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1,161 results for “Drosophila melanogaster”
Data from: Distinct cold tolerance traits independently vary across genotypes in Drosophila melanogaster
The ability to cope with low temperature is a critical adaptation in thermally variable environments. Cold hardiness is comprised of several traits, including minimum temperatures for growth and activity, ability to survive severe cold, and ability to recover normal function after cold subsides. Across species, these traits are correlated and share physiological mechanisms, suggesting they were shaped by shared evolutionary processes. However, the extent cold hardiness traits and their associated mechanisms covary within populations has not been assessed. We measured five cold hardiness traits – critical thermal minimum (CTmin), chill coma recovery (CCR), acute and chronic cold tolerance, and cold-induced changes in locomotor behavior – along with cold-induced expression of two genes with known roles in cold hardiness (<i>Heat Shock Protein 70</i> and <i>Frost</i>) – across 12 lines of <i>D. melanogaster</i> derived from a single population. We observed significant genetic variation in all traits, but few correlated across genotypes, and these correlations were sex-dependent. Further, cold-induced gene expression varied by genotype, but there was no evidence supporting our hypothesis that cold-hardy lines would have either higher baseline expression or induction of stress genes. These results suggest cold hardiness traits possess unique mechanisms and may have the capacity to evolve independently.
Spatial environmental complexity mediates sexual conflict and sexual selection in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Sexual selection is an important agent of evolutionary change, but the strength and direction of selection often vary over space and time. One potential source of heterogeneity may lie in the opportunity for male–male and/or male–female interactions imposed by the spatial environment. It has been suggested that increased spatial complexity permits sexual selection to act in a complementary fashion with natural selection (hastening the loss of deleterious alleles and/or promoting the spread of beneficial alleles) via two (not mutually exclusive) pathways. In the first scenario, sexual selection potentially acts more strongly on males in complex environments, allowing males of greater genetic "quality" a greater chance of outcompeting rivals, with benefits manifested indirectly in offspring. In the second scenario, increased spatial complexity reduces opportunities for males to antagonistically harm females, allowing females (especially those of greater potential fecundities) to achieve greater reproductive success (direct fitness benefits). Here, using <i>Drosophila melanogaster </i>, we explore the importance of these mechanisms by measuring direct and indirect fitness of females housed in simple vial environments or in vials in which spatial complexity has been increased. We find strong evidence in favor of the female conflict‐mediated pathway as individuals in complex environments remated less frequently and produced more offspring than those housed in a simpler spatial environment, but no difference in the fitness of sons or daughters. We discuss these results in the context of other recent studies and what they mean for our understanding of how sexual selection operates.</p>
Data from: Evolutionary trade-offs of insecticide resistance – the fitness costs associated with target-site mutations in the nAChR of Drosophila melanogaster
<p>The evolution of resistance to drugs and pesticides poses a major threat to human health and food security. Neonicotinoids are highly effective insecticides used to control agricultural pests. They target the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and mutations of the receptor that confer resistance have been slow to develop, with only one field-evolved mutation being reported to date. This is an arginine to threonine substitution at position 81 of the nAChR_β1 subunit in neonicotinoid resistant aphids. To validate the role of R81T in neonicotinoid resistance and to test whether it may confer any significant fitness costs to insects, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to introduce an analogous mutation in the genome of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Flies carrying R81T showed an increased tolerance (resistance) to neonicotinoid insecticides, accompanied by a significant reduction in fitness. In comparison, flies carrying a deletion of the whole nAChR_α<em>6</em> subunit, the target-site of spinosyns, showed an increased tolerance to this class of insecticides but presented almost no fitness deficits.</p>
Low levels of genetic differentiation with isolation by geography and environment in populations of Drosophila melanogaster from across China
<p>The fruit fly <i>Drosophila</i> <i>melanogaster</i> is a model species in evolutionary studies. However, the population processes of this species in East Asia are poorly studied, even though this area was one of the first regions colonized outside of its native distribution range. Here we examined the population genetic structure of <i>D.</i> <i>melanogaster</i> across China. There were 14 mitochondrial haplotypes with ten unique ones out of 23 known from around the globe. Pairwise F<sub>ST</sub> values estimated from 15 novel microsatellites ranged from 0 to 0.11, with geographically isolated populations showing the highest level of genetic uniqueness. STRUCTURE analysis identified high levels of admixture at both the individual and population levels. Mantel tests indicated a strong association between genetic distance and geographical distance as well as environmental distance. Full RDA analysis showed that independent effects of environmental conditions and geography accounted for 62.10% and 31.58% of the total explained genetic variance, respectively. When geographic variables were constrained in a partial RDA analysis, three environmental variables of bio2 (mean diurnal air temperature range), bio13 (precipitation of the wettest month), and bio15 (precipitation seasonality) were correlated with genetic distance. Our study suggests that a high level of gene flow, geographical isolation, and environmental factors have together shaped the population genetic structure of <i>D.</i> <i>melanogaster</i> after its introduction into China.</p>
How female × male and male × male interactions influence competitive fertilization in Drosophila melanogaster
How males and females contribute to joint reproductive success has been a long-standing question in sexual selection. Under postcopulatory sexual selection (PSS), paternity success is predicted to derive from complex interactions among females engaging in cryptic female choice and males engaging in sperm competition. Such interactions have been identified as potential sources of genetic variation in sexually selected traits but are also expected to inhibit trait diversification. To date, studies of interactions between females and competing males have focused almost exclusively on genotypes and not phenotypic variation in sexually selected traits. Here, we characterize within- and between-sex interactions in Drosophila melanogaster using isogenic lines with heritable variation in both male and female traits known to influence competitive fertilization. We confirmed, and expanded on, previously reported genotypic interactions within and between the sexes, and showed that several reproductive events, including sperm transfer, female sperm ejection and sperm storage, were explained by two- and three-way interactions among sex-specific phenotypes. We also documented complex interactions between the lengths of competing males' sperm and the female seminal receptacle, which are known to have experienced rapid female-male co-diversification. Our results highlight the non-independence of sperm competition and cryptic female choice and demonstrate that complex interactions between the sexes do not limit the ability of multivariate systems to respond to directional sexual selection.
Quantifying selection on standard metabolic rate and body mass in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Standard metabolic rate (SMR), defined as the minimal energy expenditure required for self-maintenance, is a key physiological trait. Few studies have estimated its relationship with fitness, most notably in insects. This is presumably due to the difficulty of measuring SMR in a large number of very small individuals. Using high-throughput flow-through respirometry and a <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> laboratory population adapted to a life-cycle that facilitates fitness measures, we quantified SMR, body mass, and fitness in 515 female and 522 male adults. We used a novel multivariate approach to estimate linear and non-linear selection differentials and gradients from the variance-covariance matrix of fitness, SMR, and body mass, allowing traits specific covariates to be accommodated within a single model. In males, linear selection differentials for mass and SMR were positive and individually significant. Selection gradients were also positive but, despite substantial sample sizes, were non-significant due to increased uncertainty given strong SMR-mass collinearity. In females, only nonlinear selection was detected and it appeared to act primarily on body size, although the individual gradients were again non-significant. Selection did not differ significantly between sexes although differences in the fitness surfaces suggest sex-specific selection as an important topic for further study.</p>
On the use of private versus social information in oviposition site choice decisions by Drosophila melanogaster females
<p>Individuals are faced with decisions throughout their lifetimes, and the choices they make often have important consequences towards their fitness. Being able to discern which available option is best to pursue often incurs sampling costs, which may be largely avoided by copying the behaviour and decisions of others. Although social learning and copying behaviours are widespread, much remains unknown about how effective and adaptive copying behaviour is, as well as the factors that underlie its expression. Recently, it has been suggested that since female fruit flies (<i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>) appear to rely heavily on public information when selecting oviposition sites, they are a promising model system for researching patch-choice copying, and more generally, the mechanisms that control decision-making. Here, we set out to determine how well female distinguish between socially-produced cues, and whether females are using 'relevant' signals when choosing an oviposition site. We found that females showed a strong preference for ovipositing on media patches that had been previously occupied by ovipositing females of the same species and diet over other female outgroups. However, in a separate assay, we observed that females favoured ovipositing on media patches that previously housed virgin males over those exhibiting alternative conspecific signals. Our results confirm that females use cues left behind by other flies when choosing between potential oviposition sites, though their prioritization of these signals raises serious questions as to whether fruit flies are employing copying behaviour, or are instead responding to signals that may not be of relevance to oviposition site suitability.</p>
VCF file for a population of Drosophila melanogaster
<p>This file is the set of single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion/deletions in a population of Drosophila melanoagaster. The zipped file is in a simple text file. This VCF file is part of the following larger body of work: <strong>Patterns of genetic regulation of expression variation in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster provide evidence for buffering and GRN robustness</strong></p>
Data from: The effect of operational sex ratio and density on the strength of sexual selection against mutant males in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Higher male:female operational sex ratio (OSR) is often assumed to lead to stronger sexual selection on males. Yet, this premise has been directly tested by very few studies, with mixed outcomes. We investigated how OSR affects the strength of sexual selection against two deleterious alleles, a natural <em>ebony</em> mutant and a transgenic <em>GFP</em> insertion, in <em>Drosophila melanogaster. </em>To this end, we estimated the relative paternity share of homozygous mutant males competing against wildtype males under different OSRs (1:2, 1:1, 2:1). We also manipulated the mating pool density (18, 36 or 54 individuals), and assessed paternity over three consecutive days, during which the nature of sexual interaction changed. The strength of sexual selection against the <em>ebony</em> mutant increased with OSR, became weaker after the first day and was little affected by density. In contrast, sexual selection against the <em>GFP</em> transgene was markedly affected by density: at the highest density it increased with OSR, but at lower densities it was strongest at 1:1 OSR, remaining strong throughout the experiment. Thus, while OSR can strongly affect the strength of sexual selection against "bad genes", it does not necessarily increase monotonically with male:female OSR. Furthermore, the pattern of relationship between OSR and the strength of sexual selection can be locus-specific, likely reflecting the specific phenotypic effects of the mutation.</p>
Data from: Geographic and seasonal variation of the for gene reveal signatures of local adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>In the early 1980s, the observation that <em>Drosophila melanogaster </em>larvae differed in their foraging behavior laid the foundation for the work that would later lead to the discovery of the foraging gene (<em>for</em>) and its associated foraging phenotypes, rover and sitter. Since then, the molecular characterization of the <em>for</em> gene and our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain its phenotypic variants in the laboratory have progressed enormously. However, the significance and dynamics of such variation are yet to be investigated in nature. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, it is now possible to identify loci underlying adaptation of populations in response to environmental variation. Here, I present results of a genotype-environment association analysis that quantifies variation at the <em>for</em> gene among samples of <em>D. melanogaster</em> structured across space and time. These samples consist of published genomes of adult flies collected worldwide, and at least twice per site of collection (during spring and fall). Both an analysis of genetic differentiation based on Fst values, and an analysis of population structure revealed an east-west gradient in allele frequency. This gradient may be the result of spatially varying selection driven by the seasonality of precipitation. These results support the hypothesis that different patterns of gene flow as expected under models of isolation by distance and potentially isolation by environment are driving genetic differentiation among populations. Overall, this study is essential for understanding the mechanisms underlying the evolution of foraging behavior in <em>D. melanogaster</em>.</p>
Drosophila melanogaster wounding in the wild
<p>Wounding occurs across multicellular organisms, and it can result from intra- and interspecific interactions. Depending upon the severity, wounds could affect host mobility and reproduction, with ecological consequences, e.g., on competitive interactions and predator-prey dynamics. Wounds are also entry points for pathogens, and infections may in turn reduce host fitness. An immune response is activated upon wounding, which results in the deposition of the brown-black pigment melanin in insects. Despite the abundance of immunity studies in the lab and the potential ecological and evolutionary implications of wounding, the prevalence of wounding in wild-collected insects is rarely systematically explored. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence and potential causes of wounds in a wild-collected insect. For this we chose flies from the Drosophilidae family, a group of abundant insects in the wild that includes the frequently used lab model <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>. From systematic collections of female and male flies over three seasons and locations, we found that 31% of <em>D. melanogaster</em> were wounded or damaged in some way. The abdomen was more frequently wounded than other body parts, and females were more likely to have melanised patches particularly on the ventral abdomen, compared to males. Encapsulated parasitoid egg frequency was just under ten percent. Moreover, just under one percent of Drosophilidae species had mites attached to their body, the majority of which also caused wounds. Wounding is prevalent in <em>D. melanogaster</em>, and as such it is likely to exert selection pressure on host immunity for two reasons: on a rapid and efficient wound repair, and on responding efficiently to opportunistic infections. Wounding is thus expected to be an important driver of immune system evolution and to affect individual fitness and population dynamics.</p>
Diet-induced plasticity of life-history traits and gene expression in outbred Drosophila melanogaster population
<p>Food is fundamental for the survival of organisms, governing growth, maintenance, and reproduction through the provision of essential macronutrients. However, access to food with optimum macronutrient composition, which will maximize the evolutionary fitness of an organism, is not always guaranteed. This leads to dietary mismatches with potential impacts on organismal performance. To understand the consequences of such dietary mismatches, we examined the effects of isocaloric diets varying in macronutrient composition on eight key organismal traits spanning across the lifespan of a large outbred <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> population (n ~ 2500). Our findings reveal that carbohydrate-reduced isocaloric diets correlates to accelerated pre-adult development and boosts reproductive output without impacting pre-adult viability and body size. Conversely, an elevated dietary carbohydrate content correlated to reduced lifespan in flies, evidenced by accelerated functional senescence including compromised locomotor activity and deteriorating gut integrity. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis indicated a substantial difference in gene regulatory landscapes between flies subject to high carbohydrate vs high protein diet, with elevated protein levels indicating transcriptomes primed for reduced synthesis of fatty acids. Taken together, our study helps advance our understanding of the effect of macronutrient composition on life history traits and their interrelations, offering critical insights into potential adaptive strategies that organisms might adopt against the continual dietary imbalances prevalent in the rapidly evolving environment.</p>
Data underlying the publication: Gut bacteria-derived volatiles mediate the Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) attraction
<p>Bacteria-originated volatile molecules play a crucial role in chemical communications between insects, representing their promising application as odor bait traps in pest control. In this study, we investigated the behavioral preferences of the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (Diptera: Drosophilidae) towards the fermentation broth of seven gut-associated bacteria using trap choice assays. All seven bacterial fermentations significantly attracted adults and larvae compared to the medium control. We assessed the effects of bacterial fermentations on bayberry fruits' olfaction attractiveness to fly adults and found that the bayberry fruits sprayed with fermentation broth from seven bacteria were all significantly more attractive to insects than the non-sprayed fruits, resulting in increased egg numbers. We also compared the attractive effect of bacterial fermentations with a sugar-vinegar mixture and a commercial odor-bait. The commercial odor bait proved more enticing than the unconcentrated 5-day fermentation broths. However, out of the seven bacteria, 64-fold concentrated bacterial fermentation of <em>Corynebacterium</em> (Actinomycetota phylum) was significantly more attractive than commercial bait. Finally, we chemically identified the predominant compounds 2-methylpropanal and acetaldehyde, which are likely responsible for the behavioral preference of fruit flies. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of how gut microbes affect insect behavior and offer a potential bacteria-originated odor bait for fly control in the orchard.</p>
Data from: Sensory perception of rivals has trait-dependent effects on plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>The social environment has myriad effects on individuals, altering reproduction, immune function, cognition, and aging. Phenotypic plasticity enables animals to respond to heterogeneous environments such as the social environment but requires that they assess those environments accurately. It has been suggested that combinations of sensory cues allow animals to respond rapidly and accurately to changeable environments, but it is unclear whether the same sensory inputs are required in all traits that respond to a particular environmental cue. <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> males, in the presence of rival males, exhibit a consistent behavioral response by extending mating duration. However, exposure to a rival also results in a reduction in their lifespan, a phenomenon interpreted as a trade-off associated with sperm competition strategies. <em>D. melanogaster</em> perceive their rivals by using multiple sensory cues; interfering with at least two of olfactory, auditory, or tactile cues eliminates the extension of mating duration. Here we assessed whether these same cues were implicated in the lifespan reduction. Removal of combinations of auditory and olfactory cues removed the extended mating duration response to a rival, as previously found. However, we found that these manipulations did not alter the reduction in lifespan of males exposed to rivals or induce any changes in activity patterns, grooming or male-male aggression. Therefore, our analysis suggests that lifespan reduction is not a cost associated with the behavioral responses to sperm competition. Moreover, this highlights the trait-specific nature of the mechanisms underlying plasticity in response to the same environmental conditions. </p>
Data from: Numerical data for systemic effects of photoactivated 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-3-yl) porphyrin on healthy Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Porphyrins are commonly used as photosensitizing agents (PA) in photodynamic therapy (PDT), a non-invasive method predominantly used for the treatment of subcutaneous tumors. Development of novel PA with increased tissue selectivity and effectiveness is important for the wider use of PDT in the treatment of various types of cancers. We used <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> as a model organism to study the systemic effects of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(<em>N</em>-methylpyridinium-3-yl)-porphyrin (TMPyP3). First, we defined the optimal feeding protocol and showed that TMPyP3 was absorbed and retained longer in the neuronal than the non-neuronal extracts. Hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) concentration increased 24 hours after the photoactivation of orally delivered TMPyP3 but only in the head extracts. After 7 days, regardless of the photoactivation, TMPyP3 led to lower concentration of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, which correlated with the decreased climbing ability measured as negative geotaxis. The results suggest that systemic treatment with TMPyP3 may interfere with redox regulation and thus impair cellular signaling and behavioral output. Further studies are needed to establish the disruptive effect that porphyrins have on redox homeostasis, how long it persists, and mechanistic differences of retention between different tissues.</p>
Sex-specific variation in R-loop formation in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Source Data for manuscript, "Sex-specific variation in R-loop formation in <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>".</p>
No major cost of evolved survivorship in Drosophila melanogaster populations coevolving with Pseudomonas entomophila
<p><span>Rapid exaggeration of host and pathogen traits via arms race dynamics is one possible outcome of host-pathogen coevolution. However, the exaggerated traits are expected to incur costs in terms of resource investment in other life-history traits. The current study investigated the costs associated with evolved traits in a host-pathogen coevolution system. We used the <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (host)-<em>Pseudomonas entomophila</em> (pathogen) system to experimentally derive two selection regimes, one where the host and pathogen both coevolved, and the other, where only the host evolved against a non-evolving pathogen. After 17 generations of selection, we found that hosts from both selected populations had better post-infection survivorship than controls. Even though the coevolving populations tended to have better survivorship post-infection, we found no clear evidence that the two selection regimes were significantly different from each other.. There was weak evidence for the coevolving pathogens being more virulent than the ancestral pathogen. We found no major cost of increased post-infection survivorship. The costs were not different between the coevolving hosts and the hosts evolving against a non-evolving pathogen. We found no evolved costs in the coevolving pathogens. Thus, our results suggest that increased host immunity and pathogen virulence may not be costly.</span></p>
No evidence that relatedness or familiarity modulate male harm in Drosophila melanogaster flies from a wild population
<p>Sexual selection frequently promotes the evolution of aggressive behaviours that help males compete against their rivals, but which may harm females and hamper their fitness. Kin selection theory predicts that optimal male-male competition levels can be reduced when competitors are more genetically related to each other than to the population average, contributing to resolve this sexual conflict. Work in <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has spearheaded empirical tests of this idea, but studies so far have been conducted in lab-adapted populations in homogeneous rearing environments that may hamper kin recognition, and used highly skewed sex ratios that may fail to reflect average natural conditions. Here, we performed a fully factorial design with the aim of exploring how rearing environment (i.e. familiarity) and relatedness affect male-male aggression, male harassment, and overall male harm levels in flies from a wild population of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>, under more natural conditions. Namely, we: a) manipulated relatedness and familiarity so that larvae reared apart were raised in different environments, as is common in the wild, and b) studied the effects of relatedness and familiarity under average levels of male-male competition in the field. We show that, contrary to previous findings, groups of unrelated-unfamiliar males were as likely to fight with each other and harass females than related-familiar males, and that overall levels of male harm to females were similar across treatments. Our results suggest that the role of kin selection in modulating sexual conflict is yet unclear in <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>, and call for further studies that focus on natural populations and realistic socio-sexual and ecological environments.</p>
Data from: Sustained positive consequences of genetic rescue of fitness and behavioural traits in inbred populations of Drosophila melanogaster
<p><span>One solution to alleviate the detrimental genetic effects associated with reductions in population size and fragmentation is to introduce immigrants from other populations. While the effects of this genetic rescue on fitness traits are fairly well known, it is less clear to what extent inbreeding depression and subsequent genetic rescue affects behavioural traits. In this study, replicated crosses between inbred lines of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> were performed in order to investigate the effects of inbreeding and genetic rescue on egg-to-adult viability and negative geotaxis behaviour - a locomotor response used to measure e.g. the effects of physiological ageing. Transgenerational effects of outcrossing were investigated by examining the fitness consequences in both the F<sub>1</sub> and F<sub>4</sub> generation. The majority of inbred lines showed evidence for inbreeding depression for both egg-to-adult viability and behavioural performance (95% and 66% of lines, respectively), with inbreeding depression being more pronounced for viability compared to locomotor response. Subsequent outcrossing with immigrants led to an alleviation of the negative effects for both viability and geotaxis response resulting in inbred lines being similar to the outbred controls, with beneficial effects persisting from F<sub>1</sub> to F<sub>4</sub>. Overall, the results clearly show that genetic rescue can provide transgenerational rescue of small, inbred populations by rapidly improving population fitness components. Thus, we show that even the negative effects of inbreeding on behaviour, similar to that of neurodegeneration associated with physiological ageing, can be reversed by genetic rescue.</span></p>
Fermur lengths of Drosophila melanogaster at different developmental temperatures and Wolbachia-infection types
<p>To estimate the influence of developmental temperature and <em>Wolbachia</em> infections on body size in <em>Drosophila melanogaster,</em> we disected female flies and mounted left forelegs. Pictures were taken under a Leica DFC 490 microscope. Femur lengths, wich have proven to be a good proxy for bodysize, were measured in ImageJ. Our analyses revealed that temperature, but not <em>Wolbachia</em> infections strongly influenced female body size. See also the corresponing README.txt and the table "FullData.xlsx" within SupplementaryData.zip in the supplement of the corresponding manuscript "Complex effects of environment and Wolbachia infections on the life history of Drosophila melanogaster hosts" (DOI: <span>10.1111/jeb.14016) </span>for more details.</p>
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