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176 results for “Diversification pattern”
Data from: Out of the Andes: patterns of diversification in clearwing butterflies
Global biodiversity peaks in the tropical forests of the Andes, a striking geological feature that has likely been instrumental in generating biodiversity by providing opportunities for both vicariant and ecological speciation. However, the role of these mountains in the diversification of insects, which dominate biodiversity, has been poorly explored using phylogenetic methods. Here we study the role of the Andes in the evolution of a diverse Neotropical insect group, the clearwing butterflies. We used dated species-level phylogenies to investigate the time-course of speciation and to infer ancestral elevation ranges for two diverse genera. We show that both genera likely originated at middle elevations in the Andes in the Middle Miocene, contrasting with most published results in vertebrates that point to a lowland origin. Although we detected a signature of vicariance caused by the uplift of the Andes at the Miocene-Pliocene boundary, most sister species were parapatric without any obvious vicariant barrier. Combined with an overall decelerating speciation rate, these results suggest an important role for ecological speciation and adaptive radiation, rather than simple vicariance.
Data from: Multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in Asian Wolf Snakes (genus Lycodon)
The diverse group of Asian Wolf Snakes of the genus Lycodon represents one of many poorly understood radiations of advanced snakes in the superfamily Colubroidea. Outside of three species having previously been represented in higher-level phylogenetic analyses, nothing is known of the relationships among species in this unique, moderately diverse, group. The genus occurs widely from central to southeast Asia, with a variety of range sizes from widespread forms to those that are endmic to small islands. One-third of the diversity is found in the Philippine archipelago. Both morphological similarity and highly variable diagnostic characters have contributed to confusion over species-level diversity. Additionally, the placement of the genus among genera in the subfamily Colubrinae remains uncertain, although previous studies have supported a close relationship with the genus Dinodon. In this study we provide the first estimate of phylogenetic relationships within the genus Lycodon using a multi-locus dataset. We provide statistical tests of monophyly based on biogeographic, morphological, and taxonomic hypotheses. With few exceptions, we are able to reject many of these hypotheses, indicating a need for taxonomic revisions. Mapping of color patterns on our preferred phylogenetic tree suggests that banded and blotched morphotypes have evolved on multiple occasions in the history of the genus, whereas the solid-color (and possibly speckled) morphotype evolved only once. Our results reveal that the colubrid genus Dinodon is nested within Lycodon—a clear finding that necessitates the placing of the former genus in synonymy with the latter.
FIGURE 4 in Neotropical Blepolenis butterflies: wing pattern elements, phylogeny, and Pleistocene diversification (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 4. Identification of dorsal (grey letters overlaying photographs) and ventral (color coded on separate diagrams) wing pattern elements for four brassoline species. The phylogeny on the left is based on Penz (2007) and results of this study, with Opsiphanes left unresolved. A, Mielkella singularis male; Mexico, Chiapas. B, Orobrassolis ornamentalis male; Brazil, São Paulo, Umuarama [Campos do Jordão]. C, Blepolenis bassus male; Brazil [no other data]. D, Opsiphanes sallei male; Peru, Huanoabamba.
FIGURE 1 in Neotropical Blepolenis butterflies: wing pattern elements, phylogeny, and Pleistocene diversification (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 1. Adult Blepolenis butterflies of both sexes in dorsal (D) and ventral (V) views, including dissection or collection numbers as listed in Appendix 1. A, Blepolenis bassus male D&V, Brazil, 08-41. B, B. bassus female D&V, São Bento [do Sul], [Rio Grande do Sul], 01-32. C, B. bassus female D, Campos do Jordão-Lagoinha, [São Paulo] MZSP 13714. D, B. bassus male D, Murtinho, E. Parana, MZSP 13711. E, B. batea male D&V, Santa Catarina, 08-38. F, B. batea female D&V, Santa Catarina. G, B. batea male D&V, Itatiba, São Paulo, MZSP 13719. H, B. batea male D, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 06-15. I, B. batea male D, Porto Alegre, MZSP 13709. J, B. batea male D, S. Paulo, 09-04, MZSP 13718. K, B. batea male D, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, 01-33. L, B. catharinae male D, no locality, specimen from the Fruhstorfer Collection, B.M.[N.H.] 1937-285. M, B. catharinae male D&V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. N, B. catharinae female D&V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. O, B. catharinae male D, no locality, 09-15, MZSP 13710. P, B. catharinae male V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina.
FIGURE 2 in Neotropical Blepolenis butterflies: wing pattern elements, phylogeny, and Pleistocene diversification (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 2. Blepolenis male and female genitalia, including dissection numbers as listed in Appendix 1. Male genitalia is illustrated in lateral and ventral views (setae omitted from right side of figure to emphasize the shape), an outline of the tegumen is given in dorsal view, and outlines of the distal portion of the valva in lateral view show the variation in the dorsal, subterminal spines. The ventral view of female sterigma includes most, but not all the length of the lateral arms. All drawings in the same scale except for corpus bursa; scale bars 1 mm, appearing under A and C. A, Blepolenis bassus male, Murtinho, Paraná, 09-14. B, B. bassus male valvae, top figure is the left valva of the specimen in A; bottom left, Brazil, 01-31; bottom right, Brazil, 08- 41. C, B. bassus female (the irregular signa are an artifact of preparation), São Bento [do Sul], [Rio Grande do Sul], 01-32. D, B. batea male, Serra do Caraça, Minas Gerais, 09-05. E, B. batea male valvae, top to bottom, left to right: Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, 01-33; S. Paulo, 09-04; Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 06-15; Nova Teutônia, Santa Catarina, 08-42. F, B. batea female, Santa Catarina, 06-16. G, B. catharinae male, Lagoa do Peri, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 09-01. H, no data, 09-15. I, Lagoa do Peri, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 09-02.
FIGURE 5 in Neotropical Blepolenis butterflies: wing pattern elements, phylogeny, and Pleistocene diversification (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 5. Diagram of the wing venation of Opsiphanes and Blepolenis. A, O. cassiae cassia (Linnaeus) male, annotated from Stichel (1909) showing terminology in German used by workers of that time, including the original description of Blepolenis by Röber (1906). B, B. batea male, vein thickness not to scale, labeled using the Comstock-Needham terminology. Scale bar refers to B only.
FIGURE 3 in Neotropical Blepolenis butterflies: wing pattern elements, phylogeny, and Pleistocene diversification (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 3. Bayesian inference of phylogeny and times of divergence. Numbers above branches are posterior probabilities of the nodes to the right of the number (see Methods), and selected color and morphological character changes are listed below branches (see text for description). Time periods are given above (epoch names) and below (millions of years) the phylogeny. The grey bars overlapping with tree branches represent confidence intervals for estimated divergence times.
All about being old and shooting hairs: Clade age and urticating hair explain the patterns of diversification in tarantulas
<p>The extreme asymmetry of species richness distribution across the tree of life has always intrigued evolutionary biologists. Two competing explanations have been proposed to explain this pattern—the clade age hypothesis and diversification rate variation. While these two scenarios may not be mutually exclusive, to what extent time and diversification rates interact to explain species richness patterns remains understudied. Here, we investigate the relative influence of these two scenarios using tarantulas (Family: Theraphosidae) as a model. Tarantulas represent a speciose group of spiders found worldwide but exceptionally diverse in South America. These spiders show two distinct patterns of microhabitat use (ground-dwelling or arboreal) and defence strategies (presence or absence of urticating hairs). Using various trait-independent and dependent diversification models, we test the clade age hypothesis, the role of microhabitat, antipredator defence strategy and geography in influencing diversification rates. Our results suggest that clade age is the primary predictor of species richness distribution across the tarantula subfamilies. However, the presence of urticating hair probably disrupted this pattern in some clades by increasing the net diversification rates, not by increasing the speciation rate but by reducing the extinction rate.</p>
Fig. 7 in Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story
Fig. 7. Wing size differences between Palearctic, Eastern Nearctic, and Western Nearctic specimens of Bombus flavidus assessed by comparing centroid size. Box plots show the median and 25–75% percentiles. Whiskers show all data excluding outliers. Outliers (dots) are values being more than 1.5 times box length from upper and lower edge of respective box. The different letters indicate significant differences in centroid size between populations (type one ANOVA,Tukey's HSD test, P <0.05).
Fig. 3 in Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story
Fig. 3. Bayesian general mixed Yule-coalescent model (bGMYC) results based on COI phylogenetic tree. The colored matrix corresponds to the pairwise probabilities of conspecificity (color scale below the figure).
Fig. 2 in Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story
Fig. 2. Relationships of Bombus flavidus lineages inferred with cytochrome oxidase I (COI). (A) Haplotype network for the sequenced individuals, highlighting the connections between the haplotypes shown on the map (right). (B) Bayesian tree of B. flavidus and related species. Clade support values are Bayesian posterior probabilities.The right zoomed-in part of the figure highlights population structure. (C) Visualization of the major haplotypes mapped at their respective geographical locations.
Fig. 5 in Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story
Fig. 5. Dendrogram based on cephalic labial gland secretions of Bombus flavidus with represented Eastern Nearctic (purple) and Palearctic + western Nearctic (green) lineages. This cluster was obtained by hierarchical clustering using an unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) based on correlation distance matrices calculated from the relative abundance of the compounds present in cephalic labial gland secretions (CLGS).The values near nodes represent multiscale bootstrap resampling values. Multiple response permutation procedure (MRPP) indicates level of CLGS differentiation between taxa.
Fig. 1 in Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story
Fig. 1. Global distribution of Bombus flavidus (Palearctic) and Bombus fernaldae (Nearctic). Distributional ranges are approximated based on literature records (Williams et al. 2014; Ascher and Pickering 2020) and thus are not meant to be accurate at a fine scale.
Fig. 9 in Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story
Fig. 9. Geographic distribution of B. flavidus color patterns in Oregon. (A) Average percent of individual yellow pile; (B) boxplots comparing total body pile percent yellow between individuals from Western and Eastern localities.The asterisks indicate a significant different between boxplots (unpaired two-tailed t-test, ***P <0.0001).
Fig. 4 in Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story
Fig. 4. Median-joining network of haplotypes based on nuclear genes ITS and PEPCK. Circle sizes are proportional to frequencies of haplotypes. Colors of haplotypes refer to geographic areas (Fig. 3). Black bars on lines represent the number of mutation(s) between two close haplotypes. Black circles are outgroups (B. skorikovi and B. norvegicus).
Fig. 6 in Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story
Fig. 6. (A) Ordination of individuals of Bombus flavidus along the first two principal components (PCA1 and PCA2) of the principal components analysis of the landmark configuration variability. (B) Ordination of individuals of Bombus flavidus along the two first axes (LDA1 and LDA2) of the linear discriminant analysis of the landmark configuration variability.
Fig. 8 in Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story
Fig. 8. Global distribution of color patterns of Bombus flavidus. The extremes and intermediates of color observed are shown for each region. Color patterns with asterisks (Scandinavia) were extracted from LØken (1985).
Fig. 7 in Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of South American Physaria (Brassicaceae) through the general concept of species
Fig. 7 Climatic niche comparisons along the environmental space using hypervolumes for delimited lineages of South American Physamia. (a–c) Hypervolumes (point density and alpha-hull contour boundary) for delimited lineages of South American Physamia representing their climatic niches, and estimated using the values extracted from the components of the PCA-env (first three components). (a) PCenv1 vs PCenv2. (b) PCenv1 vs PCenv3. (c) PCenv2 vs PCenv3. (d) Phylomorphospace plot showing niche position between delimited lineages obtained using centroid distances between each pair of hypervolumes and multidimensional scaling
Fig. 4 in Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of South American Physaria (Brassicaceae) through the general concept of species
Fig. 4 Phylogenetic placement of sampled specimens of South American Physamia. (a–c) Maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree generated by Bayesian inference with BEAST 1.8.4. (a) nrITS dataset. (b) cpDNA dataset (tmnL-F/tmnH-psbA/tmnG intron/tmnS-tmnG). (c) Concatenated ITS + cpDNA datasets. (d) MCC tree estimated from ITS and cpDNA datasets using the multispecies coalescent method implemented in *BEAST v.1.8.4. The small circles on nodes indicate posterior probability (pp): black circles pp≥0.9, gray circles 0.9>pp≥0.7, white circles
Fig. 1 in Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of South American Physaria (Brassicaceae) through the general concept of species
Fig. 1 Representatives of South American Physamia. a–c P. cmassistigma. a Plant with flowers. b Plant with fruits. c Detail of fruits. d–e P. latemalis. d Plant with flowers and fruits. e Detail of fruits. f–g P. mendocina. f Plant with flowers. g Plant with fruits. h–i P. pygmaea. h Plant with flowers and fruits. i Details of fruits. j–l P. umbaniana. j Plant with flowers. k Plant with fruits. l Detail of fruits. a–c from Salamiato et al.
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