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FIG. 14 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 14. — Collarina sp.: A, colony growing edge; B, non-ovicelled zooid; C, orifice, note the particular shape of the proximal edge (poster) and the structure of the apertural bar with two laterally directed avicularia; D, ancestrula and zone of astogenetic change. Origin: MNHN-IB-2014-1928, Corsica, Île-Rousse, 5 m. Scale bars: A, D, 200 µm; B, 100 µm; C, 50 µm.

FIG. 6 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 6. — Collarina denticulata Harmelin, n. sp.: A, non-ovicelled autozooids with paired avicularia, three spines and large costate shield with prominent medial crest running into the apertural bar; B, ovicelled zooids, note the shape of the orifices and the poorly prominent ooecia built by the autozooid distal to the maternal zooid; C, distal part of a non-ovicelled zooid showing the particular shape of the orifice, the spines with conical base and the paired avicularia with narrow rostrum; D, oblique view of the distal part of a non-ovicelled zooid showing the apertural bar, the sub-pedunculate avicularia and the spine bases; E, oblique view of the proximal part of an autozooid showing the pedunculate marginal pelmatidia and the poorly developed gymnocyst; F, lateral portion of the costate shield with oblong intercostal lacunae; G, autozooid with adventitious avicularia with nested cystids. Origin: A, D, paratype MNHN-IB-2014-1917, Marseille, Frioul; B, C, E, F, Medes Is. on Pinna shell; G, Port-Cros, Bagaud Is., on stone. Scale bars: A, B, 200 µm; C-E, G, 100 µm; F, 50 µm.

FIG. 17 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 17. — Adventitious avicularia with nested cystids in Collarina Jullien, 1886 species: A, C. macaronensis Harmelin, n. sp., ovicelled zooid; B, C. gautieri Harmelin, n. sp., four piles of nested avicularian cystids adventitious on two autozooids and an ooecium; C, C. macaronensis Harmelin, n. sp.; D, C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978; E, C. speluncola Harmelin, n. sp. Origin: A, Madeira, NHMUK 1899.7.1.2105; B, Galicia, Ria de Ferrol, MHNUSC-Bry-113; C, Galicia, Sisargas Is., MHNUSC-Bry-662; D, Azores, Saô Miguel, Vila Franca; E, Marseille, Conger Cave. Scale bar: A, 100 µm.

FIG. 4 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 4. — Collarina balzaci (Audouin, 1826), NE Atlantic: A, non-ovicelled autozooid; B, two ovicelled zooids; C, ovicelled zooid, closer view of the spinocyst, the apertural bar and the articulated spines with long joints; D, avicularium adventitious to an ovicell; E, avicularium, rostrum with serrated edges; F, ancestrula with six spines. Origin: Canaries, on Cystoseira sp. Scale bars: A-C, 100 µm; F, 50 µm; D, 20 µm; E, 5 µm.

FIG. 19 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 19. — Collarina balzaci (Audouin, 1826), from Tunisia, Kerkennah Islands, on Posidonia leaf (coll. by JGH, June 2018). Ultrasonically cleaned colony covered with diatom frustules: A, ovicelled zooid; B, distal part of a non-ovicelled zooid, note the left avicularium with nested cystids; C, enlarged part of ovicelled zooid with a lateral avicularium and the apertural bar. Scale bars: A, 100 µm, B, 50 µm, C, 25 µm.

FIG. 13 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 13. — Collarina speluncola Harmelin, n. sp.: A, portion of colony with ovicelled and non-ovicelled autozooids; B, distal part of a non-ovicelled autozooid, note the particular shape of the proximal edge of the orifice and the small diameter of the basal part of oral spines; C, ovicelled zooid with paired adventitious avicularia, a distal avicularium on the ooecium and a well developed gymnocyst; D, ovicelled zooid with twin ovicells, the additional one with a large kenozooid; E, ances- trula with height spines (one broken). Origin: paratype MNHN-IB-2014-1915, Marseille, Morgiou, Conger Cave. Scale bars: A, 200 µm; C, D, 100 µm; B, E, 50 µm.

FIG. 1 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 1. — Savigny's drawings (1817: pl. 9). Flustra balzaci Audouin, 1826, in Savigny's figure 8, and Flustra jauberti Audouin, 1826, in Savigny's figure 9.

FIG. 2 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 2. — Collarina balzaci (Audouin, 1826), SE Mediterranean: A, part of colony with many ovicells; B, ovicelled and non-ovicelled zooids at the edge of a colony; C, oblique view of an ovicelled zooid with the spinocyst edge, the apertural bar with paired adventitious avicularia and curved spines; D, subpedunculate avicu- larium with slightly serrated edges of rostrum and raised mandible; E, ancestrula with five spines, and zone of astogenetic change. Origin: Lebanon, El Heri, on brown seaweed. Scale bars: A, 200 µm; B, E, 100 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 10 µm.

FIG. 9 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 9. — Collarina gautieri Harmelin, n. sp., NW Mediterranean: A, general view of a colony; note the frequency of ovicells; B, two non-ovicelled autozooids at the colony edge; C, oblique view of a non-ovicelled zooid showing the shape of the apertural bar and the structure of the costate shield; D, ovicelled zooid with typically curved spines, 2 lateral and 1 apical avicularia; E, kenozoidal ooecium in formation; F, strongly calcified non-ovicelled zooid; G, proximal half of the costate shield showing the poorly developed gymnocyst, the large marginal pelmata and the intercostal lacunae; H, ancestrula and the zone of astogenetic change. Origin: A, B, G, H, paratype MNHN-IB-2014-1923, Port-Cros Is. on Pinna shell; C, D, E, F, paratype MNHN-IB-2014-1920, Marseille, Veyron. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B-D, F, H, 100 µm; E, G, 50 µm.

FIG. 18 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 18. — Habitats of Collarina species: A, C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826), bundles of Posidonia leaves; B, C. speluncola Harmelin, n. sp., wall of dark submarine cave with freshwater seepage; C, C. denticulata Harmelin, n. sp., underside of pottery fragment, Cassis, Port-Miou, 18 m; D, C. gautieri Harmelin, n. sp., underside of Pinna shell, paratype MNHN-IB-2014-1921, Veyron, 24 m; E, C. macaronensis Harmelin, n. sp., underside of pebble, paratype MNHN-IB-2014-1926, Madeira, Porto Santo, Baixo Is.; F, C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978, underside of pebble, Azores, Saô Miguel, Vila Franca, 15 m. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 16 in Unexpected diversity of the genus Collarina Jullien, 1886 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the NE Atlantic-Mediterranean region: new species and reappraisal of C. balzaci (Audouin, 1826) and C. fayalensis Harmelin, 1978

FIG. 16. — Phases of ooecium construction involving a daughter zooid (kenozooid or autozooid) of the maternal zooid in Collarina Jullien, 1886 species: A-D, growth of entooecium with bilobate stages, and its incorporation by distal kenozooid in C. gautieri Harmelin, n. sp.; E, ooecium formed by a distal autozooid in Collarina denticulata Harmelin, n. sp., three successive early stages (1, 2, 3: SEM photo + stylized outlines) at the colony edge from single to bilobate blade with unequal lobes, and three older stages (I, II, III) with distal autozooids incorporating progressively the growing entooecium. Origin: A-C, Marseille, Veyron; D, S Portugal, MHNUSC-Bry-661; E, Medes Islands, on Pinna shell. Scale bars: B-D 100 µm; E, 200 µm.

Figure 9 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 9 Microporella sp. A from Palinuro Cape, Scaletta cave PMC Rosso Collection I. H. B.88a A irregularly shaped autozooids with inconstant avicularia B close-up of two zooids with details of the orifice, the lateral condyles on the hinge-line, four or five thin oral spines and the ascopore divided by thin radial septa. Scale bars: 500 µm (A); 100 µm (B).

Figure 7 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 7 Microporella modesta Di Martino, Taylor & Gordon, 2020 from several localities A Ionian Sea, Ciclopi 2000, PMC Rosso-Collection I. H. B.86a B Ionian Sea, Gulf of Noto, PMC Rosso-Collection I. H. B.86e C Sicily Strait, Egadi Islands, PMC Rosso-Collection I. H. B.86h D Ionian Sea, Castelluccio, PMC Rosso-Collection I. H. B.86c F Iberian-Provençal Basin, Asinara MPA, PMC Rosso-Collection I. H. B.86j A bilaminar branch with elongate autozooids along branch edge and a cluster of ovicells B apparently cylindrical branch resulting from a colony encrusting an internode of Cellaria. Note the formation of irregularly elongate autozooids C unbleached colony encrusting a soft algal frond. Prominent avicularian rostra and mucros associated with ascopore contribute to the spiky appearance of the colony. Note the co-occurrence of ovicells with and without frontal tubercles D bleached colony on algae with ovicells with different degrees of frontal tubercle development E ovicellate zooids of a tubular "pseudovinculariiform" colony originally developed on a thin ephemeral substratum F originally tatiform ancestrula regenerated as a kenozooid, budding two distolateral autozooids lacking avicularia. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 200 µm (B, E, F); 500 µm (C, D).

Figure 2 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 2 Microporella appendiculata (Heller, 1867) from the Iberian-Provençal Basin A, B Bisbe cave E Falco Cave, PMC Rosso-Collection I. H. B.84b C, D, F, G Ionian Sea, Ciclopi 2000, PMC Rosso-Collection I. H. B.84a A unbleached autozooids with trifurcate proximal oral spines and long, setiform avicularian mandibles B unbleached autozooids with bifurcate proximal oral spines. Note the vertical arrangement of the unbranched distal spines forming a sort of fence around the orifice C two kenozooidal ovicells developed on marginal autozooids D colony portion showing the co-occurrence of kenozooidal ovicells (black arrows) and ovicells formed by the distal autozooid (white arrow). Note the occurrence of bifurcate and trifurcate proximal spines E young colony showing the tatiform ancestrula and first budded autozooids with bifurcate proximal spines F ancestrula regenerated as a miniaturised autozooid G close-up of the ascopore. Scale bars: 200 µm (A–D); 500 µm (E); 100 µm (F); 30 µm (G).

Figure 11 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 11 Microporella verrucosa (Peach, 1868) from the Ionian Sea, Ciclopi Islands MPA, PMC. Rosso Collection I.H. B-17a A typical rhomboidal autozooids with large avicularia, transversely C-shaped fissure-like ascopore at the same level as the frontal shield, large pseudopores and larger marginal areolae, and thin oral spines surrounding the distal half of the orifice B autozooids, two of which have ovicells pierced by small, evenly distributed pseudopores, and outlined by a row of few, large, elongate pores C horseshoe-shaped orifice with blunt lateral condyles and slightly corrugated proximal border at the end of a smooth proximal shelf. Note the distal rim of calcification D a possibly abutted autozooid lacking the orifice E autozooids, one exceptionally developing paired avicularia F unbleached colony portion with opercula and open mandibles. Scale bars: 200 µm (A, B, D–F); 50 µm (C).

Figure 8 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 8 Microporella pachyspina sp. nov. from Sicily Strait, Egadi Islands A–E holotype PMC. B31a.3.12.2020 F, G paratype PMC. B31b. 3.12.2020 A colony general view B close-up of orifice with proximolateral rectangular condyles, smooth hinge-line, and five oral spine bases. Note the giant proximolateral pair of spine bases located at hinge-line level and at some distance from the thinner, distal ones C close-up of avicularium with truncated, channelled rostrum projecting laterally outside its edge affecting the shape of the adjacent zooid margin D close-up of ascopore with proximal mucro E ovicells smooth and imperforate centrally, finely granular and with a row of large pores peripherally. Radial buttresses between marginal pores converge towards the median umbo F Ancestrula budding one distal and two distolateral autozooids. Two larger, proximolateral, curved autozooids complete the periancestrular region G autozooids from the colony growing margin with six or seven oral spines. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 50 µm (B–D); 200 µm (E–G).

Figure 6 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 6 Microporella ichnusae sp. nov. from the Iberian-Provençal Basin, NW Sardinia, Capo Caccia-Isola Piana MPA, Bisbe Cave, Holotype PMC. B30a. 20.11.2020 A colony portion with broken ovicells, autozooids showing evidences of reparation, and kenozooids with (white asterisk) and without (black asterisk) avicularia B autozooids with complete or broken ovicells C paired autozooids, seemingly repaired, one lacking avicularium D close-up of a colony portion with evidence of zooidal repair. Note the occluded orifice indicated by the partly protruding spines (see arrow) E group of zooids (two ovicellate), some with open or closed mandibles and one lacking an avicularium F close-up of two zooids. Owing to the absence of an ascopore, which is usually placed at the same level as the avicularium, the upper one is more likely to be a kenozooid equipped with an avicularium than an autozooid with obliterated orifice. Note also the different frontal shield texture of its proximal margin, likely due to ovicell resorption G close-up of an autozooid with sealed orifice (central zooid), and an orifice with a thin secondary rim, indicating intramural budding presumably as a result of predation. Scale bars: 500 µm (A); 200 µm (B–G).

Figure 4 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 4 Microporella ciliata (Pallas, 1766) from the Ionian Sea, Gulf of Noto, PMC Rosso-Collection I. H. B.85a A general view of the colony B autozooids at the colony margin showing distal and distolateral pore chamber windows C ovicellate autozooids D autozooid with the characteristic four, thin, oral spine bases. Note how commonly avicularia regenerate E close-up of the orifice showing a series of median denticles and two lateral condyles. Scale bars: 500 µm (A); 250 µm (B); 200 µm (C); 100 µm (D); 50 µm (E).

Figure 3 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 3 Microporella bicollaris sp. nov. from the Ionian Sea A, B, F Gulf of Taranto, Porto Cesareo MPA, sample PCE 10 Holotype, PMC. B29a. 20.11.2020 C, D SE Sicily, Plemmirio MPA, Mazzere cave, Paratype PMC. B29b2. 20.11.2020 E, G Gulf of Taranto, Porto Cesareo MPA, sample PCI 10, Paratype, PMC. B29b1. 20.11.2020 A two colonies nearly completely covering subsequent segments of the green alga Halimeda tunaB peripheral colony portion, showing the transition from the older autozooids (ovicellate, bottom right) to younger autozooids (non-ovicellate, top left) C group of autozooids, one with six oral spine bases (centre left) D close-up of two ovicellate zooids with the typical personate ovicell forming a collar bridge between the orifice and the ascopore E close-up of the orifice with five spine bases and smooth hinge-line with two rectangular condyles at corners F unbleached group of ovicellate autozooids with well-developed collars and avicularian mandibles G group of bleached autozooids, some ovicellate, fouled by algae. Note the collar developing from converging lateral lappets, the vizor-like band of gymnocystal calcification leaving visible the proximalmost pair of oral spines. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 500 µm (B, C, F); 200 µm (D, G); 100 µm (E).

Figure 10 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 10 Microporella verrucosa (Peach, 1868) from the Ionian Sea, Ciclopi Islands MPAA, BPMC. Rosso Collection I.H. B-17a C–FPMC. Rosso Collection I.H. B-17a1 A young colony showing the encrusting portion with ancestrula (arrow) and starting developing branch (top right) B partly overgrown ancestrula and periancestrular autozooids C growing tip of a distally enlarging branch D old (proximal) branch portion showing secondary calcification obliterating orifices, sometimes only frontal avicularia are still visible E transverse section of a branch showing the thick walls converging towards the centre of the branch F close-up of wedge-shaped polypide cavities visible in transverse section. Scale bars: 500 µm (A, B, D, E); 1 mm (C); 200 µm (F).