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FIG. 4 in Diversity and evolutionary trends in the floral characters of some taxa of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato
FIG. 4. — Gynoecium conditions (cont.): A, B, the ventral carpellary bundles in the form of ventral cord that separated into two distinct masses (each one arising from the fusion of two ventrals) (Sutera cordata Kuntze); C, the ventral carpellary bundies in the form of two distinct masses one for each carpel (Russelia equisetiformis Schlecht. & Cham.); D, E, the ventral carpellary bundles fused in the form of ventral cord above (Verbascum letourneuxii Asch. & Schweinf.); F, G, the ventral carpellary bundles in the form of four ventral bundles at the beginning and fused into two at a higher level (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.)); H-J, the ventral carpellary bundles originated from staminal carpellary vascular supply (Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nábělek); K, the non-vascularized nectariferous disc (Anarrhinum pubescens); L, the vascularized nectariferous disc (Digitalis purpurea L.). Abbreviations: D.C.B., dorsal carpellary bundle; D.C.M., dorsal carpellary mass; D.C.T., dorsal carpellary trace; L.C.B., lateral carpellary bundle; N.D., nectariferous disc; N.D.Bs., nectariferous disc bundles; St.B., staminal bundle; St.C.Vs., staminal carpellary vascular supply; St.Lc.C., staminal lateral carpellary complex; V.C.B., ventral carpellary bundle; V.Co., ventral cord. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIG. 3 in Diversity and evolutionary trends in the floral characters of some taxa of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato
FIG. 3. — Gynoecium conditions: A, the anterior dorsal carpellary bundle arose from the stele, while the posterior dorsal carpellary bundle arose from the staminal dorsal carpellary complex (Anarrhinum pubescens Fresen. Hort. ex Loudon); B, the lateral carpellary bundles originated from the central stele and staminal lateral carpellary complex (Anarrhinum pubescens) (two per each carpel); C, D, the lateral carpellary bundles originated from the ramification of the dorsal carpellary mass (two per each carpel) (Veronica anagalloides Guss.); E, F, the lateral carpellary bundles originated from the ramification of the dorsal carpellary mass (four per each one) (Sutera cordata Kuntze); G, H, each carpel has two lateral carpellary bundles, one from staminal carpellary complex and one from staminal lateral carpellary mass (Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nábělek); I-L, each carpel has two carpellary bundles, one originated from dorsal carpellary mass, and one from both the central stele and dorsal carpellary mass (Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.). Abbreviations: D.C.B., dorsal carpellary bundle; D.C.M., dorsal carpellary mass; D.C.T., dorsal carpellary trace; L.C.B., lateral carpellary bundle; L.C.T., lateral carpellary trace; St.B., staminal bundle; St.C.Vs., staminal carpellary vascular supply; St.Dc.C., staminal dorsal carpellary complex; St.Lc.C., staminal lateral carpellary complex; St.Vc.C., staminal ventral carpellary complex; V.C.B., central carpellary bundle; V.Co., ventral cord. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIG. 2 in Diversity and evolutionary trends in the floral characters of some taxa of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato
FIG. 2. — Androecium conditions: A, five staminal traces splitted from the central stele supplying five fertile stamens (Verbascum letourneuxii Asch. & Schweinf.); B, posterior staminal trace suppressed in corolla tube (Antirrhinum majus L.); C, posterior staminal trace represented by staminode (Russelia equisetiformisSchlecht.& Cham.); D-F, five staminal traces diverged from both staminal dorsal carpellary complex and staminal lateral carpellary complex, and staminal ventral carpellary complex (Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nábělek); G, five staminal traces diverging from staminal lateral carpellary complex and central stele (Linaria maroccana Hook.f.); H, five stamina traces diverged from sepal median staminal complexes, the posterior one suppressed in the corolla tube while the other four enter the four fertile stamens (Scrophularia xanthoglossa Boiss.); I, J, four staminal traces splitted from the central stele (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.)); K, four staminal traces splitted from the central stele and staminal lateral carpellary complex (Torenia fournieri Linden ex E. Fourn.); L, two staminal traces diverged from the central stele (Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.). Abbreviations:D.C.B., dorsal carpellary bundle; D.C.T., dorsal carpellary trace; L.C.B., lateral carpellary bundle; L.C.T., lateral carpellary trace; N.D., nectariferous disc; P.B., petal bundle; P.Sma.C., petal sepal marginal complex; P.T., petal trace; S.Ma.B., sepal marginal bundle; S.M.B., sepal median bundle; St.B., staminal bundle; St.C.Vs., staminal carpellary vascular supply; St.Dc.C., staminal dorsal carpellary complex; St.Lc.C., staminal lateral carpellary complex; St.T., staminal trace; Stn, staminode; V.C.B., ventral carpellary bundle; V.C.T., ventral carpellary trace. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIG. 1 in Diversity and evolutionary trends in the floral characters of some taxa of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato
FIG. 1. — Receptacle, calyx and corolla conditions: A, receptacle vascular supply shows continuous siphonostelic structure (Anarrhinum pubescens Fresen. Hort. ex Loudon); B, C, sepal median bundle diverged from sepal median-staminal complex (Scrophularia xanthoglossa Boiss.); D, E, sepal marginal bundles came from the central stele (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.)); F, G, sepal marginal bundles came from petal-sepal marginal complex (Kickxia aegyptiaca); H, sepal marginal bundles came from both petal-sepal marginal complexes and sepal median bundle, and the petal trace derived from petal-sepal marginal complex (Torenia fournieri Linden ex E. Fourn.); I, J, petal supplied by a single trace, derived from the central stele, then branched into several accessory bundles in the corolla tube (Paulownia tomentosa); K, L, petal trace derived from both petal-sepal marginal complex and central stele (Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.). Abbreviations: P.B., petal bundle; P.M.B., petal median bundle; P.Sma.C., petal sepal marginal complex; P.T., petal trace; S.Ma.B., sepal marginal bundle; S.Ma.T., sepal marginal trace; S.M.B., sepal median bundle; Siph., siphonostele; Sm.St.C., sepal median staminal complex; St.T., staminal trace. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Data from: Dissecting factors behind temporal trends in the timing of breeding in two songbird species – evolutionary change or phenotypic plasticity?
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New giant carnivorous dinosaur reveals convergent evolutionary trends in theropod arm reduction
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Fig. 10 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal
Fig. 10. Box plot of rib numbers in Arcomytilus. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.
Evolutionary trends in the compositional structure of the SARS-CoV-2 genome during the pandemic
<p>By computing a measure of compositional genome structure in random datasets of coronavirus genomes, we observed a long-term decreasing trend in this measure, accompanied by an increasing evolutionary rate.</p> <p> </p>
Stepwise shifts underlie evolutionary trends in morphological complexity of the mammalian vertebral column
<p>A fundamental concept in evolutionary biology is that life tends to become more complex through geologic time, but empirical examples of this phenomenon are controversial. One debate is whether increasing complexity is the result of random variations, or if there are evolutionary processes which actively drive its acquisition, and if these processes act uniformly across clades. The mammalian vertebral column provides an opportunity to test these hypotheses because it is composed of serially-repeating vertebrae for which complexity and organization can be readily measured. Here we test seven competing hypotheses for the evolution of vertebral complexity by incorporating fossil data from the mammal stem lineage into evolutionary models. Based on these data, we reject Brownian motion (a random walk) and uniform increasing trends in favor of stepwise shifts for explaining increasing complexity. We hypothesize that clade-specific adaptations associated with increased aerobic capacity in non-mammalian cynodonts may have provided impetus for increasing vertebral complexity in mammals.</p>
Stepwise shifts underlie evolutionary trends in morphological complexity of the mammalian vertebral column
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Data from: A new Cenomanian acanthomorph fish from the El Chango quarry (Chiapas, South-Eastern Mexico) and its implications for the early diversification and evolutionary trends of acanthopterygians
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Data from: Early evolutionary trends in ammonoid embryonic development
During the Devonian Nekton Revolution, ammonoids show a progressive coiling of their shell just like many other pelagic mollusk groups. These now extinct, externally shelled cephalopods derived from bactritoid cephalopods with a straight shell in the Early Devonian. During the Devonian, evolutionary trends toward tighter coiling and a size reduction occurred in ammonoid embryonic shells. In at least three lineages, descendants with a closed umbilicus evolved convergently from forms with an opening in the first whorl (umbilical window). Other lineages having representatives with open umbilici became extinct around important Devonian events while only those with more tightly coiled embryonic shells survived. This change was accompanied by an evolutionary trend in shape of the initial chamber, but no clear trend in its size. The fact that several ammonoid lineages independently reduced and closed the umbilical window more or less synchronously indicates that common driving factors were involved. A trend in size decrease of the embryos as well as the concurrent increase in adult size in some lineages likely reflects a fundamental change in reproductive strategies toward a higher fecundity early in the evolutionary history of ammonoids. This must have played an important role in their subsequent success as well as in their demise.
FIGURE 25. Exechonella kleemanni n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 25. Exechonella kleemanni n. sp. Red Sea (A‒H: holotype DPUV 2012-0004-0001). A, general view of holotype from above. B, D, close-up of several autozooids. C, lateral view of autozooids showing shape of peristomes, conical foramina, marginal pores and frontal hollow spikes. E, autozooids on colony periphery showing shape of primary orifice, conical foramina, marginal pores and multiporous mural septula (two kenozooids shown by arrows). F, G, close-up of frontal shield. H, details of primary orifice. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B‒H = 100 µm.
FIGURE 28 in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 28. Actisecos discoidea (Canu & Bassler, 1929). Philippines (A, B: lectotype USNM 545923; C, D, F, paralectotype USNM 545924; E, G, paralectotype USNM 545925; H, paralectotype USNM 545927). A, B, general view of lectotype (A) and paralectotype (C) from above. B, central part of lectotype from above (ancestrula shown by arrowhead). D, F, peripheral part of colony showing peristomes (mostly broken in F) and ooecia. E, general view of paralectotype from below. G, close-up of the peripheral part of colony from below showing details of partial ooecium, basal pore chambers (some shown by arrows) with communication pores and flat kenozooids. H, details of primary orifice and frontal shield. Scale bars: A, C, E = 500 µm; B, D, F, G = 200 µm; H = 100 µm.
FIGURE 24. Exechonella spinosa Osburn, 1940 in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 24. Exechonella spinosa Osburn, 1940. Bermuda (A‒E: lectotype USNM 11849, A‒D, first fragment, E, second fragment). A, D, E, general view of fragments. B, primary orifice and peristome of first fragment. C, close-up of frontal shield showing foramina and broken processes. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B‒E = 100 µm.
FIGURE 21. Exechonella nikitai n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 21. Exechonella nikitai n. sp. Indian Ocean, Maldive Islands (A‒C, E, G, H: paratype DPUV 2012-0007-0006; D: paratype DPUV 2012-0007-0007; F: DPUV 2012-0007-0008). A, B, general colony view from above (in B peristomes have a sinus). C, D, lateral view of colony showing shape of peristomes and multiporous mural septulum. Kenozooids shown by arrows (in C). E, lateral view of autozooid showing shape of foramina, peristome, marginal pores and multiporous mural septulum. Kenozooid shown by arrow. F, close-up of autozooids (view from above). G, ancestrula (to the right) and two distal zooids. H, details of primary orifice and peristome. Condyle shown by arrow. Scale bars: A, B, D = 1 mm; C, E‒H = 100 µm.
FIGURE 19. Exechonella catalinae n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 19. Exechonella catalinae n. sp. Red Sea (A, C, F: paratype DPUV 2012-0002-0006, Northern Bay of Safaga; B, D: E, paratype DPUV 2012-0002-0007, Northern Bay of Safaga; G, H: IPUW 7016, Jeddah). A, G, general colony view from above. B, close-up of two zooids showing details of primary orifice and peristomes. Three lateralmost foramina shown by arrows. C, D, lateral view of peripheral colony part showing shape of peristomes and multiporous mural septula. E, close-up of lateralmost foramen with avicularium associated with kenozooid in cleaned colony. Central nipple-like structure is surrounded by denticulate rim. Pores of kenozooid have centrally perforated cuticular plates. F, H, details of primary orifice and peristome. Scale bars: A, C = 1 mm; B, D‒F = 100 µm; G = 2 mm; H = 400 µm.
FIGURE 18. Exechonella claereboudti n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 18. Exechonella claereboudti n. sp. Indian Ocean, Oman (A‒H: holotype DPUV 2012-0003-0001). A, general view of holotype from above. B, peripheral part of holotype (frontal view): primary orifices have either quadrate or shallow rounded poster. C, lateral view of peripheral part of holotype showing shape of peristomes and multiporous mural septula. D, close-up of several peripheral autozooids. Some lateralmost foramina with avicularium shown by arrows. E, ancestrular zone of holotype with ancestrula in the centre. F, H, details of primary orifice with shallow rounded poster and peristome. G, close-up of lateralmost foramen with avicularium associated with kenozooid in cleaned colony. Pores of kenozooid have centrally perforated cuticular plates. Marginal pores are visible in this and neighbour zooids. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C‒H = 100 µm.
FIGURE 16. Exechonella azeezi n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 16. Exechonella azeezi n. sp. (A‒G: A, IPUW 7544; B, G, paratype DPUV 2012-0001-0008; C, IPUW 7543; D, IPUW 7545, non-cleaned; E, F, paratype DPUV 2012-0001-0007 (all from Red Sea). H, I: D, IPUW 7546; I, D, IPUW 7013 (both from Maldive Islands)). A, general view of the part of colony from above. B, close-up of three zooids. Some lateralmost foramina with avicularia shown by arrows. C, lateral view of the peripheral part of the colony, showing peristome shape and multiporous mural septula. D, lateralmost foramen with avicularium. Arrowhead shows an edge of mandible. E, close-up of lateralmost foramen with avicularium associated with kenozooid (below). Pores of kenozooid have centrally perforated cuticular plates, larger marginal pores are seen laterally. F, G, close-up of two autozooids showing details of primary orifice and peristome. In F kenozooid (k) associated with avicularium (arrowhead) is visible to the left. H, general view of six peripheral autozooids from above. Some lateralmost foramina with avicularium shown by arrows. I, young colony of three autozooids and kenozooid (below). Supposed ancestrula is to the left. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, C, F, G, I = 100 µm; D, E = 10 µm; H = 500 µm.
FIGURE 17. Exechonella similis n in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology
FIGURE 17. Exechonella similis n. sp. Great Barrier Reef, Lizard Island (A: paratype DPUV 2016-0001-0002; F, G: paratype 2016-0001-0003; B‒E, H: holotype MTQ G100216). A, general view of non-cleaned colony from above. Peripheral zooidal buds with membranous frontal wall are well seen. Peristomes with processes are seen in some zooids in the central colony part. B, E, F, close-up of autozooids. Some lateralmost foramina with avicularia shown by arrows in B. C, peripheral part of the colony, showing peristome shape and multiporous mural septula. D, close-up of autozooid showing details of primary orifice and peristome. G, non-cleaned lateralmost foramen with avicularium. Arrowhead shows an edge of mandible. H, close-up of lateralmost foramen with avicularium associated with kenozooid in cleaned colony. Pores of kenozooid have centrally perforated cuticular plates. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B‒E = 100 µm; F = 500 µm; G = 50 µm; H = 10 µm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.