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Fig. 2 in The first report of South American edrioasteroids and the paleoecology and ontogeny of rhenopyrgid echinoderms

Fig. 2. Trees showing the phylogenetic position of rhenopyrgids with respect to other edrioasteroid clades. A. Strict consensus of the two, equally most parsimonious trees of 18 evolutionary steps. Numbers at nodes are the bootstrap and decay index for these nodes. B. Single most parsimonious tree of 26 steps recovered when the search was constrained to retain only those trees that placed Rhenopyrgus Dehm, 1961 as sister taxon to the pyrgocystid Argodiscus Prokop, 1965. Note that except for the placement of Rhenopyrgus, the trees are congruent.

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Fig. 1 in The first report of South American edrioasteroids and the paleoecology and ontogeny of rhenopyrgid echinoderms

Fig. 1. Rhenopyrgids and Pyrgocystis showing the superficial similarity in the construction of the theca. A. Paratype NHM−E−16237 of Rhenopyrgus? ansticei (Bather, 1915) in lateral view; Wenlock Shale, Silurian, UK. B. Holotype NHM−E−16232 of Pyrgocystis sardesoni Bather, 1915; Decorah Shale (Ordovician) Minnesota, USA. Oral view showing the oral surface covered with small spines (B1) and lateral view showing the extensive, disorganized pedunculate zone (B2). C. NHM−E−62753 Rhenopyrgus? procera (Aurivillius, 1892); Silurian, UK. Part (C1) and counterpart (C2) showing the well−developed pedunculate of this complete specimen. Note that the oral surface is extremely poorly preserved. D. Holotype NHM−E−23470 of Pyrgocystis grayae (Bather, 1915); Drummuck Series, Ordovician, Scotland. Lateral summit detail (D1), lateral A ambulacral (D2) and summit (D3) views. E, F, G. Rhenopyrgus whitei Holloway and Jell, 1983, Humevale Formation, Silurian, Australia. E. Lateral view of distal pedunculate zone of paratype NMV P−67681. F. Lateral summit view of holotype NMV P−67680a. G. Lateral view of paratype NMV P−67682 showing both proximal and distal portions of the theca. Scale bars 2.5 mm.

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Fig. 7 in The first report of South American edrioasteroids and the paleoecology and ontogeny of rhenopyrgid echinoderms

Fig. 7. Size and orientation of rhenopyrgids. A. Rose diagram showing the orientation of theca on slab surface. Vector is measured as the angle between a randomly assigned "north" arrow and the projection of the oral surface of the extended theca. B. Width of the proximal portion of the pedunculate zone. Note the normal distribution of thecal size.

Fig. 8 in Morphology and ontogeny of the Cambrian edrioasteroid echinoderm Cambraster cannati from western Gondwana

Fig. 8. Ontogenetic development of marginal ring and ambulacral tips in edrioasteroid echinoderm Cambraster cannati Miquel (1894) from early juveniles (A), late juveniles (B), and adult (C) specimens. The three photographs represent ambulacrum E.

Fig. 7 in Morphology and ontogeny of the Cambrian edrioasteroid echinoderm Cambraster cannati from western Gondwana

Fig. 7. Ontogenetic development of edrioasteroid echinoderm Cambraster cannati (Miquel, 1894). Note the similarity in the aboral plating between the most juvenile specimen of C. cannati and larger specimens of Cambraster tastudorum Jell, Burrett, and Banks, 1985.

Fig. 5 in Morphology and ontogeny of the Cambrian edrioasteroid echinoderm Cambraster cannati from western Gondwana

Fig. 5. Camera lucida drawing of oral frame in edrioasteroid echinoderm Cambraster cannati (Miquel, 1894); specimen MPZ2011/104. A–E. Ambulacral designation.

Fig. 4 in Morphology and ontogeny of the Cambrian edrioasteroid echinoderm Cambraster cannati from western Gondwana

Fig. 4. Edrioasteroid echinoderm Cambraster cannati (Miquel, 1894) from the middle Cambrian of Borobia Formation (Spain) and Coulouma Formation (France). A. MNHN.F.A45786B, oral (A1) and aboral (A2) views of a complete adult specimen, detail of ambulacrum E showing the disposition of flooring plates (A3). Note the position of the circular apertures for the water vascular system and the pits for cover plates articulation. B. MPZ2011/105, adoral view of a teratological specimen in which the ambulacrum E extends within a single marginal plate. C. MNHN.F.A45788, nearly complete specimen with Ą

Fig. 3 in Morphology and ontogeny of the Cambrian edrioasteroid echinoderm Cambraster cannati from western Gondwana

Fig. 3. Edrioasteroid echinoderm Cambraster cannati (Miquel, 1894) from the middle Cambrian of Borobia Formation (Spain) and Coulouma Formation (France). A. MPZ2011/101, complete adult specimen with a slightly distorted interambulacrum CD (A1), detail of ambulacrum B (A2), note the flooring plates with some cover plates articulated on them. Where cover plates are absent, ligamentary pits are identifiable. Detail of periproct and peripheral skirt bordering the marginal plates (A3). B. MPZ2011/102, detail of contact between two marginal plates with invaginated borders to accommodate the ambulacral tip. C. MNHN.F.A45785, aboral view of an early juvenile with only few circlets of plates developed. D. MPZ2011/103, oral (D1) and aboral (D2) views of a juvenile that show a continuous marginal ring. E. MPZ2011/96, aboral view of an advanced juvenile. F. MPZ2009/1232a, b, oral (F1) and aboral (F2) views of an early adult specimen with marked pentameral shape; note impression of thicker ambulacra in F2, oral frame plates, and possible hydropore showing though aboral plating. Detail of oral area, in which interradial oral plates are clearly visible (F3). G. MPZ2011/104, oral view of a nearly complete specimen showing a nearly complete oral area. General view showing the oral area (G1); detail of the oral area with the arrangement of interradial oral elements (G2). Abbreviations: cp, cover plates; fm, peristomial frame plate; fp, flooring plates; m. Marginal plates; pe, periproct; ps, peripheral skirt. 1–5, peristomial frame plates. All specimens are photographs taken from latex casts whitened with NH4Cl sublimate. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 1 in Morphology and ontogeny of the Cambrian edrioasteroid echinoderm Cambraster cannati from western Gondwana

Fig. 1. Geological setting with indication of the studied localities. A. Map of Spain and France with the position of the Iberian Chains and Montagne Noire. B. Geological map of the Iberian Chains with indication of localities where specimens of Cambraster have been collected. C. Geological map of Montagne Noire (France) with indication of localities where specimens of Cambraster have been collected.

Fig. 2 in Morphology and ontogeny of the Cambrian edrioasteroid echinoderm Cambraster cannati from western Gondwana

Fig. 2. Large mature specimen of Cambrian edrioasteroid echinoderm Cambraster cannati (Miquel, 1894). A. Oral view showing peristomial frame plates around central mouth, reconstructed oral and ambulacral cover plates, long straight ambulacra indenting large plates of marginal ring, interambulacral areas with small epispire−bearing plates, and peripheral skirt of tiny plates. B. Aboral view showing fully plated aboral surface composed of smaller−plated peripheral region lacking marginal ring surrounding larger−plated central region.

Fig. 6 in Morphology and ontogeny of the Cambrian edrioasteroid echinoderm Cambraster cannati from western Gondwana

Fig. 6. Edrioasteroid echinoderm Cambraster tastudorum Jell, Burrett, and Banks, 1985 from the Cambrian Cateena Group, Australia. A. NMVP107063B, oral view of a complete specimen. B. NMVP107061, oral view of a complete specimen. C. NMVP107060, oral view of a nearly complete specimen showing the peristome bounded by interradial plates (mfp), flooring plates (fp), and apertures for the water vascular system (p). General view (C1) and detail of the oral plating showing the interradial elements constructing the mouth frame (C2). D, E. Aboral view of two specimens showing the plating pattern with large radial elements (rap). NMVP107068 (D) and NMVP107063A (E). Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 11 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 11. Palaeogeographic distribution of gogiids in the early and middle Cambrian; reconstruction after McKerrow et al. (1992).

Fig. 9 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 9. Eocrinoid blastozoan Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov. A. Paratype MPZ2008/162. Complete juvenile specimen (length of theca is about 5 mm); brachioles are spiralled and probably show a 2−2 pattern. B. Paratype MPZ2006/558a. Advanced juvenile specimen (length of theca is 11 mm). C. Paratype MPZ2008/164b. Fragment of theca with tessellated plates, epispires with characteristic rim. D. Paratype MPZ2008/161, upper part of theca. Photographs are of latex casts taken from natural moulds whitened with NH4Cl.

Fig. 7 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 7. Details of element structures in eocrinoidean blastozoan Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov. (SEM photos of latex casts). A. Fragment of a holdfast from the specimen MPZ2004/161, consisting of an aggregate of globular plates (A1), details of specimen (A2, A3). B. Internal view of a plate showing sutural pores of epispires (MPZ2004/225); general view of an isolated plate (B1), detail of the epispire (B2). C. External surface of a plate (MPZ2004/232) (C1), details of the epispires showing the raised rim and stereomic structures (C2, C3). Arrows indicate enlarged details.

Fig. 2 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 2. Geological setting of the two discussed localities in the Iberian Chains (after Liñán et al. 2008). A. Pre−Hercynian outcrops and tectono−stratigraphic zones of the Iberian Peninsula; the Iberian Chains are framed. Zones: CZ, Cantabrian; WALZ, West Asturian−Leonese; GCZ, Galician−Castilian; ELAZ, East Lusitanian−Alcudian; OMZ, Ossa−Morena Zone; SPZ, South Portuguese. B. Pre−Hercynian outcrops and tectono−stratigraphic zones and units of the Iberian Chains; Murero and Purujosa (indicated by stars) (Modified from Gozalo and Liñán 1988).

Fig. 1 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 1. Holotype (MGM2005K) of gogiid echinoderm Alanisicystis andalusiae Ubaghs and Vizcaïno, 1991 from the lower Cambrian of the Ossa Morena zone (South Spain). Photograph of latex cast whitened with NH4Cl.

Fig. 8 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 8. Camera lucida drawings of eocrinoid blastozoan Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov. A. General view of the paratype MPZ2004/161, detached holdfast below. B. Thecal plate, half−epispires with their prominent rim indicated. C. Two brachioles on a single thecal plate. D. Biserial brachiole terminally enrolled. E. Epispire covered by a single domal plate. F. Epispire covered by tiny plates. G. Spiralled brachiole.

Fig. 3 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 3. Sections of the middle Cambrian Murero Formation in Murero and Purujosa indicating the levels with Gogia sp. and Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov.

Fig. 4. A–E in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 4. A–E. Eocrinoid blastozoan Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov. A. Paratype MPZ2006/556a, b; part (A1) and counterpart (A2) of a slightly disturbed small specimen attached to a free cheek of Eccaparadoxides sp. fragment. The arrow indicates where the holdfast attaches to the trilobite element. B. MPZ2006/559b; accumulation of disarticulated plates from eocrinoids (Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov.) and cinctans. C. Paratype MPZ2006/557a, b; nearly complete specimen with thecal plates slightly disturbed. D. Paratype MPZ2004/215; partial theca with ornamented plates and a very short holdfast (indicated by the arrow). E. Paratype MPZ2004/214; specimen with an almost complete theca. F, G. Gogia sp. F. MPZ2004/194a; partly complete specimen with a possible periproct on the lateral surface (see white arrow). G. MPZ2004/195a, b; partially disarticulated specimen (G1), counterpart of the same specimen (G2), detail of two adjoined plates with epispires (G3). Photographs of latex casts whitened with NH4Cl.

Fig. 6 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 6. Reconstruction of eocrinoidean blastozoan Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov. (by Santiago Alberto, after a sketch by SZ), based on the holotype MPZ2004/162a. The holdfast, not preserved in the holotype, is reconstructed based on paratypes MPZ2004/161 and MPZ2004/215.