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90 results for “Graptolites”
Fig. 1. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. A in The ultrastructure, development, and systematic position of the graptolite genus Mastigograptus
Fig. 1. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. A. Holdfast with two siculae (ZPAL G.30/1). Scale bar 100 µm. B. Spongy meshwork texture of the basal layer "a" of holdfast (ZPALG.30/1). Scale bar 10 µm. C. Spongy meshwork of basal layer "a" with fibrils forming clumps or "trabeculae" (ZPALG.30/2). Scale bar 100 µm. D, F, G. Holdfast and two stems: lateral view with inclined sicula; lower surface of holdfast with imprint of the ribs of a shell; lateral view. Arrows show position of sicular aperture (ZPAL G.30/2). Scale bars: D, 100 µm; F, 500 µm; G, 1 mm. E. Parallel fibrils in holdfast, with coating of small "blebs" of material (ZPAL G.30/2). Scale bar 500 µm. H. Light micrograph of section through holdfast. a, irregular basal layer; b, thin parallel laminae; c, thicker peripheral laminae. Scale bar 10 µm.
Text-fig. 1. Graptolite biostratigraphy of the Silurian showing the up to present documented occurrences of scolecodonts in the Prague Basin. The graptolite zones are shown proportionally to the supposed relative time length (chart after Kříž 1992; Štorch 2001). in Revision Of Kettnerites Žebera, 1935 (Scolecodonta, Silurian Of The Barrandian Area, Czech Republic): Preliminary Results
Text-fig. 1. Graptolite biostratigraphy of the Silurian showing the up to present documented occurrences of scolecodonts in the Prague Basin. The graptolite zones are shown proportionally to the supposed relative time length (chart after Kříž 1992; Štorch 2001).
Fig. 7 in Evolution of retiolitid graptolites-a synopsis
Fig. 7. Comparison of an L−colony rhabdosome (A) with two rhabdosomes of S−colony (B, C). A. Stomatograptus sp., ZPAL G. 34/12, unknown Arctic Canada locality, Llandovery?, fragment of distal part of rhabdosome with five thecae. B. Holoretiolites helenaewitoldi sp. nov., ZPAL G.34/2. C. Corynites wyszogrodensis Kozlowski, 1956, ZPAL G.IV, Ordovician.
Fig. 9 in Morphogenetic gradients in graptolites and bryozoans
Fig. 9. Growth relations in compound monograptid colonies. A. Cladial generation in Cyrtograptus rigidus Tullberg, showing successive stages of budding of lateral cladium from aperture of a mother theca on the main stipe (A1–A5) and a mature rhabdosome with isochronous thecae showing the same size and shape interconneccted by broken lines (A). B. Delayed formation of a sicular cladium in Neodiversograptus nilssoni (Lapworth), where its first theca (12) is 6 isochronic with thecae 151–201 of the primary stipe (B) and therefore first theca of the sicular cladium (12) much more robust than the first theca of the pri1 mary cladium (11) (B). Not to scale. A, after Thorsteinsson (1955); B, from Palmer (1971) and Urbanek (1963).
Fig. 11 in Morphogenetic gradients in graptolites and bryozoans
Fig. 11. Astogeny of bryozoan colonies. A. Diagram based on Escharoides Milne Edwards and showing morphological variation in relatively simple bryozoan colony. All zooids have originated from the primary oozooid (A, ancestrula) and display a gradient in size and shape of zooecia until first repetitive zooids appear (3). This proximal series of zooids compose together the primary zone of astogenetic change. Further development leads to a series of zooids showing the same size and shape and making the primary zone of astogenetic repetition. A series of zooids near the growing edge (5–8) display a growth gradient, all of them will reach eventually morphology displayed by 4. B. Astogeny in a cheilostomate bryozoan Poricellaria d'Orbigny showing besides primary zone of astogenetic change and repetition, also cyclically repeating subsequent zones of change (S1C, S2C) as well as of repetition (S1R, S2R). While primary zone of astogenetic change begins with the ancestrula (A) subsequent zones of astogenetic change start with diminutive zooids which are not wholly comparable with ancestrula. In the given zone of astogenetic repetition zooids are alike and their morphology repeats this of the last generation of the preceding zone of astogenetic change. Successive zones of change occur over fewer generations, their zooecia become longer, more asymmetrical, may also change the budding pattern. Modified from Boardman et al. (1969).
Fig. 3 in Morphogenetic gradients in graptolites and bryozoans
Fig. 3. Variation of morphological characters of zooidal tubes (thecae) along the colony axis. A. Didymograptus pakrianus Jaanusson, only one branch of the biramous colony presented. B. Monograptus clingani (Carruthers). C. "Monograptus" (= Pernerograptus) argenteus (Nicholson). A, B belong to uniform type and exhibit mainly size gradient, while C represents a biform type, with distinct differences in morphology of proximal and distal thecae. Not to scale. From Urbanek (1973).
Fig. 4. A in Morphogenetic gradients in graptolites and bryozoans
Fig. 4. A. Variation of morphological characters of zooidal tubes (thecae) along the colony axis in Cucullograptus aversus Urbanek (A1), details of structure of apertural apparatus within the proximal, medial and distal thecae (A2–A4). B. Pristiograptus dubius (Suess), thecae with growth bands shown diagrammatically. A is a biform type with the strongest expression of characters in the distal part of the colony, while B is a uniform type exhibiting mainly the size gradient. Not to scale. From Urbanek (1973).
Fig. 2 in Morphogenetic gradients in graptolites and bryozoans
Fig. 2. Diagram illustrating the structure and terminology of a proximal part in a monograptid colony composed of a series of zooids arranged along a single axis. Arrow indicates the direction of colony growth. Note the presence of sicula, the zooidal tube of the oozooid, and a number of zooidal tubes (called thecae, 1–5), and occupied by asexually produced zooids (blastozooids); the nema is a thread−like prolongation of the apex of sicula, serving as a skeletal axis for the growing colony. Modified from Urbanek (1973).
Fig. 10 in Morphogenetic gradients in graptolites and bryozoans
Fig. 10. Ancestrulae and early astogeny in bryozoan colonies. A. Idealized diagram showing organization of a gymnolaemate bryozoan colony, 1–3 successive generations of blastozooids. B. Early stage of astogeny in a colony of a Recent ascophoran cheilostomate Metrarabdotos, showing ancestrula and three autozooecia placed immediately distally to it. C. Ancestrula of a Recent ctenostome Amathia lendigera with a stolon on which all new buds will generate. Not to scale. A, from Cheetham (1986); B, from Cook (1973); C, from Zimmer and Woollacott (1977).
Fig. 4 in Evolution of retiolitid graptolites-a synopsis
Fig. 4. Species of Holoretiolites showing successive steps of rhabdosomal changes. A. Largest rhabdosome of H. manckoides Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995. B. H. romani Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995 with reticulum. C. H. mancki with long appendix. D. H. simplex Eisenack, 1951 having short rhabdosome with two pairs of thecae and reduced ancora sleeve. E. H. atrabecularis, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995 with ancora sleeve preserved only in the proximal part and reduced mid−ventral lists. F, G. H. helenaewitoldi sp. nov. with strongly reduced ancora umbrella, ancora sleeve, and mid−ventral lists; ZPAL G.34/2 (F) and ZPAL G.34/4 (G). Figures modified from: A, B, E, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk (1995); C, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk and Lenz (2001); D, Eisenack (1951); E–G, originals. Not to scale.
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