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Fig. 8 in Demographic data on a stag beetle (Lucanus cervus) population self-established in an artificial suburban habitat

Fig. 8. Box plots of total length (TL) of stag beetles measured in the order of their first appearance at the Jagersveld site during the capture-mark-recapture exercise of 2007. Median, quartiles and extremes of male sizes over successive weeks and of female sizes over successive ten-day periods.

Fig. 6 A-B in Demographic data on a stag beetle (Lucanus cervus) population self-established in an artificial suburban habitat

Fig. 6 A-B. Survivorship curves of marked male stag beetles during (A) the 2001 and (B) 2007 CMR exercises, in function of death as end event. Kaplan-Meyer step-curves with 95% upper and lower confidence bounds. The arrows indicate the medians of the known life span. A Weibull curve is drawn over the K-M curve. C: illustrating the lack of statistical difference between the 2001 and 2007 K-M curves.

Fig. 4 in Demographic data on a stag beetle (Lucanus cervus) population self-established in an artificial suburban habitat

Fig. 4. Cumulative number of new individuals at the Jagersveld site during the CMR sessions of 2001 and 2007. (a): appearance of the first males. (b): geometric increase of new individuals during a short period. The graphs in the right insets show this increase in semi-logarithmic coordinates. (i): inflection point. (c): more regular increase of new individuals until reaching (d) a plateau (p). The increase of new females was more progressive.

Fig. 3 in Demographic data on a stag beetle (Lucanus cervus) population self-established in an artificial suburban habitat

Fig. 3. Calendar of male capture and recapture histories at the Jagersveld site. The marked individuals are sorted by date of first capture and by known duration of longevity. 1: captured. 0: not encountered in the interval where the individual was known to be alive. +: found dead by predation on the sampling site. *: natural death. MNA: minimum number known alive.

Fig. 5 in Demographic data on a stag beetle (Lucanus cervus) population self-established in an artificial suburban habitat

Fig. 5. Distribution of the number of males confirmed to be still alive, as a function of the number of days elapsed since they were marked during the 2001 and 2007 CMR exercises. The construction of the curves is based on the first two columns of Table 1 and is limited to 23 days for the year 2007.

Fig. 1 in Demographic data on a stag beetle (Lucanus cervus) population self-established in an artificial suburban habitat

Fig. 1. Aerial view of part of the locality of Boitsfort, a suburb in the south-east of the city of Brussels, with, encircled in yellow, the stag beetle brood sites as they were known for at least the years 2000-2010. Larval sites were (and are) mainly located outside densely wooded plots, and even in the alignments of ornamental cherry trees along certain avenues. Note also the dispersion of these sites, whose circle size do not prejudge the size of their beetle population. Orthophoto plan from UrbIS datastore.brussels.

Fig. 7 in Demographic data on a stag beetle (Lucanus cervus) population self-established in an artificial suburban habitat

Fig. 7. Daily estimates of the number of beetles at the Jagersveld site in 2001 and 2007 according to the POPAN formulation of the Jolly-Seber method, under the acceptance of constant survival and capture probabilities over time. Minimum daily number of known survivors (MNA). Rainy periods and, for 2001, stormy evening episodes, are figured at the bottom of the graphs.

Fig. 2. A in Demographic data on a stag beetle (Lucanus cervus) population self-established in an artificial suburban habitat

Fig. 2. A, The ramp to the playground of the Jagersveld school, with its central staircase in 2001. B, The palisade of beams of the east side of the ramp in its 2007 state, however photographed in 2013, the staircase having been removed in the meantime. C, The earthen platform at the top of the ramp in 2002, with the alignment of short beams separating it from the concrete of the ramp. D, The same platform fenced and overgrown with maple saplings, as viewed in 2022. E - F, Stag beetle larvae and a pupa found in 2005 when some of the beams were replaced. G - H, damage to the paling, west side and east side, in 2021. © E and F, courtesy Olivier Beck.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Data from: Comparative landscape genetic analyses show a Belgian motorway to be a gene flow barrier for red deer (Cervus elaphus), but not wild boars (Sus scrofa)

While motorways are often assumed to influence the movement behaviour of large mammals, there are surprisingly few studies that show an influence of these linear structures on the genetic make-up of wild ungulate populations. Here, we analyse the spatial genetic structure of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boars (Sus scrofa) along a stretch of motorway in the Walloon part of Belgium. Altogether 876 red deer were genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci, and 325 wild boars at 14 loci. In the case of the red deer, different genetic clustering tools identified two genetic subpopulations whose borders matched the motorway well. Conversely, no genetic structure was identified in the case of the wild boar. Analysis of isolation-by-distance patterns of pairs of individuals on the same side and on different sides of the motorway also suggested that the road was a barrier to red deer, but not to wild boar movement. While telemetry studies seem to confirm that red deer are more affected by motorways then wild boar, the red deer sample size was also much larger than that of the wild boars. We therefore repeated the analysis of genetic structure in the red deer with randomly sub-sampled datasets of decreasing size. The power to detect the genetic structure using clustering methods decreased with decreasing sample size.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2017View details →

Supplementary material 1 from: Bardiani M, Chiari S, Maurizi E, Tini M, Toni I, Zauli A, Campanaro A, Carpaneto GM, Audisio P (2017) Guidelines for the monitoring of Lucanus cervus. In: Carpaneto GM, Audisio P, Bologna MA, Roversi PF, Mason F (Eds) Guidelines for the Monitoring of the Saproxylic Beetles protected in Europe. Nature Conservation 20: 37-78. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.20.12687

Field sheet : Explanation note: Field sheet to be compiled during each survey, for each transect. Each sighting is registered with a code, in the exact point of detection along the transect (path). Codes are reported on the right column of the field-sheet. Examples of codes: male in flight over 2 m – M2; female walk on the ground – F0; L. cervus with uncertain sex-determination, in flight below 2 m – U1.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

Quantitative genetics of extreme insular dwarfing: the case of red deer (Cervus elaphus) on Jersey

Aim: The Island Rule – i.e. the tendency for body size to decrease in large mammals and increase in small mammals on islands has been commonly evaluated through macroecological or macroevolutionary, pattern-orientated approaches, which generally fail to model the microevolutionary processes driving either dwarfing or gigantism. Here, we seek to identify which microevolutionary process could have driven extreme insular dwarfism in the extinct dwarf red deer population on the island of Jersey. Location: Jersey, UK (Channel Islands). Taxon: Red deer ( Cervus elaphus) Methods: We applied an individual-based quantitative genetics model parameterized with red deer life-history data to study the evolution of dwarfism in Jersey's deer, considering variations in island area and isolation through time due to sea level changes. Results: The body size of red deer on Jersey decreased fast early on, due to phenotypic plasticity, then kept decreasing almost linearly over time down to the actual body size of the Jersey deer (36 kg on average). Only 1% out of 10,000 replicates failed to reach that size in our simulations. The distribution of time to adaptation in these simulations was right-skewed, with a median of 395 generations (equivalent to roughly 4 ky years), with complete dwarfism effectively occurring in less than 6 ky 84.6% of times. About 72% of the variation in the time to adaptation between simulations was collectively explained by higher mutational variance, the number of immigrants from the continent after isolation, available genetic variance, heritability, and phenotypic plasticity. Main Conclusions: The extreme dwarfing of red deer on Jersey is an expected outcome of high mutational variance, high immigration rate, a wide adaptive landscape, low levels of inbreeding, and high phenotypic plasticity (in the early phase of dwarfing), all occurring within a time window of around 6 ky. Our model reveals how extreme dwarfism is a plausible outcome of common, well-known evolutionary processes.

opennotspecifiedJul 2012View details →

Figure 1 in The complete mitochondrial genome of the Chinese Sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck, 1838), and phylogenetic analysis among Cervidae, Moschidae and Bovidae

Figure 1. Molecular phylogenetic tree derived from complete DNA sequence of 12 mitochondrial protein-coding genes using Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony analysis. The numbers beside the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap proportions. Equus asinus and Equus caballus were set as out-groups.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Data for: Seasonal home range and habitat selection patterns of sika deer Cervus nippon in southern Hokkaido, Japan

In 1980 and 1981, eight and nine individual sika deer Cervus nippon were reintroduced in southern Hokkaido, Japan, respectively, to address population declines in this species during 1900s. As recent population growth has led to human–wildlife conflicts, this study investigated the responses of sika deer to resource availability and geomorphic factors during the summer and winter seasons in southern Hokkaido. Global positioning system-collared data collected from 2016 to 2018 were used to assess the home range patterns and habitat selection of 14 female sika deer located in Mount Esan and Shiriuchi. The core home range size was defined using a 50% kernel density estimation that indicated a larger home range in winter than summer for all deer. Habitat selection was assessed using generalized linear mixed models. The results showed variation in habitat selection between resident deer of Mount Esan and Shiriuchi, as well as migratory deer in Shiriuchi during summer. Resident deer in Mount Esan and Shriuchi preferred areas closer to crops during summer. Interaction effects revealed that migratory deer utilized natural grassland close to forest edge habitat in Shiriuchi. By contrast, resident deer in Shiriuchi selected forest edge habitat and natural grasslands close to crops. In winter, low elevation was the most important habitat factor for all deer across the study area. Thus, sika deer habitat selection depends on resource availability in summer and topographic factors in the winter.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Data from: Predicting multi-predator risk to elk (Cervus canadensis) in summer using predator scats

1. There is growing evidence that prey perceive the risk of predation and alter their behaviour in response, resulting in changes in spatial distribution and potential fitness consequences. Previous approaches to mapping predation risk across a landscape quantify predator space use to estimate potential predator-prey encounters, yet this approach does not account for successful predator attack resulting in prey mortality. An exception is a prey kill site that reflects an encounter resulting in mortality, but obtaining information on kill sites is expensive and requires time to accumulate adequate sample sizes. 2. We illustrate an alternative approach using predator scat locations and their contents to quantify spatial predation risk for elk (Cervus canadensis) from multiple predators in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada. We surveyed over 1300km to detect scats of bears (Ursus arctos/U. americanus), cougars (Puma concolor), coyotes (Canis latrans), and wolves (C. lupus). To derive spatial predation risk, we combined predictions of scat-based resource selection functions (RSFs) weighted by predator abundance with predictions that a predator-specific scat in a location contained elk. We evaluated the scat-based predictions of predation risk by correlating them to predictions based on elk kill sites. We also compared scat-based predation risk on summer ranges of elk following three migratory tactics for consistency with telemetry-based metrics of predation risk and cause-specific mortality of elk. 3. We found a strong correlation between the scat-based approach presented here and predation risk predicted by kill sites and (r = 0.98, P < 0.001). Elk migrating east of the Ya Ha Tinda winter range were exposed to the highest predation risk from cougars, resident elk summering on the Ya Ha Tinda winter range were exposed to the highest predation risk from wolves and coyotes, and elk migrating west to summer in Banff National Park were exposed to highest risk of encountering bears, but it was less likely to find elk in bear scats than in other areas. These patterns were consistent with previous estimates of spatial risk based on telemetry of collared predators and recent cause-specific mortality patterns in elk. 4. A scat-based approach can provide a cost-efficient alternative to kill sites of quantifying broad-scale, spatial patterns in risk of predation for prey particularly in multiple predator species systems.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Data for: Assessment of the accuracy of counting large ungulate species (red deer Cervus elaphus) with UAV-mounted thermal infrared cameras during night flights

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly used in wildlife surveying, including estimation of population densities. It is essential that we evaluate and test new survey methods to guide optimal sampling strategies. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of using a UAV-mounted thermal infrared (TIR) camera to count red deer Cervus elaphus populations, and how this was influenced by flight season, height and velocity, in order to help guide future census design. We flew 57 flights across a captive population of red deer in a 13 ha deer park enclosure of semi-natural habitat, representative of the species' range in northern Germany. Flights and image assessments were performed with no prior knowledge of actual population size. Accuracy was quantified by comparing real population size (known only to deer park staff) and independently estimated population sizes from UAV TIR images. Accuracy was significantly influenced by ecological season (early and late winter, spring and early summer) and height. Across all seasons, lower flights (100 m) performed better than higher ones (120 m), with lower flights in early winter and early summer being on average accurate to within 1% of actual population counts. For the season where we had the largest range of temperatures between flights (late winter) we found that accuracy was highest when temperatures were lowest. Flights were also able to identify all five stags (defined as a male deer ≥2 years old) present in early summer, but not in spring. Deer appeared to avoid the landing/take-off area, but there were no noted behavioural responses to drones flying over animals when at constant height and velocity during surveys. Our results indicate that UAV-mounted TIR camera have the potential to accurately count populations of large ungulate species, but that flight season, height and potentially temperature need to be taken into account to maximise accuracy. This approach has the potential to be scaled up to more accurately estimate densities of wild populations compared to existing approaches.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

Spatial and temporal variation in the diet of introduced sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) in an alpine landscape

Context. In south-eastern Australia, the abundance and distribution of non-native sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) has increased dramatically in alpine environments. As a result, significant concern surrounds the potential for the species to impact rare plant species and vegetation communities through browsing. Aims. We aimed to determine the diversity of the plant species eaten by sambar deer in the Alpine National Park and to understand any spatial and temporal variation in deer diets. Methods. We collected 90 sambar deer faecal pellet samples over a three-month flowering period across two contrasting study sites with differing elevation, vegetation, and underlying geology. We performed DNA sequencing using the ITS2 gene region and assigned dietary items to the lowest taxonomic level possible. The frequency of occurrence and sequencing read depth of each dietary item were calculated to investigate the diet of sambar deer at spatial and temporal scales, and dietary preferencing was assessed by comparing the frequency of occurrence of dietary items to the observation records for each dietary item in the study area. Key results. We detected a total of 369 unique plant Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) from sambar deer faecal samples, representing 35 families and 80 genera. Considerable variation in the diet was observed over small spatial scales, and evidence of temporal diet variation was noted in one of the study sites. We detected Silky Snow-daisy (Celmisia sericophylla), which is currently listed as critically endangered under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988, and Hawkweed (Pilosella spp.), a highly invasive, non-native taxon which is sparingly established in Alpine ecosystems. Conclusions. Sambar deer displayed an intermediate feeder behaviour in alpine environments, foraging on a variety of forbs and shrubs, however, forbs were the dominant dietary items. The spatial variation observed in the diet of sambar deer suggests that individual deer are unlikely to be dispersing widely while foraging. Implications. Our results emphasise the need for careful evaluation of sambar deer impacts within individual sites and at small spatial scales. The detection of species of conservation significance in the diet indicates that the presence of sambar deer should be considered a significant risk to biodiversity in areas of high conservation value.

publicAug 2017View details →

Data from: Using genetic tools to estimate the prevalence of non-native red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Western European population

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publicFeb 2016View details →

Data from: Genetic structure and effective population sizes in European red deer (Cervus elaphus) at a continental scale: insights from microsatellite DNA

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publicJan 2014View details →

Data from: Greece: a Balkan subrefuge for a remnant red deer (Cervus elaphus) population

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