------<br> Science et Ingénierie de l'Environnement (SIE)<br> Bâtiment GR<br> EPFL ENAC SSIE-GE<br> CH-1015 Lausanne<br> *<br> *<br> ------------------------------------------------.<br> *<br> *<br> "Calpres_BMI_Income_Group.csv" contains the data used in the study entitled:<br> "Relations between access to sport and green spaces and Body Mass Index in the canton of Geneva", <br> (C. El Khoury,Y. Frischholz, B. Heutte, V. Remy, M. Schornoz, 2020)<br> *<br> *<br> -------------------------------------------------<br> *<br> *<br> Variables : Description [unit]<br> *<br> codbar : Participant's ID [-]<br> E_Home, N_HOME : Coordinates of participants residence (LV03) [m]<br> E_Work, N_Work : Coordinates of participants residence (LV03) [m]<br> Home_FFcount : Fast-Food count around home buffers<br> Work_FFcounts : Fast-Food count around work buggers<br> Hubs_FFcounts : Fast-Food count around hubs (closest TP stop to work)<br> cal_pres : Resulting calorific pressure<br> cat : Category participants belong to according to data set separating criteria<br> BMI_randorder : Values of BMI used in a randomized order for confidentiality reasons [kg/m2]<br> *<br> *<br> -------------------------------------------------</p>
Data from: Experimental warming in the field delays phenology and reduces body mass and survival: implications for the persistence of a pollinator under climate change
1. Climate change is rapidly altering thermal environments across the globe. The effects of increased temperatures in already warm environments may be particularly strong because organisms are likely to be near their thermal safety margins, with limited tolerance to additional heat stress. 2. We conduct an in situ field experiment over two years to investigate the direct effects of temperature on an early-season solitary bee in a warm, arid region of the Southwestern USA. Our field experiment manipulates the thermal environment of Osmia ribifloris (Megachilidae) from larval development through adult emergence, simulating both previous cooler (ca. 1950; nest boxes painted white), and future warmer (2040–2099; nest boxes painted black) climate conditions. In each year we measure adult emergence phenology, linear body size, body mass, fat content, and survival. 3. Bees in the warming treatment exhibit delayed emergence and a substantial increase in phenological variance. Increases in temperature also lead to reductions in body mass and fat content. Whereas bees in the cooling and control treatments experience negligible amounts of mortality, bees in the warming treatment experience 30–75% mortality. 4. Our findings indicate that temperature changes that have occurred since ca. 1950 have likely had relatively weak and non-negative effects, but predicted warmer temperatures create a high stress thermal environment for O. ribifloris. Later and more variable emergence dates under warming likely compromise phenological synchrony with floral resources and the ability of individuals to find mates. The consequences of phenological asynchrony, combined with reductions in body mass and fat content, will likely impose fitness reductions in surviving bees. Combined with high rates of mortality, our results suggest that O. ribifloris may face local extirpation in the warmer parts of its range within the century. 5. Temperature increases in already warm ecosystems can have substantial consequences for key components of life history, physiology, and survival. Our study suggests that the response of ectothermic insects to temperature increases in already warm environments may be insufficient to mitigate the negative consequences of future warming.
Larval nutrition impacts the scaling of adult metabolic rate with body mass in honeybees
<p>Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is a fundamental physiological measure linked to numerous aspects of organismal function, including lifespan. Although dietary restriction in insects during larval growth/development affects adult RMR, the impact of larval diet quality on adult RMR has not been studied. Using in vitro rearing to control larval diet quality, we determined the effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate on honeybee survival-to-adulthood, time-to-eclosion, body mass/size and adult RMR. High carbohydrate larval diets increased survival-to-adulthood and time-to-eclosion compared to both low carbohydrate and high protein diets. Upon emergence, bees reared on the high protein diet were smaller and lighter than those reared on other diets, whilst those raised on the high carbohydrate diet varied more in body mass. Newly-emerged adult bees' reared on the high carbohydrate diet showed a significantly steeper increase in allometric scaling of RMR compared to those reared on other diets. This suggests that diet quality influences survival-to-adulthood, time-to-eclosion, and the allometric scaling of RMR. Given that agricultural intensification and increasing urbanisation have led to a decrease in both forage availability and dietary diversity for bees, our results are critical to improving understanding of the impacts of poor developmental nutrition on bee growth/development and physiology.</p>
Weighing the cost: the impact of serial heatwaves on body mass in a small Australian passerine
<p>Rising temperatures pose a grave risk to arid zone birds because they are already living close to their physiological limits and must balance water conservation against the need for evaporative cooling. We assess how extreme temperatures affect a wild population of small passerines by monitoring daily mass change in individual Jacky Winters (a small Australasian robin; <i>Microeca fascinans</i>) across a series of severe heatwaves that afflicted southern Australia in the summer of 2018-19. Daily maximum temperature and duration of heat exposure were negatively related to the birds' ability to maintain body mass. At maximum temperatures ≥42<sup>o</sup>C, birds lost 2.0% of their body mass daily and at ≥45<sup>o</sup>C, 2.6%. Apparent mortality increased almost three-fold, and all breeding birds abandoned their nests. Nevertheless, net daily mass loss was less than might be expected from laboratory-based findings, presumably because wild Jacky Winters undertook behavioural thermoregulation. The birds also regained some mass between heatwave events and suffered no long-term reduction in body condition.</p>
Individual body mass and sex of a frugivorous bird affect the quality of seed dispersal
<p><span>Frugivorous animals play crucial roles dispersing seeds</span><span> away from parental plants and influencing plant recruitment. Most studies focus on comparisons of seed dispersal services provided by distinct species of animals, but neglect how within-species variation may affect dispersal. Individual traits, such as body mass and sex, are related to metabolic rates, gut load capacity, and transit times that potentially influence dispersal quantity and quality. Here, we aim to answer if individual traits (body mass and sex) of Pale-breasted Thrushes (<em>Turdus leucomelas</em>) affect seed dispersal quality by testing the following hypotheses (a) individual traits influence seed retention time and germination, (b) seed retention time affects seed germination and (c) seed passage through the gut enhances germination. We found that females retained seeds in the gut for longer periods than males. Gut-passed and manually depulped seeds had similar germination success. However, heavier birds, irrespective of sex, had longer seed retention times and promoted higher germination. Our results indicate that intraspecific differences in the morphological traits of frugivores are a source of variation in dispersal outputs and may help to explain complex patterns of seed dispersal. We highlight the importance of considering the quality of seed dispersal at an individual level, as well as at a species level, and reinforce that some individuals may contribute more to seed germination, and potentially recruitment, than others. Finally, a decrease in body masses of tropical birds in response to global warming may cascade to a decrease in seed dispersal quality. </span></p>
Small increases in ambient temperature reduce offspring body mass in an equatorial mammal
<p class="MsoNormal">Human-induced climate change is leading to temperature rises, along with increases in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves. Many animals respond to high temperatures through behavioural thermoregulation, for example by resting in the shade, but this may impose opportunity costs by reducing foraging time (therefore energy supply), and so may be most effective when food is abundant. However, the heat dissipation limit theory (HDL) proposes that even when energy supply is plentiful, high temperatures can still have negative effects. This is because dissipating excess heat becomes harder, which limits processes that generate heat such as lactation. We tested predictions from HDL on a wild, equatorial population of banded mongooses (<em>Mungos mungo</em>). In support of HDL, higher ambient temperatures led to lighter pups, and increasing food availability made little difference to pup weight under hotter conditions. This suggests that direct physiological constraints rather than opportunity costs of behavioural thermoregulation explain the negative impact of high temperatures on pup growth. Our results indicate that climate change may be particularly important for equatorial species, which often experience high temperatures year-round so cannot time reproduction to coincide with cooler conditions.</p>
Data from: Born in heterogenous landscapes: birth timing, body mass and growth of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) fawns in contrasting habitats
<p>Although the widespread effects of global change impact almost all ecosystems, we lack a detailed understanding of how wildlife that thrive in human-dominated environments are able to adjust their life history to modifications in land use of their natural habitat. In particular, spatial variation in environmental conditions is predicted to influence development during the crucial early life phase, with marked impacts on individual performance and population dynamics for long-lived species. Large herbivores such as roe deer (<em>Capreolus capreolus</em>), a synanthropic species, have increased substantially in number and distribution over the last half century across Europe. Roe deer have been particularly successful, gradually colonizing agricultural landscapes to cope with a global warming-driven phenological mismatch in their natural forest habitat. However, to date, little is known about how habitat heterogeneity impacts their demographic performance in this heavily human-impacted environment. Specifically, we predicted that fawns born in predominantly cultivated local habitats would achieve faster early development due to the food subsidies obtained by their mothers from agricultural crops. Contrary to our expectations, fawns in semi-natural forest habitats were around 10% heavier at birth than those born in more mixed (by 0.163 ± 0.058 kg) and open (by 0.169 ± 0.006 kg) agricultural habitats. However, all fawns subsequently grew at a similar average rate (0.148 ± 0.058 kg/day), irrespective of their habitat. This habitat-dependent variation in birth mass appeared to be driven by reproductive phenology, as i) early-born fawns were heavier than late-born fawns, and ii) mothers living in the forest gave birth around 10 days earlier than those living in the mixed and open habitats. As natural habitats become increasingly scarce and fragmented due to the activities of humans, the prospects for many wild populations will depend on their ability to subsist in the heavily modified habitats of anthropogenic landscapes.</p>
Body mass, temperature, and pathogen intensity differentially affect critical thermal maxima and their population-level variation in a solitary bee
<p>Climate change presents a major threat to species distribution and persistence. Understanding what abiotic or biotic factors influence the thermal tolerances of natural populations is critical to assessing their vulnerability under rapidly changing thermal regimes. This study evaluates how body mass, local climate, and pathogen intensity influence heat tolerance and its population-level variation (SD) among individuals of the solitary bee <em>Xenoglossa pruinosa</em>. We assess the sex-specific relationships between these factors and heat tolerance given the differences in size between sexes and the ground-nesting behavior of the females. We collected <em>X. pruinosa</em> individuals from fourteen sites across Pennsylvania, USA that varied in mean temperature, precipitation, and soil texture. We measured the critical thermal maxima (CT<sub>max</sub>) of <em>X. pruinosa</em> individuals as our proxy for heat tolerance, and used quantitative PCR to determine relative intensities of three parasite groups—trypanosomes, <em>Spiroplasma apis</em> (mollicute bacteria), and <em>Vairimorpha apis</em> (microsporidian). While there was no difference in CT<sub>max</sub> between the sexes, we found that CT<sub>max</sub> increased significantly with body mass, and that this relationship was stronger for males than for females. Air temperature, precipitation, and soil texture did not predict mean CT<sub>max</sub> for either sex. However, population-level variation in CT<sub>max</sub> was strongly and negatively correlated with air temperature, which suggests that temperature is acting as an environmental filter. Of the parasites screened, only trypanosome intensity correlated with heat tolerance. Specifically, trypanosome intensity negatively correlated with the CT<sub>max</sub> of female <em>X. pruinosa</em> but not males. Our results highlight the importance of considering size, sex, and infection status when evaluating thermal tolerance traits. Importantly, this study reveals the need to evaluate trends in the variation of heat tolerance within and between populations, and consider implications of reduced variation in heat tolerance for the persistence of ectotherms in future climate conditions. </p>
Data for: Body mass mediates spatio-temporal responses of mammals to human frequentation across Italian protected areas
<p>Protected areas (PAs) networks are a pivotal tool to fight biodiversity loss, yet they often need to balance the mission of nature conservation with the socio-economic need of giving opportunity for outdoor recreation. Recreation in natural areas is important for human health in an urbanised society, but can prompt behavioural modifications in wild animals. Rarely, however, have these responses being studied across multiple PAs and using standardized methods. We deployed a systematic camera trapping protocol at over 200 sites to sample medium and large mammals in four PAs within the European Natura 2000 network to assess their spatio-temporal responses to human frequentation, proximity to towns, amount of open habitat, and topographical variables. By applying multi-species and single-species models on the number of diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal detections, and a multi-species model on nocturnality index, we estimated both species-specific and meta-community level effects, finding that increased nocturnality appeared the main strategy that the mammal meta-community used to cope with human disturbance. However, responses in the diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal site use were mediated by species' body mass, with larger species exhibiting avoidance of humans and smaller species more opportunistic behaviours. Our results show the effectiveness of standardised sampling and provide insights for planning the expansion of PA networks as foreseen by the Kunming-Montreal biodiversity agreement.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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