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Fig. 5. A–E in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 5. A–E. Lepidometopus platycephalus in the SEM. A. Epicortical scales (lepidosomes). B. Left side overview, showing the strongly flattened preoral dome (asterisk). C. Oblique posterior polar view, showing the globular postoral portion roofed by the cap-shaped preoral dome. D. Detail of oral area, showing the tongue-like paroral membrane and the adoral zone of polykinetids whose cilia spread backwards. The dome lip is very narrow while the side stripe forms a rather deep channel covered with epicortical scales. E. Ventrolateral view of oral body portion. The arrowhead marks entrance to buccal cavity. This cell lost lepidosomes during the preparation process. AC – adoral cilia; DL – dome lip; PD – preoral dome; PM – paroral membrane; PS – perizonal stripe; SC – somatic cilia; SS – side stripe. Scale bars: 1 µm (A), 5 µm (D, E), and 20 µm (B, C).

Fig. 6. A–J in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 6. A–J. Lepidometopus platycephalus, ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of early dividers (A–H) and of an early mid-divider (I, J) after protargol impregnation. Arrowheads mark the prospective adoral polykinetids formed at the posterior end of dorsal and dorsolateral kineties. Asterisks denote the prospective adoral polykinetids developing at the anterior end of the postoral kineties. Arrow in (I) points to two dorsolateral kineties which migrate towards the growing perizonal stripe to become perizonal rows 4' and 5' in the opisthe. BU – bulge; CV – contractile vacuole; MA – macronucleus; MI – dividing micronucleus; OAZP – opisthe's adoral zone of polykinetids; PAZP – proter's adoral zone of polykinetids; PM – paroral membrane; PPS – proter's perizonal stripe. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Fig. 7. A–F in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 7. A–F. Lepidometopus platycephalus, ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of mid-dividers after protargol impregnation. Asterisks denote scattered dikinetids of perizonal rows 1 and 2 that migrate along the new adoral zone to assemble the opisthe's paroral membrane. Arrows point to two dorsolateral kineties which migrate towards the opisthe's perizonal stripe to become rows 4' and 5'. Arrowheads mark newly formed ciliary rows left of opisthe's adoral zone. CH – chromosomes; F – fibres; MA – macronucleus; MI – micronucleus; OAZP – opisthe's adoral zone; OPM – opisthe's paroral membrane; PAZP – proter's adoral zone; PD – preoral dome; PPM – proter's paroral membrane; PS – perizonal stripe rows. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Fig. 4. A–J in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 4. A–J. Lepidometopus platycephalus in the SEM. A–E. Ventral (A), right side (B), dorsolateral (C, D), and left side (E) overview, showing general body organization. Opposed arrowheads mark the strongly flattened distal portion of the preoral dome (B, E); arrows denote left side cilia (B–D). F. Ventrolateral view, showing the paroral membrane and the perizonal stripe. G. Dorsolateral view, showing five perizonal rows. H. Epicortical scales. I, J. Only a single basal body is ciliated in the postoral dikinetids (I) except for the left side kineties where both basal bodies are ciliated (J). (1–5) – perizonal rows; AZP – adoral zone of polykinetids; PD – preoral dome; PM – paroral membrane; PS – perizonal stripe; SC – somatic cilia. Scale bars: 1 µm (H), 2 µm (G), 3 µm (F), 5 µm (I, J), and 20 µm (A–E).

Fig. 3. A–H in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 3. A–H. Lepidometopus platycephalus from life (A–D) and after silver carbonate impregnation (E–H). Asterisks mark the strongly flattened preoral dome (A–C, E). Opposed arrowheads denote cortex and epicortical scale layer (A, C, D). A, B, E. Ventro- (A, B) and dorsolateral (E) overviews, showing general body organization. C. Detail of anterior body portion. D. Detail of posterior body end, showing the single elongated caudal cilium. F. Lateral view, showing somatic ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. G, H. Dorsolateral views of anterior body portion, showing the oral ciliary pattern, the perizonal stripe, and the nuclear apparatus. AZP – adoral zone of polykinetids; CC – caudal cilium; CV – contractile vacuole; MA – macronucleus; MI – micronucleus; PM – paroral membrane; PS – perizonal stripe; SK – somatic kineties; SC – somatic cilia. Scale bars: 10 µm (C, G, H) and 20 µm (A, B, D–F).

Fig. 1 in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 1. Various views of semi-schematized anterior body portion of Lepidometopus. Opposed arrowheads mark the strongly flattened distal portion of the preoral dome. AZP – adoral zone of polykinetids (black); PS – perizonal stripe (grey); SS – side stripe.

Fig. 2. A–V in A Huge Diversity of Metopids (Ciliophora, Armophorea) in Soil from the Murray River Floodplain, Australia. II. Morphology and Morphogenesis of Lepidometopus platycephalus nov. gen., nov. spec.

Fig. 2. A–V. Lepidometopus platycephalus from life (A, D, F–I), after silver carbonate (B, C) and protargol (J–V) impregnation, and in the SEM (E). A. Ventrolateral view of a representative specimen, length 45 µm. Arrows denote left side cilia; arrowhead marks the distally tapered caudal cilium. B. The perizonal stripe is composed of five rows: the first three rows are arranged more closely than the two last rows whose dikinetids are slightly shifted, providing the stripe with a staggered appearance. C. The oral ciliature consists of an average of 11 adoral polykinetids and a paroral membrane optically intersecting the adoral zone. D. Optical section showing the epicortical layer. E. Epicortical scales have various shapes and are about 1.25 × 0.45 µm in size. F–I. Body perspectives. J, O–V. Variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus. Dashed line delimits the strongly flattened anterior body portion. Drawn to scale. K–N. Dorso- and ventrolateral views of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of the holotype (K, L) and of a paratype (M, N) specimen. AZP – adoral zone of polykinetids; CP – cytopharynx; CV – contractile vacuole; LE – lepidosomes; MA – macronucleus; MI – micronucleus; PD – preoral dome; PM – paroral membrane; PS (1–5) – perizonal stripe (rows); SC – somatic cilium; SK – somatic kineties. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Figs 5A–I in A Study on Resting Cysts of an Oxytrichid Soil Ciliate, Rigidohymena quadrinucleata (Dragesco and Njine, 1971) Berger, 2011 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), Including Notes on its Encystation and Excystation Process

Figs 5A–I. Rigidohymena quadrinucleata, resting cysts and excystants in the light microscope, the rare mode of excystation. A–E – the beginning of excystation with formation of excystation vacuole and the cyst wall ruptures under the pressure of excystant and excystation vacuole (circular area marks the individual protuberances that were separated from the cyst wall, arrowhead marks regenerating ciliature); F–I – during the rare excystation mode, the regenerating excystant breaks the transparent membrane first, inside the resting cyst. CW – cyst wall, EV – excystation vacuole, EX – excystant, MA – macronucleus, TM – transparent membrane, TS – transparent space. Scale bars: 30 μm.

Figs 1A–D in A Study on Resting Cysts of an Oxytrichid Soil Ciliate, Rigidohymena quadrinucleata (Dragesco and Njine, 1971) Berger, 2011 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), Including Notes on its Encystation and Excystation Process

Figs 1A–D. Rigidohymena quadrinucleata, trophic specimen and schematic illustrations of morphology of resting cysts. A – ventral view of a representative trophic specimen from the studied Slovak population; B – illustration of resting cyst based on transmission electron microscopy investigations; C, D – illustrations of young and mature resting cysts based on light microscopy investigations. 1–6 – six fronto-ventral-transverse cirral rows, AV – autophagic vacuole, AZM – adoral zone of membranelles, CC – caudal cirri, CS – "curious structures", CV – contractile vacuole, CX – cortex, EC – ectocyst, EM – endoral membrane, EN – endocyst, FV – food vacuole, LMR – left marginal cirral row, M – mitochondria, MA – macronucleus, MC – mesocyst, MI – micronucleus, MT – metacyst, PM – paroral membrane, RMR – right marginal cirral rows, SP – spine-like protuberances, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 25 µm (A); 5 µm (B); 25 µm (C, D).

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Fig. 5 in A New Marine Cyrtophorid Ciliate, Dysteria nabia nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Phyllopharyngea: Cyrtophorida: Dysteriidae), from South Korea

Fig. 5. Maximum likelihood tree based on SSU RNA gene sequences, showing the position of Dysteria nabia nov. spec (bold font). Numbers at the nodes represent the Bayesian posterior probability value and the bootstrap values from maximum likelihood. Solid circles represent full support in both algorithms.

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Figs 4A–O in A New Marine Cyrtophorid Ciliate, Dysteria nabia nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Phyllopharyngea: Cyrtophorida: Dysteriidae), from South Korea

Figs 4A–O. Morphology and infraciliature of Dysteria nabia nov. spec. and closely related Dysteria species. A, B – D. nabia nov. spec. from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B); C–D – D. ovalis (Gourret and Roeser, 1886) Kahl, 1931 (C, from Fauré-Fremiet 1965; D, from Kahl 1931); E–F – D. pectinata (Nowlin, 1913) Kahl, 1931 (from Gong et al. 2007); G–H – D. procera Kahl, 1931 (from Gong and Song 2003); I–J – D. proraefrons Clark, 1865 (from Pan et al. 2011); K – D. angustata (Claparede & Lachmann, 1858) (from Kahl 1931); L – D. meridionalis Dragesco, 1965 (from Dragesco 1966); M – D. astyla (Maskell, 1877) (from Kahl 1931); N – D. reesi Kahl, 1931 (from Kahl 1931); O – D. sulcata Claparede & Lachmann, 1858 (from Kahl 1931). Scale bars: 40 μm (A–B, I–J), 30 μm (E), 50 μm (G, L).

Figs 10 A–C. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 10 A–C. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A – venral view of a very late divider showing infraciliature and parental cirri (arrows); B, C – ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the proter just after division showing infraciliature and nuclear apparatus, parental cirri (arrows) and newly formed caudal cirri (arrowheads). 1, 5, 6 – dorsal kinety 1, 5, 6, E – endoral membrane, LMR – left marginal row, P – paroral membrane, RMR – right marginal row. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 4A–D. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 4A–D. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A – ventral view of a representative specimen showing infraciliature and macronuclear nodules (arrows); B – ventral view of cell with two pretransverse ventral cirri (arrows), one additional ventral cirrus (doublearrowhead), and three frontal cirri (arrowheads); C – ventral view of cell, showing infraciliature, macronuclear nodules and micronuclei (arrows), buccal cirrus (arrowhead), and distal end of adoral zone (double-arrowhead); D – anterior part of specimen in dorsal view, showing dorsal kineties. AZM – adoral zone of membranelles, CC – caudal cirri, E – endoral membrane, FVC – frontoventral cirri, 1–6 – dorsal kinety 1–6, LMR – left marginal row, P – paroral membrane, PTVC– pretransverse ventral cirri, PVC– postoral ventral cirri, RMR – right marginal row, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 9A–H. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 9A–H. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A – ventral view of middle part of an early divider, showing oral primordium; B, C – ventral view of proter (B) and opisthe (C) of the same middle divider, showing the formation of frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen in proter and opisthe, and anlagen of marginal rows (arrows), and dedifferentiation of anterior end of undulating membranes (arrowhead); D – ventral infraciliature of a proter of a middle divider, showing frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen beginning to organize into new cirri from anterior (arrows) and a small anlage separating from anterior right end of undulating membranes anlagen (arrowhead); E – part of a middle divider in dorsal view, showing fused macronuclear mass (arrow); F – ventral infraciliature of the same divider as in E, showing development of anlagen of the leftmost frontal cirrus (arrowheads), and frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen (arrows); G – ventral infraciliature of a middle-late divider, showing frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen segregating into new cirri (arrows), the anlage of the leftmost frontal cirrus separating from undulating membrane anlagen (arrowheads), and fused macronuclear mass; H – ventral infraciliature of a late divider, showing the formation of anlagen of dorsomarginal kineties at anterior right end of right marginal rows anlagen (arrows) and anterior part of newly formed adoral zone of membranelles curving to right in the opisthe, frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen II – VI segregating into 3, 3, 3, 4 and 4 cirri, the leftmost frontal cirrus originated from undulating membranes anlagen (arrowheads). DKA – dorsal kinety anlage, LMA – anlage of left marginal row, OP – oral primordium, RMA – anlagen of right marginal row. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 6A–D. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A, B in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 6A–D. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A, B – ventral (A) and dorsal (B) infraciliature of the same very late divider, showing parental cirri (arrows) and newly formed caudal cirri at posterior ends of first, second and fourth dorsal kineties (arrowheads); C, D – ventral (C) and dorsal (D) infraciliature of the proter just after division showing two macronuclear nodules, one micronucleus, parental cirri (arrows), and newly formed caudal cirri at the posterior ends of first, second and fourth dorsal kineties (arrowheads). 1–6 – dorsal kinety 1–6, LMR – left marginal row, Ma – macronuclear nodule, Mi – micronucleus, RMR – right marginal row. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 8A–M. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 8A–M. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A – ventral view of a representative specimen showing infraciliature; B – plumper cell showing pharyngeal fibers (arrowhead), macronuclear nodules, and micronuclei (arrows); C, L – ventral infraciliature of the same cell with additional ventral cirrus (arrow); D –ventral view of middle part of a specimen with 4 postoral ventral cirri; E – anterior part of the same cell as in A, showing hooked anterior end of paroral membrane (arrow) and three enlarged frontal cirri (arrowheads); F, G – the same individual showing ventral ciliature and ingested ciliate (arrow, Aspidisca sp.); H – details of buccal apparatus showing endoral membrane and the structure of adoral membranelles; I – macronuclear nodules composed of many small nucleoi and micronuclei (arrows); J, M – ventral view of anterior part of cell, showing cirri associated with fibers; K – ventral view of posterior part of cell, showing left and right marginal rows terminating respectively at posterior end and at level of right transverse cirrus (arrows), and caudal cirri (arrowheads). AZM – adoral zone of membranelles; E – endoral membrane, LMR – left marginal row, Ma – macronuclear nodule, P – paroral membrane, RMR – right marginal row, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 3A–Q. Apoamphisiella tihanyiensis after protargol impregnation. A in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 3A–Q. Apoamphisiella tihanyiensis after protargol impregnation. A – ventral view of specimen with two frontal cirri, showing micronuclei (arrows) and caudal cirri (arrowhead); B – right lateral view showing several parental cirri (arrow); C – ventral view of a specimen with two additional ventral cirri ahead of transverse cirri; D, F – ventral view of anterior part of an individual with two frontoventral cirri; E, G – ventral view of anterior part of a cell with three frontoventral and two postoral ventral cirri (arrowheads); H – ventral view of cell with several parental cirri (arrow), and single postoral ventral cirrus (arrowhead); I – ventral view of middle part of cell, showing oral primordium; J – ventral view of a cell just after division, showing anteriorly placed postoral ventral cirrus (arrow); K – dorsal view of a cell, showing dorsal kineties and macronuclear nodules; L – ventral view of posterior part of specimen with four transverse cirri; M – ventral view of middle part of cell, showing cirri associated with fibres; N – ventral view of middle part of a cell, showing single postoral ventral cirrus (arrow) and parental cirri (arrowhead); O – dorsal view of anterior part of a cell, showing dorsal kineties and associated cortical granules; P, Q – ventral views of posterior part of cell, showing caudal cirri (arrows). DK – dorsal kinety, E – endoral membrane, FC – frontal cirri, Ma – macronuclear nodule, Mi – micronucleus, P – paroral membrane, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 2A–H. Apoamphisiella tihanyiensis from life. A, B in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 2A–H. Apoamphisiella tihanyiensis from life. A, B – ventral view of different cells; C – a contracted cell, showing contractile vacuole; D – part of cell in dorsal view, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canals (arrow); E, F – ventral views of anterior (E) and posterior (F) parts of the same cell, showing arrangement of cortical granules; G – plumper individual, showing cortical granules (arrowheads) and macronuclear nodules; H – part of cell in dorsal view showing spherical contractile vacuole and arrangement of cortical granules. CV – contractile vacuole, FC – frontal cirri, Ma – macronuclear nodule, RMR – right marginal row, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 60 μm.

Figs 1A–L in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 1A–L. Apoamphisiella tihanyiensis from life (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–L). A – ventral view of a representative individual; B – arrangement of cortical granules on ventral side; C – shape of contractile vacuole; D – arrangement of cortical granules on dorsal side; E – posterior part of cell in ventral view, showing 2 pretransverse ventral cirri (arrowheads) and two additional ventral cirri ahead of transverse cirri (arrows); F – posterior part of cell in ventral view, showing 2 pretransverse ventral cirri (encircled by broken line) and caudal cirri (arrows); G, H – ventral (G) and dorsal (H) infraciliature of the same specimen, showing single postoral ventral cirrus (arrow in G), caudal cirri at the posterior end of dorsal kinety 4 (arrow in H), and frontal cirri (arrowheads in G); I – anterior half of cell in ventral view, showing single postoral ventral cirrus (arrow) and several parental ventral cirri (arrowhead); J – part of ventral infraciliature, showing micronuclei (arrows), frontoventral cirri (arrowheads), 2 postoral ventral cirri (double-arrowhead), and several parental ventral cirri (connected by broken line); K, L – ventral (K) and dorsal (L) infraciliature of the same specimen, showing caudal cirri (arrows in K), macronuclear nodules (arrows in L), frontal cirri (arrowheads in K), and micronuclei (arrowheads in L). 1–6 – dorsal kinety 1–6, AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC – buccal cirrus, CR – cirral row, DB – dorsal bristle, E – endoral membrane, FVC – frontoventral cirri, FVR – frontoventral row, LMR – left marginal row, Ma – macronuclear nodule, P – paroral membrane, RMR – right marginal row, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 80 μm (A), 40 μm (I, G, H, J–L), 20 μm (E, F).

Figs 4A–F in Morphology of Two Novel Species of Chaenea (Ciliophora, Litostomatea): Chaenea paucistriata spec. nov. and C. sinica spec. nov.

Figs 4A–F. Chaenea sinica spec. nov. in vivo (A, C) and after protargol staining (B, D–F). A – typical extended individual; B – detail of anterior part of dorsal ciliary pattern; C – contracted individual; D, E – overview of ciliary pattern of ventral (D) and dorsal (E) side; F – distribution of macronuclei, extrusomes, and nematodesmata. B1–4 – dorsal brush rows 1–4, CK – circumoral kinety, CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusome, Ma – macronuclei, N – nematodesmata, SK – somatic kinety. Scales bars: 50 µm.