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FIGURES 82–88 in Achnanthidium neotropicum sp. nov., a new freshwater diatom from Lake Apastepeque in El Salvador (Central America)

FIGURES 82–88. Achnanthidium neotropicum sp. nov., SEM. 82–85. External view of raphe valve showing the linear to weakly lanceolate axial area and the central area with rectangular fascia (Figs 82, 83) or shortened, more widely spaced striae (Fig. 85). 86. Internal view of a raphe valve showing the oppositely defected proximal raphe endings and helictoglossae. 87, 88. Frustules in girdle view with slit-like areolae on the mantle.

FIGURES 2–70 in Achnanthidium neotropicum sp. nov., a new freshwater diatom from Lake Apastepeque in El Salvador (Central America)

FIGURES 2–70. Achnanthidium neotropicum sp. nov., LM. 2–32. Rapheless valve. 33–35. Frustules in girdle view. 36–70. Raphe valve.

FIGURES 89–99 in Achnanthidium neotropicum sp. nov., a new freshwater diatom from Lake Apastepeque in El Salvador (Central America)

FIGURES 89–99. Original material of Achnanthidium lineare from the Van Heurck Collection in Meise (SEM). 89–94. Rapheless valve. 95–99. Raphe valve.

FIGURES 71–81 in Achnanthidium neotropicum sp. nov., a new freshwater diatom from Lake Apastepeque in El Salvador (Central America)

FIGURES 71–81. Achnanthidium neotropicum sp. nov., SEM. 71–76. External view of rapheless valve. 77–81. Internal view of rapheless valve. 81. Internal detail of central part of a rapheless valve showing the occluded areolae.

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

FIGURES 1–3 in Validation of five diatom novelties published in "Freshwater Benthic Diatoms of Central Europe" and taxonomic treatment of the neglected species Tryblionella hantzschiana

FIGURES 1–3. Tryblionella hantzschiana Grunow reproduced from Grunow (1862: pl. XVIII: 29a, b, c), Original material (Scale bar: 10 μm), cited by Rabenhorst (1864–1868) and corresponding to pl. 27: fig. 1 in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1988), pl. 103, fig. 14 in Hofmann et al. (2013), and pl. 105, fig. 14 in Lange-Bertalot et al. (2017).

opennotspecifiedApr 2020View details →

FIGURES 14–18. SEM, Internal valve views. Fig.14 in Navicula daochengensis sp. nov., a new freshwater diatom species (Bacillariophyceae) from a small mountain lake, Sichuan Province, China

FIGURES 14–18. SEM, Internal valve views. Fig.14. Internal view of complete valve. Fig. 15, 16. Internal details of the central area. Fig. 17, 18. Valve apices. Scale bars = 10 μm (Fig. 14), 2 μm (Figs 15–18).

opennotspecifiedApr 2020View details →

FIGURES 7–13. SEM, External valve views. Fig.7 in Navicula daochengensis sp. nov., a new freshwater diatom species (Bacillariophyceae) from a small mountain lake, Sichuan Province, China

FIGURES 7–13. SEM, External valve views. Fig.7. External view of complete valve. Fig. 8, 9,10. Valve centre exterior. Fig. 11. External view of striae. Fig. 12, 13. External details of the apex. Scale bars = 10 μm (Fig. 7), 2 μm (Figs 8–13)

opennotspecifiedApr 2020View details →

FIGURES 1–6 in Navicula daochengensis sp. nov., a new freshwater diatom species (Bacillariophyceae) from a small mountain lake, Sichuan Province, China

FIGURES 1–6. LM micrographs of the type population of Navicula daochengensis in Lake Congqiancuo. Scale bar = 10 μm.

opennotspecifiedJan 2020View details →

FIGURES 1–32 in Frankophila dalevittii, a new freshwater diatom (Bacillariophyta) from Campbell Island

FIGURES 1–32. Frankophila dalevittii Van de Vijver & Goeyers sp. nov. Light microscopy (1–30) and scanning electron microscopy (31–32) views. Holotype population from Campbell Island (sample BAS303). 1–4. Frustules connected via linking spines to form long, band like colonies. 5. Possible initial valve. 6–30. Valve views showing the broad range of valve dimensions. 31–32. Two colonies of three (fig. 31) and two (fig. 32) frustules connected by linking spines. Scale bars represent 10 µm.

opennotspecifiedJan 2020View details →

FIGURES 33–39 in Frankophila dalevittii, a new freshwater diatom (Bacillariophyta) from Campbell Island

FIGURES 33–39. Frankophila dalevittii Van de Vijver & Goeyers sp. nov. Scanning electron microscopy views. Holotype population from Campbell Island (sample BAS303). 33. SEM detail of several frustules connected by linking spines showing the girdle structure and the lack of an apical porefield. 34. SEM detail of the interdigitating linking spines. Also note the irregular siliceous ridges on the girdle band. 35–36. SEM external valve face views. Note the presence of the linking spines and the reduced external raphe slits (arrows). 37–38. SEM internal valve face views of two entire valves showing the reduced internal raphe slits (arrows). 38. SEM detail of the internal raphe slit. Scale bars represent 10 µm except for Figs 33, 34 & 39 where scale bars = 1 µm.

FIGURES 40–54 in Bicudoa amazonica gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta)-a new freshwater diatom from the Amazon basin with a complete raphe loss in the Eunotioid lineage

FIGURES 40–54. SEM of several eunotioid elements: Figs 40–41 Perforated and opened valvocopula and detail of short internal raphe slit of Eunotia ventriosa var. brevis. Rimoportulae not visible; note the alternating short striae at the dorsal valve mantle and the thick apical cell wall; Fig. 42 Detail of internally uncovered areolae of E. ventriosa var. brevis; Figs 43–45 Bicudoa amazonica: Fig. 43 Detail of external uncovered areolae; Fig. 44 Transversal view of the valve face showing areolae aperture not covered and thick silicified cell wall; Fig. 45 Apex detail of B. amazonica with no external raphe nor apical pore field; Fig. 46 Detail of E. ventriosa var. brevis in oblique external view showing well developed raphe branch and perforated connective bands; Figs 47–54 SEM of different Eunotia species from the Brazilian Amazon showing distinct external and internal evolutionary patterns of raphe system: Fig. 47 Eunotia siolii Hustedt—Holotype (AM 1310). Raphe located mainly on the ventral valve mantle; Fig. 48 Eunotia synedraeformis Hustedt. Prominent "J" shaped raphe with dilated distal and proximal ends; rimoportulae aperture distinct; Fig. 49 Eunotia tapacumopsis Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot. Large raphe slit located on the valve mantle and valve face; Fig. 50 Eunotia sp. from the Rio Negro with prominent spines and areolae covered externally by velum; Figs 51–52 Eunotia waimiriorum C.E. Wetzel. Reduced raphe system (white arrows) and poorly developed helictoglossae; Fig. 53 Eunotia bidens Ehrenberg. Note internal arrangement of the striae areolae aligned in a narrow "ditch" as in Fragilariforma hamiltonii; Fig. 54 Eunotia sp. showing a well developed helictoglossa. Scale bars: Figs 40–41, 45–47 and 53–54: 5 µm; Figs 42–44: 0.5 µm; Fig. 48: 2 µm; Fig. 49: 3 µm; Figs 50–52: 1 µm..

FIGURES 21–27 in Bicudoa amazonica gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta)-a new freshwater diatom from the Amazon basin with a complete raphe loss in the Eunotioid lineage

FIGURES 21–27. SEM micrographs of Bicudoa amazonica in external view. Fig. 21 Whole frustule in valvar view showing irregular silica deposition along the central part of the valve; central valve face with somewhat concentrated silica deposition at the apical axis; Fig. 22 Valve face apex detail showing the complete absence of raphe aperture system; small foramina forming the striae; Figs 23–24 Detail of both extremities showing reduced slightly radiate striae; note the absence of apical pore fields and external raphe openings on the mantle; axial area narrow, more or less eccentric; Fig. 25 Apex detail with small wart-like silicate on the valve edges (arrow); Fig. 26 Detail of apical valve outline in oblique view; Fig. 27 Detail of one valve and the cingulum in girdle view showing perforated Eunotia-like open copulae (white arrows) with multiporoid striae. Note the numerous open connective bands. Scale bars: Fig. 21: 10 µm; Figs 22–25: 2 µm; Figs 26–27: 5 µm.

FIGURES 7–20 in Bicudoa amazonica gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta)-a new freshwater diatom from the Amazon basin with a complete raphe loss in the Eunotioid lineage

FIGURES 7–20. LM micrographs (bright field optics) of Bicudoa amazonica (Figs 7–14). Holotype population from the Rio Negro hydrographical basin, Brazil (SP–400.477). Fig. 7 Large cell showing slight dorsiventrality and irregular pattern of striae; Fig. 8 Holotype specimen; Figs 7–13 Micrographs illustrating size reduction series in the type population; Fig. 14 Two cells in connective view; Figs 15–17 Three Eunotia species similar in size and shape: Fig. 15 Eunotia pileus var. guianense (Ehrenberg) E. Reichardt; Fig. 16 Eunotia coringii Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot; Fig. 17 Eunotia ventriosa R.M. Patrick. Note the helictoglossae present and visible on all Eunotia species (black arrow); Figs 18–20 Size reduction series of Fragilariforma hamiltonii Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot. All specimens from the Rio Negro basin. Scale bar: 10 µm.

FIGURE 6 in Bicudoa amazonica gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta)-a new freshwater diatom from the Amazon basin with a complete raphe loss in the Eunotioid lineage

FIGURE 6. Sampling sites (black dots) located along the Negro River hydrographical basin, the Brazilian Amazon for (a) planktonic samples (n = 119), including tributaries and the main channel. (b) Periphytic samples collected on distinct tributaries (n = 153). Turtle sampling site area highlighted.

FIGURES 33–39 in Bicudoa amazonica gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta)-a new freshwater diatom from the Amazon basin with a complete raphe loss in the Eunotioid lineage

FIGURES 33–39. Fragilariforma species from Europe (Weierbach basin, Luxembourg, Figs 33–35) and South America (Rio Negro basin, Brazilian Amazon, Figs 36–39). Fig. 33 Valve and cingulum of F. virescens (Ralfs) D.M. Williams & Round showing marginal spines, apical pore fields, rimoportulae opening (white arrow) and connective bands with one row of areolae. Striae uniseriate composed by areolae with simple closing plates; sternum centrally located; Fig. 34 F. virescens in connective view showing mantle margin with siliceous plaques, spines present on valve face/mantle border, having spathulate tips and open girdle bands and Fig. 35 Detail of rimoportula (transapically) located on the valve pole usually aligned with the striae; Figs 36–39 Fragilariforma hamiltonii Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot; Fig. 36 Detail of apical area showing thickened marginal spines, areola structure and absence of apical pore field; central sternum clearly visible; Fig. 37 Small specimen showing no rimoportulae aperture nor apical pore fields; Figs 38–39 Oblique internal view of F. hamiltonii showing the internal arrangement of the striae with the inner openings of areolae aligned in a narrow "ditch"; apical pore field and rimoportula absent in both species. Scale bars: Figs 33–34: 10 µm; Figs 35–37: 1 µm; Figs 38–39: 3 µm.

FIGURES 1–5 in Bicudoa amazonica gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta)-a new freshwater diatom from the Amazon basin with a complete raphe loss in the Eunotioid lineage

FIGURES 1–5. SEM. South American representatives of the subclass Eunotiophycideae from freshwater environments: Fig. 1 Eunotia sp. and Fig. 2 Perinotia diamantina F. Ferrari & C.E. Wetzel from the 'Chapada Diamantina' range mountains in northeastern Brazil (Bahia State)—Holotype (Sample SP–391.701), 'Instituto de Botânica', São Paulo, Brazil; Fig. 3 Actinella peronioides Hustedt, from Rio Negro basin, Brazilian Amazon—Sample SP–400.309, 'Instituto de Botânica', São Paulo, Brazil; Fig. 4 Peronia brasiliensis Hustedt from Lake Jurucuí (Pará state), Brazilian Amazon—Paratype. Sample AM1018, Hustedt Collection, Bremerhaven; Fig. 5 Actinella falcifera (Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot) Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (subgenus Cultria Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot 1998) from Ereri River, Cachimbo Mountains, in southern Pará, Brazilian Amazon—Sample AM1310, Hustedt Collection, Bremerhaven. Scale bars: Figs 1–2: 10 µm; Figs 3–5: 5 µm.

FIGURES 28–32 in Bicudoa amazonica gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta)-a new freshwater diatom from the Amazon basin with a complete raphe loss in the Eunotioid lineage

FIGURES 28–32. SEM micrographs of Bicudoa amazonica in internal view. Apices details showing the absence of structures typical of Eunotiophycideae (raphe, helictoglossae and rimoportulae). Fig. 28 Valve with vestigial raphe at both extremities (arrows); Fig. 29 Detail of apex with no vestigial raphe; Figs 30–32 Vestigial slit (Figs 30–31) until the complete raphe loss (Fig. 32) in different individuals of the type population. Raphe slits rarely found. Striae interrupted and misaligned near the ventral margin. Scale bars: Figs 28–29: 10 µm; Figs 30–32: 5 µm.

opennotspecifiedAug 2013View details →

FIGURES 1, 2 in Investigation of evolutionary effects on the relative frequency of sexual reproduction in freshwater diatoms

FIGURES 1, 2: Size distribution and modelled size classes in Cyclotella meneghiniana and Rhopalodia gibba. Fig. 1a: Observed size class distribution of Cyclotella meneghiniana valves. Fig. 1b: Modelled size class distribution based on combination of binomial curves fit to smoothed data. Fig. 2a: Observed size class distribution of Rhopalodia gibba valves. Fig. 2b: Modelled size class distribution based on combination of binomial curves fit to smoothed data.

opennotspecifiedSep 2014View details →

FIGURES 21–25 in Actinellopsis murphyi gen. et spec. nov.: A new small celled freshwater diatom (Bacillariophyta, Eunotiales) from Zambia

FIGURES 21–25. SEM images of valve exterior of Actinellopsis murphyi gen. et spec. nov. Figs 21–23. SEM images showing the external valve view. Fig. 24. SEM image of external girdle view showing epi and hypovalves with longer (L) and shorter (S) raphe slits External rimoportulae (R) opening indicated. Fig. 25. SEM image of the external girdle view of dorsal margin. Scale bar = 5 µm (21, 22, 23), 2 µm (24, 25).