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306 results for “Early Cambrian”
FIGURE 6 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota
FIGURE 6. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431). A-B, tungsten photography and fluorescent photography lighting of putative pygidium and tail fan, respectively; C, interpretive line drawing of the same. All scale bars are 1 mm. Abbreviations: cw, compression wrinkles; en?, putative endopod podomeres; ex?, putative exopod(s); ps?, putative pygidial segment(s); pyg?, putative pygidium; tf, tail fan; tfm?, perceived margin of tail fan; t15, tergite 15.
FIGURE 5 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota
FIGURE 5. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431). A, part (boxed regions are shown in E-J); B, counterpart (boxed regions are shown in C-D); C, tungsten photography lighting of head region in B; E, posterior body region from A; G, trunk tergites from A; I, head region from A; D, F, H, J, fluorescent photography lighting of the same. Arrowheads indicate medial axial spines. Scale bars are 5 mm (A-B, I-J); 2 mm (C-H). Abbreviations: asc?, putative anterior sclerite; cw, compression wrinkle(s); ed, endite(s); en?, putative endopod; es, eye stalk(s); hs, head shield; lae, left eye; p1-p6, podomeres 1 through 6; ps?, putative pygidial segment(s); pyg?, putative pygidium; rae, right eye; rm, rim of eye; sh, shaft of frontal head limb; tf, tail fan; t1, tergite 1; t7, tergite 7; t15, tergite 15.
FIGURE 4 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota
FIGURE 4. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431b). A-B, lateral view (stereo pair) of the counterpart (stereo images have a tilt of 20˚ to emphasise topographic differences); C, composite line drawing of the same. All scale bars are 5 mm. Abbreviations: es, eye stalk(s); ex?, putative exopod(s); hl, frontal head limb; hs, head shield; lae, left eye; t8, tergite 8.
FIGURE 3 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota
FIGURE 3. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431a). A-C, tomographic models of the part. The specimen is orientated with the anterior facing left. All scale bars are 5 mm. The blue arrowheads point to the tergopleural terminus of the third trunk segment and, the red arrowheads indicate the paddle-shaped exopods of trunk limbs 1-3 — transverse sections through flattened lobate exopods that clearly extend beyond the tergopleural termini, and white arrowheads indicate exopod setae. Abbreviations: 1, trunk exopod 1; 2, trunk exopod 2; 3, trunk exopod 3.
FIGURE 1 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota
FIGURE 1. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431a). A-B, lateral view (stereo pair) of the part (stereo images have a tilt of 20˚ to emphasise topographic differences); C, composite line drawing of the same. All scale bars are 5 mm. Abbreviations: ist, indeterminate soft tissue; cw, compression wrinkle(s); en?, putative endopod podomere(s); es, eye stalk(s); ex?, putative exopod(s); gr, groove; hs, head shield; lae, left eye; ps?, putative pygidial segment; pyg?, putative pygidium; rae, right eye; tf, tail fan; tfm?, perceived margin of tail fan; t1-15, tergites 1 through 15.
FIGURE 2 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota
FIGURE 2. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431a). A, lateral view of the part; B-C, tomographic models of the part — lateral view of the part with the matrix partially removed digitally and lateral view of the part with the matrix further removed digitally, respectively. All scale bars are 5 mm. Blue and white arrowheads point to the tergopleurae of the third trunk segment and black and red arrowheads indicate the paddle shaped exopods of trunk limbs 1-3.
FIGURE 5 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva
FIGURE 5. Reconstruction of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China: Artistic reconstruction of larvae, juveniles, and an adult specimen by C. McCall.
FIGURE 2 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva
FIGURE 2. Adult specimens of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China. A, U-shaped individual with preserved post-anal organ, YKLP14530. B, Interpretative drawing of A. C, Nearly complete curved specimen, co-occurring with some incomplete specimens, YKLP14531. D, Interpretative drawing of C. Scale bars, 1 mm. A, anus; CO, collar; EBR, epibranchial ridge; GB+TB, gill and tongue bars; In, intestine; KHS, kidney–heart–stomochord complex; P, proboscis; PAO, post-anal organ; PR, parabranchial ridges; T, trunk.
FIGURE 3 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva
FIGURE 3. Larvae and juvenile specimens of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China, and comparison to extant hemichordate and echinoderm larvae. A, Post-hatched early stage tornaria larva, YKLP 14532. B, Interpretive drawing of A. C, Early to middle stage larva, YKLP14540. D, Interpretive drawing of C. E, Juvenile specimen, YKLP14533. F, Juvenile specimen, YKLP14536. G, Juvenile specimen, YKLP14548. H, Juvenile specimen with at least two pairs of preserved oval-shaped gill pores, YKLP14549. I, Interpretive drawing of E. J, Interpretive drawing of F. K, Interpretive drawing of G. L, Interpretive drawing of H. M, Juvenile specimen, YKLP14551. N, SEM micrograph of an extant tornaria larva of Schizocardium sp. from the coast of Texas. O, SEM micrograph of an extant early stage juvenile of Schizocardium sp. from the coast of Texas. P–S, Interpretive drawings of the developing stages of an indirect developing modern enteropneust (modified from Gonzalez et al., 2017). P, Early stage tornaria larva. Q, Middle stage tornaria larva. R, Late stage tornaria larva. S, Post metamorphic juvenile. T, Interpretive drawing of an echinoderm (Holothuroidea) larva (modified from Dyachuk and Odintsova, 2013). Scale bars, 500 μm (A–L, N, O), 1 mm (M). AO, apical organ. CB, ciliary band; CO, collar; D, digestive tract; ES, esophagus; GP, gill pore; In, intestine; KHS, kidney–heart–stomochord complex; M, mouth; P, proboscis; PAO, post-anal organ; PFB, perioral feeding band; PT, post telotroch; T, trunk.; TL, telotroch.
FIGURE 1 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva
FIGURE 1. Adult specimens of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China. A, Part of the holotype, YKLP14443. B, X-ray tomographic image of YKLP14443. C, Interpretative drawing of the anterior part of A. D, A well-preserved individual attached to an uncertain sclerite, YKLP14529. E, Fluorescent microscopy image of the white dashed area in C. F, Interpretative drawing of C. Scale bars, 2 mm (A–C, G), 1 mm (D–F). CO, collar; EBR, epibranchial ridge; GB+TB, gill and tongue bars; GP, gill pore; KHS, kidney–heart–stomochord complex; M, mouth; NS, nuchal skeleton; P, proboscis; PR, parabranchial ridges; T, trunk.
FIGURE 4 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva
FIGURE 4. SEM and SEM-EDX analyses of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China. A–H, Soft-bodied tissue preservation of YKLP14532. A, A SEM micrograph showing the larva. B–H, Individual elemental maps. B, Iron. C, Sulfur. D, Carbon. E, Oxygen. F, Aluminum. G, Silicon. H, Potassium. I–P, Soft-bodied tissue preservation of YKLP14540. I, A SEM micrograph showing the larva. J–P, Individual elemental maps. J, Iron. K, Sulfur. L, Carbon. M, Oxygen. N, Aluminum. O, Silicon. P, Potassium. Scale bars equal 200 μm.
FIGURE 6 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva
FIGURE 6. Inferred phylogenetic relationships: Phylogenetic position of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos and other Cambrian ambulacrarians using majority-rules Bayesian analysis of 113 characters and 27 taxa. Numbers at nodes represent posterior probabilities. Pie charts indicate the results of an ancestral state reconstruction.
Fig. 2 in An enigmatic, possibly chemosymbiotic, hexactinellid sponge from the early Cambrian of South China
Fig. 2. Plot of maximum sponge diameter (measured across most distant two points on outer surface) versus maximum width (in millimetres) for the available specimens, with intercept set to 0 and a quadratic correlation plotted with regression coefficient R2 = 0.997. Largest two specimens are incomplete, and measurements are approximate; assume errors in d of up to 5 mm for these two only.
Fig. 3 in An enigmatic, possibly chemosymbiotic, hexactinellid sponge from the early Cambrian of South China
Fig. 3. Interpretative reconstruction of hexactinellid−like sponge Decumbispongia yuani gen. et sp. nov. Internal structure is hypothetical and illustrates a possible canal structure allowing ventilation of interior from convex outer surface (see text for discussion), with exhalent canals on concave, inner surface. Internal spiculation, if any, unknown.
Fig. 1 in An enigmatic, possibly chemosymbiotic, hexactinellid sponge from the early Cambrian of South China
Fig. 1. Hexactinellid−like sponge Decumbispongia yuani gen. et sp. nov. from the Hetang Formation near Lantian, Anhui (A–D) and Niutitang Formation at Danzhai, Guizhou (E). A. Paratype NIGP154189, a flattened, near−complete specimen preserved as black iron minerals. B. Paratype NIGP154190. Fragment with relief showing spicule arrangement preserved at surface, consisting of irregularly clustered, orthogonal and diagonal hexactine−based spicules (B1). Camera lucida drawing of B1, clarifying poorly preserved spicule array (dashed line acts as reference for the most prominent spicule) (B2). C. Holotype NIGP154188, near−complete specimen showing annulations, tapering distal(?) end and weakly preserved spicules (arrowed). D. Probable juvenile specimen on slab with NIGP154188, showing straighter growth form and well−developed spicules (arrowed). E. NIGP154192.
Fig. 3 in The problematic early Cambrian fossil Tumulduria incomperta represents the detached ventral interarea of a paterinid brachiopod
Fig. 3. Paterinid brachiopod Tumulduria incomperta Missarzhevsky in Rozanov et al, 1969. Dorsal valves. Aldan and Uchur River area, Nochoroicyathus sunnaginicus Zone, Siberia. A. NRM Br141139, sample 1793; A 1, dorsal view; A 2, oblique anterior view; A 3, oblique posterior view; A 4, detail of cardinal area in oblique posterior view; A 5, oblique anterolateral view of internal surface. B. NRM Br141140, sample 1825; B 1, dorsal view; B 2, oblique posterior view. C. NRM Br141141, sample 1832; C 1, dorsal view; C 2, oblique posterior view; C 3, oblique anterior view of internal surface. D. NRM Br141142, sample 1832; D , internal view; D , detail of internal surface with botryoidal structures.
Fig. 1 in The problematic early Cambrian fossil Tumulduria incomperta represents the detached ventral interarea of a paterinid brachiopod
Fig. 1. Paterinid brachiopod Tumulduria incomperta Missarzhevsky in Rozanov et al, 1969. Typical Tumulduria plates with pseudodeltidium and partially preserved lateral flanks representing ventral interarea. Aldan and Uchur River area, Nochoroicyathus sunnaginicus Zone, Siberia. A. NRM Br141128, sample 1825; A 1, view from above; A 2, oblique posterior view. B. NRM Br141129, sample 1825; B 1, view from above; B 2, oblique posterior view. C.NRM Br141130, sample 1825; C 1, view from above; C 2, oblique posterior view. D. NRM Br141131, sample 1825; D 1, view from above; D 2, oblique lateral view. E. NRM Br141132, sample JSP 1990 27/1; E 1, view from above; E 2, oblique posterior view. F. NRM Br141133, sample JSP 1990 27/1; F 1, view from above; F 2, oblique posterior view. G. NRM Br141134, sample JSP 1990 27/1; G 1, view from above; G 2, oblique posterior view. H. NRM Br141135, sample 1825; H , internal view; H , detail of internal surface with botryoidal structures.
Fig. 2 in The problematic early Cambrian fossil Tumulduria incomperta represents the detached ventral interarea of a paterinid brachiopod
Fig. 2. Paterinid brachiopod Tumulduria incomperta Missarzhevsky in Rozanov et al, 1969. Fragmentary valves. Aldan and Uchur River area, Nochoroicyathus sunnaginicus Zone, Siberia. A. NRM Br141136, sample 449, left lateral half of ventral interarea; A1, view from above; A2, oblique posterior view; A3, detail of pseudodeltidium in oblique view. B. NRM Br141137, sample 1832, fragment preserving junction of ventral interarea and ventral shell surface; B1, view from posterior; B2, oblique posterolateral view. C. NRM Br141138, sample 525, fragment of shell surface with fila and nick points.
Fig. 3 in Early Cambrian "soft-shelled" brachiopods as possible stem-group phoronids
Fig. 3. Schematic reconstruction of lingullotretid brachiopod Lingulosacculus nuda gen. et sp. nov. Abbreviation: ap, anterior projection.
Fig. 2 in Early Cambrian "soft-shelled" brachiopods as possible stem-group phoronids
Fig. 2. Anterior portion of lingullotretid brachiopod Lingulosacculus nuda gen. et sp. nov. (GSC−34952) in low−angle light, showing lophophore arms.
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