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FIGURE 1 in Another unusual new gorgonian (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Plexauridae) from the Aleutian Islands of Alaska

FIGURE 1. Map of the Aleutian Island Archipelago showing the distribution of Alaskagorgia specimens (expertly identified) collected in the region. Blue triangles indicate the location of Alaskagorgia aleutiana, the red circle indicates the location of A. splendicitrina n. sp., and the purple square indicates Alaskagorgia sp.

FIGURE 10 in A new genus and species of enigmatic gorgonian coral from the Ryukyu Archipelago northwestern Pacific, with a discussion of calcaxonian systematics (Cnidaria Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 10. Map of a portion of the eastern Pacific, Ryukyu Archipelago, and Okinawa; arrows point to the type locality of Speirogorgia robertbollandi gen. & sp. n.

FIGURE 9 in A new genus and species of enigmatic gorgonian coral from the Ryukyu Archipelago northwestern Pacific, with a discussion of calcaxonian systematics (Cnidaria Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 9. Scanning electron micrographs of axial structure in transverse sections. A. The pennatulacean Halipteris sp. (CA- SIZ 159303), showing a radiating pattern of columns of calcified material in concentric layers and organic matter concentrated towards the center; scale bar=0.20 mm. B. The ellisellid gorgonian Viminella sp. (CASIZ 103821), showing radiating pattern of columns of calcified material in concentric layers; scale bar=0.50 mm. C. The primnoid gorgonian Plumarella cf. aleutiana (CASIZ 163267), showing concentric layering without a radiating pattern of columns of calcified material; scale bar=0.30 mm.

FIGURE 6 in A new genus and species of enigmatic gorgonian coral from the Ryukyu Archipelago northwestern Pacific, with a discussion of calcaxonian systematics (Cnidaria Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 6. Speirogorgia robertbollandi gen. & sp. n. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites from the subsurface coenenchyme—radiates; scale bar=0.05 mm.

FIGURE 8 in A new genus and species of enigmatic gorgonian coral from the Ryukyu Archipelago northwestern Pacific, with a discussion of calcaxonian systematics (Cnidaria Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 8. Speirogorgia robertbollandi gen. & sp. n. Camera lucida illustrations of polyp sclerites (rod-like structures presumably from the tentacles); scale bar=0.02 mm.

FIGURE 5 in A new genus and species of enigmatic gorgonian coral from the Ryukyu Archipelago northwestern Pacific, with a discussion of calcaxonian systematics (Cnidaria Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 5. Speirogorgia robertbollandi gen. & sp. n. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites from the surface coenenchyme—elongated spindles with median waists; scale bar=0.10 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A new genus and species of enigmatic gorgonian coral from the Ryukyu Archipelago northwestern Pacific, with a discussion of calcaxonian systematics (Cnidaria Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 1. Speirogorgia robertbollandi gen. & sp. n. A. Two photographic views of the entire holotype; scale bar=45 mm. B–C. Dissecting microscope views of external morphology. B. Two views of a portion of the colony showing placement of polyp mounds; scale bar=2.50 mm. C. Details of surface of colony showing polyp mounds and partially exserted polyps; scale bar=2.50 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A new genus and species of enigmatic gorgonian coral from the Ryukyu Archipelago northwestern Pacific, with a discussion of calcaxonian systematics (Cnidaria Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 3. Speirogorgia robertbollandi gen. & sp. n. Scanning electron micrographs of morphological features. A. A portion of the external surface of the holotype showing a polyp mound (center) and dense arrangement of sclerites in the surface coenenchyme; scale bar=1.0 mm. B–D. Oblique views of portions of the axis showing distinctive quadrangular shape in transverse section, and solid calcified material distributed throughout the axial interior; scale bars=0.2 mm.

FIGURE 2 in A new genus and species of enigmatic gorgonian coral from the Ryukyu Archipelago northwestern Pacific, with a discussion of calcaxonian systematics (Cnidaria Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 2. Speirogorgia robertbollandi gen. & sp. n. A. Scanning electron micrograph of a portion of the polypary showing a single polyp mound, and sclerites of the surface coenenchyme; scale bar=0.4 mm. B–C. Two photographic views of a portion of the polypary; scale for B=1.0 mm; scale bar for C=2.5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in A new genus and species of enigmatic gorgonian coral from the Ryukyu Archipelago northwestern Pacific, with a discussion of calcaxonian systematics (Cnidaria Anthozoa, Octocorallia)

FIGURE 4. Speirogorgia robertbollandi gen. & sp. n. Scanning electron micrographs of axial structure. A–B. Longitudinal views of two portions of axis; scale bar=1.0 mm. C. Transverse section of axial portion in A; scale bar=0.2 mm.

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Fig. 1 Mitochondrial genome structure and genes variability. a in Historical biogeography and mitogenomics of two endemic Mediterranean gorgonians (Holaxonia, Plexauridae)

Fig. 1 Mitochondrial genome structure and genes variability. a Mitogenomes of Paramuricea clavata and Paramuricea macrospina with genome size and gene annotation. GC-content and AT-content are shown in blue and green on the inner and outer surface of the ring, respectively. b Sliding window analysis of the complete mitochondrial genomes of P. clavata and P. macrospina. The black line indicates

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Data from: Early life history of deep-water gorgonian corals may limit their abundance

Deep-water gorgonian corals are long-lived organisms found worldwide off continental margins and seamounts, usually occurring at depths of ~200–1,000 m. Most corals undergo sexual reproduction by releasing a planktonic larval stage that disperses; however, recruitment rates and the environmental and biological factors influencing recruitment in deep-sea species are poorly known. Here, we present results from a 4-year field experiment conducted in the Gulf of Maine (northwest Atlantic) at depths of more than 650 m that document recruitment for 2 species of deep-water gorgonian corals, Primnoa resedaeformis and Paragorgia arborea. The abundance of P. resedaeformis recruits was high, and influenced by the structural complexity of the recipient habitat, but very few recruits of P. arborea were found. We suggest that divergent reproductive modes (P. resedaeformis as a broadcast spawner and P. arborea as a brooder) may explain this pattern. Despite the high recruitment of P. resedaeformis, severe mortality early on in the benthic stage of this species may limit the abundance of adult colonies. Most recruits of this species (more than 80%) were at the primary polyp stage, and less than 1% of recruits were at stage of 4 polyps or more. We propose that biological disturbance, possibly by the presence of suspension-feeding brittle stars, and limited food supply in the deep sea may cause this mortality. Our findings reinforce the vulnerability of these corals to anthropogenic disturbances, such as trawling with mobile gear, and the importance of incorporating knowledge on processes during the early life history stages in conservation decisions.

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FIGURE 63 in Studies on western Pacific gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae). Part 1: a review of the genus Chrysogorgia, with description of a new genus and three new species

FIGURE 63. The sclerites of Chrysogorgia pendula Versluys, 1902, specimen MBM286867. A. Sclerites in tentacle rachis. B. Sclerites in polyp body wall. C. Sclerites in pinnules. D. Some warty sclerites in polyp mouth area near the tentacles. E. Sclerites in coenenchyme. Scale bars: 300 μm (A–C and E in the same scale); 100 μm (D).

FIGURE 70 in Studies on western Pacific gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae). Part 1: a review of the genus Chrysogorgia, with description of a new genus and three new species

FIGURE 70. The external morphology and polyps of Chrysogorgia pendula Versluys, 1902, specimen MBM286870. A, B. The same specimen in situ and after collection. C, F. Single non-terminal polyps under a light microscope and SEM, respectively. D, E. Single terminal polyps under a light microscope and SEM, respectively. G. The inner side of tentacle under SEM. Scale bars: 5 cm (B); 1 mm (C–F); 200 μm (G).

FIGURE 67 in Studies on western Pacific gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae). Part 1: a review of the genus Chrysogorgia, with description of a new genus and three new species

FIGURE 67. Sclerites of Chrysogorgia pendula Versluys, 1902, specimen MBM286869. A. Sclerites in tentacle rachis. B. Sclerites in polyp body wall. C. Sclerites in coenenchyme. D. Large warty sclerites in the polyp mouth area near the tentacles. E. Sclerites in pinnules. F. Small warty sclerites in tentacles. Scale bars: 200 μm (A–C in the same scale); 100 μm (D–F; E and F in the same scale).

FIGURE 60 in Studies on western Pacific gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae). Part 1: a review of the genus Chrysogorgia, with description of a new genus and three new species

FIGURE 60. The external morphology and polyps of Chrysogorgia pendula Versluys, 1902, specimen MBM286359. A, C. The same specimen in situ and after collection. B, D, G. Single non-terminal polyps under a light microscope and SEM, respectively. E, F. Single terminal polyp under a light microscope and SEM, respectively. H. A part of branch under SEM. I. Basal polyp body wall under SEM. J. Tentacular part under SEM. Scale bars: 10 cm (C); 1 mm (B, D–G); 500 μm (H–J).

FIGURE 59 in Studies on western Pacific gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae). Part 1: a review of the genus Chrysogorgia, with description of a new genus and three new species

FIGURE 59. Sclerites of Chrysogorgia pendula Versluys, 1902, specimen MBM286866. A. Sclerites in tentacle rachis. B. Sclerites in polyp body wall. C. Sclerites in coenenchyme. D. Some warty sclerites in polyp mouth area near the tentacles. E. Sclerites in pinnules. Scale bars: 300 μm (A–C in the same scale); 200 μm (D and E in the same scale).

FIGURE 51 in Studies on western Pacific gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae). Part 1: a review of the genus Chrysogorgia, with description of a new genus and three new species

FIGURE 51. Sclerites of Chrysogorgia acanthella (Wright & Studer, 1889), specimen MBM286357. A. Sclerites in tentacle rachis. B. Sclerites in polyp body wall. C. Sclerites in coenenchyme. D. Some warty sclerites in polyp mouth area near the tentacles. E. Sclerites in pinnules. Scale bars: 300 μm (A–C in the same scale); 100 μm (D, E in the same scale).

FIGURE 49 in Studies on western Pacific gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae). Part 1: a review of the genus Chrysogorgia, with description of a new genus and three new species

FIGURE 49. The sclerites of Chrysogorgia acanthella (Wright & Studer, 1889), specimen MBM286862. A. Sclerites in tentacle rachis. B. Sclerites in polyp body wall. C. Sclerites in pinnules. D. Sclerites in coenenchyme. E. Sclerites at the base of tentacular part. F. Sclerites in polyp mouth area. Scale bars: 300 μm (A–E in the same scale); 50 μm (F).

FIGURE 52 in Studies on western Pacific gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae). Part 1: a review of the genus Chrysogorgia, with description of a new genus and three new species

FIGURE 52. The external morphology and polyps of Chrysogorgia pendula Versluys, 1902, specimen MBM286360. A, B. The same specimen in situ and after collection. C. Two non-terminal polyps filled with eggs under a light microscope. D, F. Single terminal polyps under a light microscope and SEM, respectively. E. A single non-terminal polyp filled with eggs under SEM. G. A part of branch under SEM. Scale bars: 5 cm (B); 1 mm (C–F); 300 μm (G).