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Figure 1 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 1. Single most parsimonious phylogenetic tree for Hypopygus, showing the distribution of unambiguous character state transformations. Black rectangles represent reductive characters, and grey rectangles nonreductive characters, with numbers corresponding to character descriptions in the text. Characters marked with the suffix 'R' indicate a reversal of character state. Characters 10–12, 20, 24, 27, 30, and 40 are excluded because they evolve outside clade A. The tree was generated in PAUP* based on the matrix in Appendix 1, rooted a posteriori in the proximate outgroup Steatogenys, and optimized with accelerated transformation optimization (ACCTRAN). Immediate outgroups correspond to Steatogenys (proximate outgroup) and Gymnorhamphichthys + Rhamphichthys (secondary outgroups). Characters 18 and 43 were defined as multistate. Tree length = 54, consistency index = 0.907, and retention index = 0.928, with all branches of zero maximum length collapsed and all characters unordered.

Figure 16 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 16. Hypopygus cryptogenes, holotype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body, 150 mm, MZUSP 47985; Brazil, Amazonas, Rio Negro, Rio Cuieiras. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 19 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 19. Hypopygus hoedemani, holotype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body, 52.9 mm, INPA 30375; Brazil, Igarapé Toari, Rio Preto da Eva drainage. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 30 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 30. Hypopygus ortegai, holotype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body, 107 mm, MUSM 35305 (WC02.160104, female); Peru, Loreto, small unnamed stream, 2 km north of km 3.9 on road from Jenaro Herrera to Colonia Angamos, 04°53′01″S, 073°38′10″W, Loreto, Peru. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 12 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 12. Hyoid arch of Hypopygus minissimus UF 148533 (WC41.120304), female, 43 mm; left side, lateral view, anterior to left; larger stippling represents cartilage. Striations represent ligament. Note presence of first branchiostegal ray.

Figure 20 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 20. Map of northern South America showing collection records of Hypopygus hoedemani (circles), and Hypopygus isbruckeri (squares). Some symbols represent more than one nearby collecting locality.

Figure 7 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 7. Lower jaw of Hypopygus cryptogenes, MZUSP 30088, 147 mm; left side, medial view, anterior to left. Note the posterodorsal margin of the dentary is concave.

Figure 29 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 29. Hypopygus nijsseni, holotype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body, 96 mm, MCP 44650, immature; Brazil, Amazonas, Rio Tefé, Lago Tefé, Igarapé Repartimento on road from Tefé to Agrovila, 03°24′28″S, 64°44′10″W. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 24 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 24. Map of central and northern South America showing collection records of Hypopygus lepturus. Some symbols represent more than one nearby collecting locality.

Figure 25 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 25. Hypopygus minissimus, holotype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body. UF 175389 (WC28.150304), male, 54 mm; Venezuela, Caño Viejita, on road from San Fernando de Atabapo to Santa Bárbara, 16.5 km and 142° from San Fernando de Atabapo, Río Orinoco drainage. Scale bars = 5 mm. Tissue removed from right flank.

Figure 26 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 26. Map of northern South America showing collection records of Hypopygus minissimus. Some symbols represent more than one nearby collecting locality.

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Supplementary material 1 from: Damadi E, Yazdani Moghaddam F, Ghanbarifardi M (2023) Species delimitation, molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the sweetlips fish (Perciformes, Haemulidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 99(1): 135-147. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.99.96386

Sampling information and GenBank accession numbers for the specimens included in the phylogenetic analyses

Figure 5 in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 5. Number of abdominal and caudal vertebrae from our literature-based data set. Species were grouped into orders. Regression results are in Table 1, and a list of the species plotted is available in Supplementary Material: Table S1. The dotted line has a slope of one, indicating equal changes in abdominal and caudal vertebrae.

Figure 7 in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 7. Vertebral aspect ratio (AR) in the abdominal and caudal regions (AR = centrum length/centrum width). Solid lines are reduced major axis (RMA) regressions based on the raw data (the data points shown), and dashed lines are RMA regressions based on independent contrasts of abdominal and caudal aspect ratio. Regression statistics are given in Tables 4, 5.

Figure 3 in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 3. Intrarelationships of the seven groups included in our museum-based study. In the line drawings, the grey portion of each silhouette highlights the tail region of the body. A, Polypteriformes (Nelson, 1994); B, Osteoglossomorpha (Hilton, 2003); C, Elopomorpha (Belouze, 2002); D, Ostariophysi (Fink & Fink, 1981; Nelson, 1994); E, Paracanthopterygii (Patterson & Rosen, 1989; Endo, 2002); F, Beloniformes (Lovejoy, 2000); G, Scombroidei (Johnson & Baldwin, 1994).

Figure 2 in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 2. Models of axial patterning in fishes. A, vertebral number; B, vertebral aspect ratio (centrum length/centrum width). For an explanation of the models, see text.

Figure 1. Vertebrae from the Atlantic tarpon, Megalops atlanticus. A in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 1. Vertebrae from the Atlantic tarpon, Megalops atlanticus. A, anterior and lateral views of an abdominal vertebra with ribs; B, anterior and lateral views of a caudal vertebra with fused haemal arch.

Figure 4 in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 4. Contribution of increases in vertebral number and aspect ratio to overall body elongation. Elongation ratio (ER) is the standard length divided by the next largest body axis, either width or depth. The raw values plotted here were converted to independent contrast scores and a reduced major axis (RMA) regression, with the intercept forced through zero, was performed. A, total vertebral number vs. ER. Results from RMA regression on independent contrasts: y = 9.3x, R = 0.32, P = 0.02. B, vertebral aspect ratio (AR = centrum length/centrum width) vs. ER. Points represent the mean of abdominal and caudal ARs for each species. Results from RMA regression on independent contrasts: R = 0.18, P = 0.72. C, axial elongation index (AEI) vs. ER. AEI = (abdominal vertebral number)(abdominal AR) + (caudal vertebral number)(caudal AR). Results from RMA regression on independent contrasts: y = 10.0x, R = 0.46, P <0.001., Beloniformes;, Elopomorpha;, Ostariophysi;, Osteoglossomorpha;, Paracanthoptery-

Figure 9 in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 9. Squared-change parsimony traced phylogenies for abdominal aspect ratio and caudal aspect ratio. For each species, the mean of abdominal and caudal aspect ratio was calculated for this analysis. The interrelationships of the seven clades examined are based on Lauder & Liem (1983), and references for the intrarelationships are given in the legend to Fig. 3. Both traces are based on a squared-change parsimony algorithm in MacClade, version 4.06 (Maddison, 1991). Lighter coloured branches (white, yellow) are lower values of aspect ratio and darker branches (purple, black) are higher values of aspect ratio.

Figure 6 in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 6. Number of vertebrae in each of the two regions of the vertebral column, abdominal and caudal, for six clades in the museum-based study. Solid circles () represent the species means for number of abdominal vertebrae, and solid squares () represent the species means for number of caudal vertebrae. Solid regression lines are for abdominal vertebral number and dashed regression lines are for caudal vertebral number. The thick regression lines were calculated from the raw data points shown, and the thin regression lines are based on independent contrasts. Regression statistics are given in Tables 2, 3.