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Fig. 4 in Evidence for parallel development of ever-growing molars in Early Pleistocene rodents from southern Spain and their paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 4. ESEM images (all in occlusal view) of Tibericola vandermeuleni (Agustí, 1992), from Lower Pleistocene, Barranco de los Conejos, Guadix-Baza Basin, Spain. A. Right m1, IPHES-BC-135. B. Right m1, IPHES-BC-34. C. Right m1, holotype, IPHES-BC-36. D. Right m1, IPHES-BC-114. E. Right m1, IPHES-BC-115. F. Right m1, IPHES-BC-116. G. Left m1, IPHES-BC-29. H. Left m1, IPHES-BC-40. I. Left m1 (the posterior lobe is missing), IPHES-BC-136. J. Right M3, IPHES-BC-141. K. Right M3 (part of the posterior lobe is missing), IPHES-BC-142. L. Left M3, IPHES-BC-121. M. Right M3, IPHES-BC-140.

Fig. 1 in Evidence for parallel development of ever-growing molars in Early Pleistocene rodents from southern Spain and their paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 1. Nomenclature and measurements of arvicoline molars. A, B. Left m1 of Manchenomys (nomenclature (A) and measurements (B). C. Right M3 of Manchenomys. Abbreviations: A, ACC length; AC2, anteroconid cap; AL1, anterior lobe; B, shortest distance between BRA3 and LRA4; BRA, buccal re-entrant angle; BSA, buccal salient angle; C, shortest distance between LRA3 and BRA3; L, occlusal surface length; LRA, lingual re-entrant angle; LSA, lingual salient angle; PC, posterior cap; PL, posterior lobe; T1–T7, triangles 1–7; W, width.

Fig. 3 in Evidence for parallel development of ever-growing molars in Early Pleistocene rodents from southern Spain and their paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 3. ESEM images (all in occlusal view) of Manchenomys oswaldoreigi (Agustí, Castillo, and Galobart, 1993), from Lower Pleistocene, Barranco de los Conejos, Guadix-Baza Basin, Spain. A. Left m1, IPHES-BC-28. B. Left m1, IPHES-BC-33. C. Right m1 (the posterior lobe is missing), IPHES-BC-38. D. Left M3, IPHES-BC-145.

Fig. 2 in Evidence for parallel development of ever-growing molars in Early Pleistocene rodents from southern Spain and their paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 2. ESEM images (all in occlusal view, except A2, B2, C) of Early Pleistocene arvicolines from Spain. A–G. Orcemys giberti Martin, Tesakov, Agustí, and Johnston, 2018, from Barranco de los Conejos, Guadix-Baza Basin. A. Left m1 in occlusal (A1) and lateral (A2) views, holotype, IPHES-BC-30. B. Right m1 in occlusal (B1) and lateral (B2) views, IPHESA-BC-118. C. Right m1 in basal view, IPHES-BC-31. D. Right M2, IPHES-BC-32. E. Right M2, IPHES-BC-117. F. Right M3, IPHES-BC-120. G. Posterior fragment of right M3, IPHES-BC-119. H. Mimomys sp. from Cortijo de Don Alfonso, Guadix-Baza Basin; left m1, IPHES-CDA-01. I. Mimomys sp. from Cementerio de Orce, Guadix-Baza Basin; anterior fragment of right m1, IPHES- CO-B-01. J–L. Mimomys medasensis Michaux, 1971, from Almenara-Casablanca 1, eastern Spain. J. Left m1, IPHESA-ACB-1-CS-4. K. Left m1, IPHESA-ACB-1-CS-3. L. Left m1, IPHESA-ACB-1-CS-5. The white arrows indicate the mimomyan ridge.

Figure 8. Protemnodon n in The Macropodidae (Marsupialia) of the early Pleistocene Nelson Bay Local Fauna, Victoria, Australia

Figure 8. Protemnodon n. sp. A from the Nelson Bay LF: a–c, NMV P216005, right dP2, occlusal, labial and lingual views; d–f, NMV P200471, right dP2, occlusal, labial and lingual views; g–i, NMV P187198, right P3, occlusal, labial and lingual views; j–l, NMV P215998, right P3, occlusal, labial and lingual views; m–o, NMV P216005, right unerupted P3, occlusal, labial and lingual views. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Figure 3 in The Macropodidae (Marsupialia) of the early Pleistocene Nelson Bay Local Fauna, Victoria, Australia

Figure 3. Macropus (Notamacropus) spp.: a, NMV P215821, left m3?, occlusal view; b, NMV P173655, right i1, labial view; c, NMV P187185, left M, occlusal view; d, NMV P173656, right dP3–M1?, occlusal view. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Figure 2 in The Macropodidae (Marsupialia) of the early Pleistocene Nelson Bay Local Fauna, Victoria, Australia

Figure 2. Macropus (Macropus) giganteus titan: a, NMV P2000668, right I3, labial view; b, NMV P216235a, right I3, labial view; c, NMV P200697, left dp2, occlusal view; d. NMV P216039, talonid left M, occlusal view; e–g, NMV P215983, left m2, occlusal, labial and lingual views; h–j, left m3, occlusal, labial and lingual views. k, l, NMV P200569, left fifth metatarsal, medial and lateral views; m, NMV P216124, partial left fifth metatarsal, lateral view; n, o, NMV P200582, caudal vertebra, dorsal and lateral views; p, q, NMV P200583, right femur shaft and distal epiphysis. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 7 in The Macropodidae (Marsupialia) of the early Pleistocene Nelson Bay Local Fauna, Victoria, Australia

Figure 7. Protemnodon sp. postcranial material: a, b, NMV P216160, right cuboid; c, NMV P216155, right astragalus, dorsal view; d, NMV P215118, right partial calcaneum, dorsal view; e, NMV P216071, crushed distal end of left tibia, lateral view; f, NMV P216148, right fifth metatarsal, lateral view; g, NMV P216152, left fourth metatarsal, medial view; h, i, NMV P173675, partial left innominate (illium), dorsomedial and medial views; j, NMV P216158, proximal end of right fibula; k, NMV P215909, left ulna, lateral view; l, NMV P173669, ungual, dorsal and lateral views; m, NMV P200451, distal phalanx, dorsal view. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 6 in The Macropodidae (Marsupialia) of the early Pleistocene Nelson Bay Local Fauna, Victoria, Australia

Figure 6. Protemnodon roechus: a–c, NMV P165457, right partial dentary with p3, m1–4, occlusal, lingual and labial views; d, NMV P173641, right juvenile tooth row with unerupted p3, dp3, m1–2, occlusal view; e, NMV P215988, left i1, lingual and labial views; f, g, NMV P215986, left partial maxilla with P3, M1–4, labial and occlusal views; h–j, NMV P173645, right dP2, occlusal, labial and lingual views. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 5 in The Macropodidae (Marsupialia) of the early Pleistocene Nelson Bay Local Fauna, Victoria, Australia

Figure 5. Protemnodon sp. cf. P. brehus: a–c, NMV P215985, left dentary fragment with m3–4, occlusal, lingual and labial views; d, e, NMV P201127, crushed dentaries, right p3, m1–4, occlusal view, and right and left i1, p3, m1–4, labial and lingual views, respectively; f–h, NMV P173647, left dp2, occlusal, lingual and labial views. Protemnodon sp. upper incisors: i, NMV P173663, right I1, I3, labial view; j, NMV P215990, right I1, labial view; k, NMV P173688, left I2–3, right I3, labial view. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 4 in The Macropodidae (Marsupialia) of the early Pleistocene Nelson Bay Local Fauna, Victoria, Australia

Figure 4. Thylogale sp. cf. T. billardierii: a, NMV P215824, left i1, labial view; b, c, NMV P215804, right partial dentary with m1–3, occlusal and labial views; d, NMV P187860, right dp3, occlusal view; e, NMV P215791, left p3, labial view; f, NMV P200415, left P3, occlusal view; g, NMV P200485, left I1, NMV P187178, left I2–3, labial view; h, NMV P215784, left M1?, occlusal view; i, NMV P215779, right M1–2, occlusal view; j, NMV P215778, right M3, occlusal view; k, NMV P216105, right M4, occlusal view. Scale bars = 5 mm (h–k all to same scale).

Figure 10 in The Macropodidae (Marsupialia) of the early Pleistocene Nelson Bay Local Fauna, Victoria, Australia

Figure 10. Macropodidae indet.: a, NMV P200478, left M, occlusal view; b, NMV P200480, left m, occlusal view; c, NMV P200416, right dP2, occlusal view; d, NMV P187855, left M, occlusal view; e, NMV P216901, right dP3?, occlusal view. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 9. Protemnodon n in The Macropodidae (Marsupialia) of the early Pleistocene Nelson Bay Local Fauna, Victoria, Australia

Figure 9. Protemnodon n. sp. A from the Nelson Bay LF: a–c, NMV P216013, right M1, occlusal, labial and lingual views; d–f, NMV P218245, left M2, occlusal, labial and lingual views; g–i, NMV P187192, right M3, occlusal, labial and lingual views; j–l, NMV P200473, right M3, occlusal, labial and lingual views; m–o, NMV P200604, left M3, occlusal, labial and lingual views; p–r, NMV P216005, right M3, occlusal, labial and lingual views. Protemnodon n. sp. A from the Dog Rocks LF: s–u, NMV P201862b, right M3, occlusal, labial and lingual views. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Figure 1 in The Macropodidae (Marsupialia) of the early Pleistocene Nelson Bay Local Fauna, Victoria, Australia

Figure 1. Simosthenurus sp. cf. Si occidentalis: a, NMV P216042, right dp2, occlusal view; b–d, NMV P218251, right m1?, occlusal, labial and posterior views; e, NMV P216048, left I3, labial view. Simosthenurin sp. indet.: f–h, NMV P216899, left I1, labial, lingual and posterior views. Simosthenurus sp. fourth proximal phalanges: i–k, NMV P216147, proximal, dorsal and plantar views; l–n, NMV P173664, proximal, dorsal and plantar views. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 3 in Early to middle Pleistocene occurrences of Litoria, Neobatrachus and Pseudophryne (Anura) from the Nullarbor Plain, Australia: first frogs from the "frog-free zone"

Figure 3. Pleistocene frog ilia from Leaena's Breath Cave (prefix WAM) compared with modern specimens (prefix SAMA). a) WAM 09.3.264. Right ilium of holotype of Litoria lundeliusi sp. nov. from Leaena's Breath Cave (unit 3). b) WAM 09.3.264. Enlargement of acetabular region of holotype of Litoria lundeliusi sp. nov. c) SAMA R68398. Representative left ilium of Litoria adelaidensis. d) SAMA R68399. Representative right ilium of Litoria rubella sensu stricto. e–h) Representative ilia of Neobatrachus sudelli highlighting extreme divergence in the form of the dorsal prominence. e) WAM 09.3.265. f) WAM 09.3.261. g) WAM 09.3.269. h) WAM 09.3.273. i) Right ilium of Pseudophryne sp. indet.

Figure 1 in Early to middle Pleistocene occurrences of Litoria, Neobatrachus and Pseudophryne (Anura) from the Nullarbor Plain, Australia: first frogs from the "frog-free zone"

Figure 1. Map of Australia showing modern occurrence records extracted from the Atlas of Living Australia (www.ala.org.au) and location of Leaena's Breath Cave (black triangle). a) Anura. b) Neobatrachus sudelli. Note that the two most northwestern records may represent N. aquilonius (J. D. Roberts, pers. comm., 27 June 2015). c) Pseudophryne guentheri (light green) and P. occidentalis (dark green). d) Litoria adelaidensis (red), L. cyclorhyncha (purple) and L. moorei (light brown).

Fig. 13a-m in AN EARLY PLEISTOCENE ANOMALOHALINE WATER OSTRACOD FAUNA FROM LAKE DEPOSITS OF THE HOMO ERECTUS-BEARING KOCABAŞ LOCALITY (SW TURKEY)

Fig. 13a-m Tyrrhenocythere ex. gr. bailovi (Livental) in Mandelstam et al., 1962; a LV, external view, ♂; b RV, external view, ♂; c LV, external view, ♀; d RV, external view, ♀; e LV, internal view, ♀; f RV, internal view, ♂; g Carapace, dorsal view, ♀; h LV, external view, ♂; i LV, external view, A1 juvenile; j LV, external view, A2 juvenile; k RV, external view, A2 juvenile; l LV, external view, A3 juvenile; m RV, external view, A3 juvenile (all specimens from sample DE06, DE08 and DE11, Faber Quarry, Kocabaş, Denizli).

Fig. 16a-p in AN EARLY PLEISTOCENE ANOMALOHALINE WATER OSTRACOD FAUNA FROM LAKE DEPOSITS OF THE HOMO ERECTUS-BEARING KOCABAŞ LOCALITY (SW TURKEY)

Fig. 16a-p Loxoconchissa (Loxocaspia) aff. reticulata Faranda, Gliozzi and Ligios; a LV, external view, ♀; b RV, external view, ♀; c RV, internal view, ♀; d RV, internal view, ♀; e Carapace, dorsal view, ♀; f Carapace, ventral view, ♀; g, i LV, external view, ♂; h, j RV, external view, ♂; k Carapace, dorsal view, ♂; l Carapace, ventral view, ♂; m LV, internal view, ♂; n RV, dorsal-internal view, ♂; o LV, external view, A1 juvenile; p LV, external view, A2 juvenile (a-f, o, p from sample DE06, g-n from sample DE9, Faber Quarry, Kocabaş, Denizli).

Fig. 12a-l in AN EARLY PLEISTOCENE ANOMALOHALINE WATER OSTRACOD FAUNA FROM LAKE DEPOSITS OF THE HOMO ERECTUS-BEARING KOCABAŞ LOCALITY (SW TURKEY)

Fig. 12a-l Tyrrhenocythere pontica (Livental); a LV, external view, ♂; b RV, external view, ♂; c LV, external view, ♀; d RV, external view, ♀; e LV, internal view, ♀; f RV, internal view, ♀; g Carapace, dorsal view, ♂; h Carapace, ventral view, ♀; i LV, external view, A1 juvenile; j RV, external view, A1 juvenile; k LV, external view, A2 juvenile; l RV, external view, A2 juvenile (all specimens from sample DE06, DE08 and DE11, Faber Quarry, Kocabaş, Denizli).

Fig. 9a-m in AN EARLY PLEISTOCENE ANOMALOHALINE WATER OSTRACOD FAUNA FROM LAKE DEPOSITS OF THE HOMO ERECTUS-BEARING KOCABAŞ LOCALITY (SW TURKEY)

Fig. 9a-m Prionocypris zenkeri (Chyzer & Toth); a, c LV, external view; b, d RV, external view; e LV, internal view; f RV, internal view; g LV, external view, A1 juvenile; h RV, external view, A1 juvenile; i LV, external view, A2 juvenile; j RV, external view, A2 juvenile; k RV, external view, A3 juvenile; l LV, external view, A4 juvenile; m RV, external view, A4 juvenile (all specimens from sample DE11, Faber Quarry, Kocabaş, Denizli).