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Fig. 5 in Cenozoic fossil fishes of the extinct alepisauroid family Polymerichthyidae from the Sakhalin Island, Russia

Fig. 5. Alepisauroid fish Polymerichthys sp. from Sakhalin Island, Holmsk Formation, late Oligocene (A) and Kurasi Formation, Middle–Late Miocene (B). A. ZIN 310p, abdominal centrum. B. ZIN 314p, fragment of the dorsal fin.

Fig. 1 in Cenozoic fossil fishes of the extinct alepisauroid family Polymerichthyidae from the Sakhalin Island, Russia

Fig. 1. Location of the Sakhalin Island (A) and sketch map of the studied area (B) showing the fossil fish localities (stars).

Fig. 4 in Cenozoic fossil fishes of the extinct alepisauroid family Polymerichthyidae from the Sakhalin Island, Russia

Fig. 4. Alepisauroid fish Polymerichthys sp. from Sakhalin Island, Kurasi Formation, Middle–Late Miocene, ZIN 314p, outline drawing of specimen (A) and skull (B).

Fig. 2 in Cenozoic fossil fishes of the extinct alepisauroid family Polymerichthyidae from the Sakhalin Island, Russia

Fig. 2. Alepisauroid fish Polymerichthys sp. from Sakhalin Island, Holmsk Formation, late Oligocene (A, B) and Kurasi Formation, Middle–Late Miocene (C–E). A. ZIN 311p. B. ZIN 310p. C. ZIN 313p. D. ZIN 312p. E. ZIN 314p. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 10. Hybolophus crassatellines from Peru. A−G in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 10. Hybolophus crassatellines from Peru. A−G. Hybolophus maleficae sp. nov., middle Miocene, Pisco depositional sequence, south-central Peru. A. UWBM 101862, paratype, exterior of left valve. B. UWBM 101858, holotype, interior of left valve. C. UWBM 101860, paratype, interior of left valve. D. MUSM INV 222, paratype, exterior of left valve. E. UWBM 101864, dorsal margin of paired valves, anterior at right. F. UWBM 101859, paratype, interior of right valve. G. UWBM 101865, dorsal margin of paired valves, anterior at right. H, J, K. Hybolophus gibbosus (Sowerby, 1832), early to middle Pleistocene, tablazos, northern Peru. H. OSU 37600, exterior (H1) and interior (H2) of right valve. J. OSU 37597, exterior (J1) and interior (J2) of left valve. K. OSU 37601, dorsal margin of left valve, anterior at left. I. Hybolophus nelsoni (Grzybowski 1899), USNM 562398, late Miocene, Quebrada Heath, northern Peru; exterior of right valve. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 9. Veneriform Hybolophus crassatellines from Peru. A−D in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 9. Veneriform Hybolophus crassatellines from Peru. A−D. Hybolophus disenum sp. nov., late Eocene or Oligocene, Mancora, northern Peru. A. USNM 618239, holotype, exterior (A1) and dorsal margin (A2) of right valve. B. USNM 618238, paratype, exterior (B1) and interior (B2) of left valve. C. USNM 618241, paratype, hinge plate of left valve. D. USNM 618240, paratype, dorsal margin of right valve (D1), anterior at right, hinge plate (D2). E−J. Hybolophus terrestris sp. nov., late Miocene, mid-section in Pisco depositional sequence, south-central Peru. E. UWBM 101874, paratype, exterior of left valve. F. UWBM 101873, paratype, interior of right valve. G. UWBM 101879, dorsal margin of paired valves, anterior at right. H. UWBM 101877, paratype, exterior of posteriorly elongated left valve. I. UWBM 101875, paratype, exterior of left valve with posterior shortening. J. UWBM 101871, holotype, interior of left valve. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 7 in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 7. Crassatellid bivalve Crassatella rafaeli sp. nov. from the late Eocene, Otuma depositional sequence, south-central Peru. A. UWBM 101834, exterior A1), and interior (A2) of right valve. B. UWBM 101838, right hinge plate. C. MUSM INV 210, fragment of anterioventral margin showing striations terminating in marginal crenulations. D. UWBM 101840, interior of left valve with resilifer extending half way to the vmHP. E. MUSM INV 213, interior of left valve with resilifer reaching nearly to the vmHP. F UWBM 101836, dorsal margin of paired valves (F1), anterior to right, exterior of right valve (F2). G. UWBM 101835, interior of right valve. H. UWBM 101837, exterior of right valve. Abbreviation: vmHP, ventral margin of the hinge plate. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 5. Crassatellid veneriform bivalves Hybolophus species from the late Miocene of Ecuador and Colombia. A, B. Hybolophus picaderus (Olsson, 1964), Ecuador. A. USNM 643826, holotype, Picaderos Formation, Picaderos; exterior (A1) and interior (A2) of left valve. B. USNM 645393, paratype, Mompiche-Portete; interior of right valve. C. Hybolophus tuberus (Olsson, 1964), USNM 643827, holotype, Tubera Formation, Tubera-Puerto Caiman, Colombia; exterior of left (C1) and right (C2) valves, dorsal margin of paired valves (C3), anterior at right. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 1. Forearc basins in Peru with crassatelline-bearing Cenozoic deposits. A. Talara Basin of northern Peru. B. Location of three crassatelline-bearing Peruvian forearc basins. C. East Pisco Basin of south-central Peru. Dashed black line marks the inferred boundary between the East and West Pisco basins. D. The much smaller Sacaco Basin of southern Peru.

Fig. 6 in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 6. Crassatellid bivalves from the late Eocene of south-central Peru. A−F, H. Crassatella neorhynchus (Olsson, 1931), Paracas depositional sequence. A. UWBM 101826, exterior of left valve. B. MUSM INV 203, left hinge plate. C. MUSM INV 208, dorsal margin, anterior at right. D. MUSM INV 206, dorsal margin, anterior at right. E. UWBM 101828, exterior of left valve. F. UWBM 101823, interior of right valve. H. MUSM INV 212, exterior of left valve, juvenile. G. Crassatella pedroi sp. nov., UWBM 101833, holotype, Otuma depositional sequence; exterior of left (G1) and right (G2) valves, dorsal view of paired valves (G3), anterior at right. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 2 in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 2. Hinge characters and other features of crassatellines. A, B. Crassatella vadosa Morton, 1834, Cretaceous. A. USNM 450460, Mississippi, USA. B. USNM 451089, Alabama, USA. C. Eucrassatella kingicola (Lamarck, 1805), UWBM 101886, Recent, Victoria, Australia. D. Hybolophus gibbosus Sowerby, 1832), SBMNH 213002, Recent, Gulf of California, Mexico. E. Hybolophus fluctuatus (Carpenter, 1864), SBMNH 137784, Recent, Santa Catalina Island, California. Left valves (A, C1, D1, E), right valves (B, C2, D2), valve in dorsal view (D3). Abbreviation: vmHP, ventral margin of the hinge plate.

Fig. 3. Crassatelline bivalves from Central and South America. A, B in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 3. Crassatelline bivalves from Central and South America. A, B. Kalolophus antillarum (Reeve, 1842). A. UWBM 101885, Recent, Pacific coast of Panama; exterior (A1) and interior (A2) of left valve. B. UWBM 101884, Recent, Venezuela; dorsal view of paired valves, anterior at right. C. Hybolophus berryi (Spieker, 1922), USNM 562399, early Miocene, lower Zorritos Formation, Zorritos, Peru; exterior of left valve (C1), dorsal view of paired valves C2), anterior at right. D. Hybolophus elassa Woodring, 1982, USNM 647424, late Miocene, Gatun Formation, Panama; exterior of left valve. E. Kalolophus mediamaricanus (Brown and Pilsbry, 1913), USNM 647421, early Miocene, La Boca Formation, Panama; exterior of right valve. F. Kalolophus sp., USNM 647423, late Miocene, middle Gatun Formation, Panama; exterior (F1) and interior (F2) of left valve. G. Kalolophus jamaicensis (Dall, 1903), USNM 135683, Pliocene, Bowden Formation, Jamaica; interior of left valve. H. Kalolophus speciosus (Adams, 1854), SBMNH 140817, Recent, Panama City, Florida; exterior (H1) and interior (H2) of left valve; dorsal view of paired valves (H3), anterior at right. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 4. Crassatelline bivalves from Florida. A−D in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 4. Crassatelline bivalves from Florida. A−D. Crassatella portelli sp. nov., early Oligocene, Suwannee limestone. A. UF 26990a, holotype, exterior A1) and interior (A2), and dorsal margin (A3) of left valve. B. UF 32046b, paratype, dorsal margin of right valve. C. UF 27019, paratype, exterior (C1) and interior (C2) of right valve. D. UF 26990b, paratype, interior of left valve. E−H. Kalolophus chipolanus (Dall, 1903), early Miocene, Chipola Formation. E. USNM 114713c, exterior of left valve (E1), interior (E2). F. UF 85322l, interior of left valve. G. USNM 114713a, holotype, exterior (G1), interior (G2), and dorsal margin (G3) of right valve. H. UF 85322f, exterior of left valve. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 17 in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 17. Distribution of European species of Galeodinopsis Sacco, 1895, based on material studied and that from the literature. Dark and light grey vertical segments roughly indicate the Late Paleogene Paris Basin and the southern part of the North Sea Basins, respectively; white segments represent the Mainzer Basin–Upper Rhine Graben (from Rögl 1999 and Rasser et al. 2008, modified). The horizontal black and dark grey segments approximate the Iberian Late Neogene and Aquitaine Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Atlantic domains, respectively; orange dots indicate the southernmost part of the Thule land-bridge joining England with continental Europe (from Vincent 1990, adapted and modified); green line indicates a hypothetical reconstruction of the Late Paleogene shoreline in the North Sea and Paris Basins, allowing communication (smaller red arrow) between the two areas from the Early Oligocene. The red line indicates part of the Central European shoreline (according to Rögl 1999) during very Early Neogene time, showing northwards shifting of the southern coasts of the North Sea Basin. The larger red arrow indicates the hypothesized connection to the Aquitaine Basin. 1, Upper Eocene/very early Oligocene, Latdorf Koenen 1867; Tembrock, 1964) and Magderburg (Müller 2011); 2, Oligocene, Rupelian, Söllingen (Speyer 1864; Koenen 1867); 3, Oligocene, Chattian, Sternberg (Wiechmann 1871; Anderson 1960); 4, Oligocene, Rupelian, Amsdorf (Gründel 1997); 5, Oligocene, Chattian, Freden (Anderson 1960); 6, Oligocene, Chattian, Ahnetal (Anderson 1960); 7, Oligocene, Chattian, Glimmerode; 8, Middle Oligocene, Magonza basin at Waldböckelheim (Sandberger 1863; Anderson 1960); 9, Oligocene, Chattian, Doberg (Wiechmann 1871); 10, Oligocene, Chattian, Krefeld (Wiechmann 1871), Rumeln (Anderson 1960), and Moers (Janssen 1978a); 11, Oligocene, early Rupelian, Klein-Spauwen (Nyst 1845); 12, Oligocene, Rupelian, Paris Basin (Deshayes 1864); 13, Middle Pliocene, Mondego (Landau et al. 2004); 14, Pliocene, Estepona (Landau et al. 2004); 15, Pliocene, Sidi Moussa (Cossmann 1921); 16, Pliocene, Altavilla and Trappeto (Garilli 2008); 17, Lower Pliocene, Magliano Sabina (Garilli 2008); 18, Lower Pliocene, Siena (Chirli 2006); 19, Mio-Pliocene, Modena, Parma, and Piacenza (Coppi 1876; Garilli 2008); 20, Lower to Upper Pliocene, Savona and Asti (Garilli, 2008).

Fig. 10 in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 10. Rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis biangulata (Deshayes, 1864) from the Oligocene of the Paris Basin. A. Possible syntype specimen UCBL EM 31000, Deshayes collection, in profile view, resembling Deshayes' illustration (1866: pl. 24: 30). B. Original label of the same specimen. C. Specimen UCBL, EM 30996, Paris Basin collection from Jeures, in apertural view. D. Specimen UCBL, EM 30997, Deshayes collection, in profile view (D1); protoconch in profile view (D2), white arrows indicate the protoconch/teleoconch boundary; detail of protoconch showing trace of the netted sculpture on protoconch 1 (D3), white arrow indicates the protoconch 1/protoconch 2 boundary. E. Specimen UCBL, EM 30998, Deshayes collection, in apertural view, matching Deshayes' illustration (1866: pl. 24: 29) and resembling Manzonia areolifera sensu Cossmann (1921). F. Specimen UCBL, EM 30999, Deshayes collection, in apertural view. Scale bars: A, C, D1, E, F, 1 mm; D2, 100 μm; D3, 30 μm.

Fig. 16 in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 16. Schematic trend of morphological variation/diversification and supposed lineages within Tertiary species of Galeodinopsis Sacco, 1895 and some Tertiary–Quaternary representatives of Manzonia Brusina, 1870, and synthetic view of the main features of species/group of species. Gray circles indicate stable taxonomic characters; black circles indicate novel characters. The image of Manzonia foraminata is modified from Lozouet (1998).

Fig. 14 in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 14. Rissoid gastropods Galeodinopsis tiberiana (Coppi, 1876) (A–C, F, G) and G. cf. tiberiana (D, E), from the Neogene of the Mediterranean area. Altavilla Milicia, Palermo, NW Sicily, Late Zanclean–early Late Piacenzian, Pliocene (A, D, E); Stirone River, San Nicomede, Parma, N Italy, Pliocene (B); Rio Grizzaga sands, Gagliardella, Fogliano, Maranello, Modena, N Italy, Piacenzian, Pliocene (C, F, G). A. Specimen ex AR, MZPD Mal 2032, in apertural view, showing the typical G. tiberiana-morph. B. Specimen ex MF, MZPD Mal 2034 in profile view, showing the sinuous outer lip curved backwards in the lower part. C. Specimen ex MF, MZPD Mal 2035d, in apertural view, showing more axial and spiral elements. D. Specimen ex AR, MZPD Mal 2033a, in apertural (D 1), profile (D 2), and dorsal (D 3) views, somewhat transitional between specimen as in C and galeodiniform specimens as in E and in Fig. 15; protoconch in profile view (D 4). E. Galeodiniform specimen ex AR, MZPD Mal 2033b, in apertural (E 1) and profile (E 2) views, tentatively assigned to G. tiberiana. F. Specimen ex MF, MZPD Mal 2035e, showing detail of teleoconch sculpture with marked axial ribs. G. Specimen ex MF, MZPD Mal 2035f, showing protoconch in profile view. Black and white arrows indicate the protoconch 1/protoconch 2 and protoconch/teleoconch boundaries, respectively. Scale bars: A–C, D –D , E, 1 mm; D , F, G, 100 μm.

Fig. 12. A–I in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 12. A–I. Rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis semperi (Wiechmann, 1871), the type specimen IRSNB 3956 (Nyst coll.) of synonymous Rissoa duboisii Nyst, 1845, Tg2b layer of Klein-Spauwen, Belgium, Late Tongrian. Specimen in apertural (A), profile (B), and dorsal (C) views; early teleoconch whorls (D); protoconch in profile view (E), black arrows indicate the protoconch/teleoconch boundary; subapertural view (F); detail of protoconch 1 showing trace of the netted sculpture (G); detail of teleoconch sculpture (H); microsculpture on spiral cord (I). J. Original label in Nyst's handwriting with the citation of "type" and references to the original description and illustration in Nyst, 1845. Scale bars: A–C, 1 mm; D 200 μm; E, F, H, 100 μm; G, 50 μm; I, 30 μm.

Fig. 7 in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 7. Rissoid gastropods Alvania areolifera (Sandberger, 1863) (A, B) and Alvania punctura (Montagu, 1803), type species of Arsenia Monterosato, 1891 (C–E). A. Specimen MNHU MB.Ga.7749.1, Waldböckelheim, Rheinland-Pfalz, W Germany, Rupelian, Oligocene, in apertural view. B. Specimen MNHU MB.Ga.7749.2, same site as in A, in dorsal view. C. Slender specimen ex VG, MZB 49971, Recent, station CS'96/54, 135 m deep, Graham Bank, Strait of Sicily, in dorsal view (C 1), protoconch (C 2), sculpture of protoconch 1 (C 3), detail of teleoconch microsculpture (C 4). D. Specimen ex VG, MZPD Mal 2044a, Sicilian, Early Pleistocene, Acqua dei Corsari, Ficarazzi, Palermo, NW Sicily, in apertural view. E. Specimen ex VG, MZPD Mal 2044b, with inflated last whorl, same site as in D, in dorsal view. Scale bars: A, B, C , D, 1 mm; E, 500 μm; C , 100 μm; C , C , 25 μm.

Fig. 5 in Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of the Cenozoic Euro-Mediterranean rissoid gastropod Galeodinopsis and its relationship with close genera

Fig. 5. Teleoconch microsculpture in the type species of rissoid gastropods Alvinia Monterosato, 1884 and Flemellia Nordsieck, 1972. A. Alvinia zetlandica Montagu, 1815), type species of Flemellia, ex MF, MZPD Mal 2046a (same specimen as in Fig. 4C), Calabrian, Early Pleistocene of Lazzaro, Vallone Catrica, Reggio Calabria, S Italy, showing closely spaced spiral threads on shell surface at different magnifications. B. Alvinia weinkauffi (Weinkauff, 1868 ex Schwartz von Mohrenstern ms), type species of Alvinia, ex VG, MZPD Mal 2048 (same specimen as in Fig. 4B), Recent, infralittoral bottom (37 m deep) off Formica Island, W Sicily, showing narrow spiral threads on shell surface at different magnifications. Scale bars: A , B , 50 μm; A , B , 10 μm.