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389 results for “Herbs”
Soil nitrogen mediates the effect of distance from climatic center on herbivory rates in a tropical herb
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Positive indirect effects outweigh negative direct effects of ungulate grazers on population growth of a grassland herb
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Data from: Variation in DNA methylation transmissibility, genetic heterogeneity and fecundity-related traits in natural populations of the perennial herb Helleborus foetidus
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Pollinator data from: Pollinator movement activity influences genetic diversity and differentiation of spatially isolated populations of clonal forest herbs
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Data from: Latitudinal patterns of herbivore pressure in a temperate herb support the biotic interactions hypothesis
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Data from: The landscape genetic signature of pollination by trapliners: evidence from the tropical herb, Heliconia tortuosa
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Immigration credit of temperate forest herbs in fragmented landscapes – implications for restoration of habitat connectivity
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Data from: The conservation value of small population remnants: variability in inbreeding depression and heterosis of a perennial herb, the narrow-leaved purple coneflower (Echinacea angustifolia)
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Data from: Flexible drought deciduousness in a neotropical understory herb
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FIGURE 4 in A new species of herb gall wasp (Cynipidae, Aulacideini, Aulacidea) from Turkey
FIGURE 4: A. turcica sp. n., male: a, head and first antennal segments in lateral view; b, 14-segmented antenna; c, gena and mesosoma in lateral view; d, adult wasp in lateral view.
Genome sequencing of four culinary herbs reveals terpenoid genes underlying chemodiversity in the Nepetoideae
<p>Species within the mint family, Lamiaceae, are widely used for their culinary, cultural, and medicinal properties due to production of a wide variety of specialized metabolites, especially terpenoids. To further our understanding of genome diversity in the Lamiaceae and to provide a resource for mining biochemical pathways, we generated high-quality genome assemblies of four economically important culinary herbs, namely, sweet basil (<i>Ocimum basilicum </i>L<i>.</i>), sweet marjoram (<i>Origanum majorana </i>L.), oregano (<i>Origanum vulgare </i>L<i>.</i>), and rosemary (<i>Rosmarinus officinalis </i>L<i>.</i>), and characterized their terpenoid diversity through metabolite profiling and genomic analyses. A total 25 monoterpenes and 11 sesquiterpenes were identified in leaf tissue from the four species. Genes encoding enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of precursors for mono- and sesqui-terpene synthases were identified in all four species. Across all four species, a total of 235 terpene synthases were identified, ranging from 27 in <i>O. majorana</i> to 137 in the tetraploid <i>O. basilicum</i>. This study provides valuable resources for further investigation of the genetic basis of chemodiversity in these important culinary herbs.</p>
Westward range expansion from middle latitudes explains the Mississippi River discontinuity in a forest herb of eastern North America
<p>It is often expected that temperate plants have expanded their geographic ranges northward from primarily southern refugia. Evidence for this hypothesis is mixed in eastern North American species, and there is increasing support for colonization from middle latitudes. We studied genome-wide patterns of variation in RADseq loci to test hypotheses concerning range expansion in a North American forest herb (<i>Campanula americana</i>). First, spatial patterns of genetic differentiation were determined. Then phylogenetic relationships and divergence times were estimated. Spatial signatures of genetic drift were also studied to identify the directionality of recent range expansion and its geographic origins. Finally, spatially explicit scenarios for the spread of plants across the landscape were compared, using variation in the population mutation parameter and Tajima's D. We found strong longitudinal subdivision, with populations clustering into groups west and east of the Mississippi River. While the southeastern region was likely part of a diverse Pleistocene refugium, there is little evidence that range expansion involved founders from these southern locales. Instead, declines in genetic diversity and the loss of rare alleles support a westward colonization wave from a middle latitude refugium near the southern Appalachian Mountains, with subsequent expansion from a Pleistocene staging ground in the Mississippi River Valley (0.51 - 1.27 Mya). These analyses implicate stepping stone colonization from middle latitudes as an important mechanism of species range expansion in eastern North America. This study further demonstrates the utility of population genetics as a tool to infer the routes traveled by organisms during geographic range expansion.</p>
Data from: Seasonally dependent relationship between insect herbivores and host plant density in Jatropha nana, a tropical perennial herb
The fact that plant spatial aggregation patterns shape insect herbivore communities in a variety of ways has resulted in a large body of literature on the subject. The landmark resource concentration hypothesis predicts that density of insect-herbivores per plant will increase as host plant density increases. I examined this prediction across temporal samplings using Jatropha nana and the associated specialist insect-herbivores as a system. Through 12 field samplings, I modelled the effect of host plant density on insect-herbivore loads. The initial samplings (2-3) provided evidence for the resource concentration hypothesis with insect loads increasing with increasing host plant density, whereas the later samplings (4-5, 7-11) showed the opposite- a resource dilution pattern with decline of insect loads with increasing host plant density. These patterns also depend on the biology of the herbivores and have important implications on J. nana population dynamics.
Data from: Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on aboveground tri-trophic interactions are contingent upon plant genetic effects of cross type in the perennial herb Ruellia nudiflora
1.- Recent work has improved our understanding of the linkages between above- and below-ground interactions mediated by plants. However, relatively few of the studies conducted thus far have focused on muli-trophic interactions (i.e. beyond two trophic levels) and the influence of plant genetic intra-specific variation on these dynamics has rarely been addressed. 2.- We tested the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on above-ground tri-trophic interactions associated with the canopy of the perennial herb <i></i>Ruellia nudiflora<i></i>, and further determined whether genetic effects due to cross type (i.e. wether a plant originated from from self- or cross-pollination) influenced these interactions. 3.- We propagated plants originating from self- or cross-pollination, and within each category inoculated half of the plants with AMF. We subsequently established a common garden where plants were exposed to naturally occurring seed-eating caterpillars and their parasitoids. We measured plant growth, fruit output, calculated the proportion of attacked fruits by the caterpillar and the proportion of parasitized caterpillars, and also estimated the proportion of "rescued" seeds by parasitoids representing an indirect positive effect of the third trophic level on the plant by reducing caterpillar consumption. 4.- AMF drove 18% and 15% increases in plant growth and fruit output respectively, and drove a 25% reduction in caterpillar fruit attack, but did not influence parasitism or parasitoid seed "rescue". In contrast, cross type did not influence growth, fruit number, herbivore attack, parasitism, or seed rescue. More importantly, however, we found a significant AMF by cross type interaction on caterpillar attack where AMF significantly reduced fruit attack (by 30%) in progeny from cross-pollination but did not influence herbivory in progeny from self-pollination. 5.- Synthesis. Results indicate that AMF effects on above-ground interactions are contingent upon plant intra-specific variation originating from cross type, which is likely a common source of variation in associated interactions for plants with mixed mating systems. Further studies examining plant-mediated below- and aboveground interactions should consider the influence of specific sources of plant genetic variation, as well as address the consequences of such dynamics for interactions beyond two trophic levels.
Population history explains the performance of an annual herb - within and beyond its European species range
1. The centre-periphery hypothesis (CPH) predicts a decrease in population performance from the centre of the species range towards the edge, hindering further species expansion. To overcome ecological limitation, local adaptation of peripheral populations is assumed necessary to extend niche space and thus to potentially facilitate species' range expansion. However, adaptive changes do not necessarily correspond to current ecological marginality. Instead, population history may provide a fuller context for understanding patterns of local adaptation within the species range. Here, we test whether local adaptation to current conditions or population history explains current species distribution in an annual heterocarpic species, Atriplex tatarica, in Europe. 2. The ecological marginality and population history were estimated using species distribution modelling (SDM) and 13 microsatellite markers. To test for local adaptation, we evaluated the population performance of both currently central and currently peripheral populations by examining germination and growth traits under three temperature regimes which correspond to climates within, and also beyond, the species' current range. In addition, we compared Bayesian estimates of population differentiation in neutral genetic markers and quantitative traits to test whether phenotypic differentiation evolved by local adaptation and/or by genetic drift. 3. We found population performances were not higher under temperature regimes corresponding to their own habitats, suggesting that patterns of local adaptation in A. tatarica do not correspond to current centre-periphery gradient. In contrast, population genetic structure indicated a strong influence of population history on variation in the germination phenotype. Species distribution modelling suggested a more cold-tolerant genetic lineage was located at the species' range periphery during the last glacial period. Meanwhile, a less cold-tolerant lineage occurred in more suitable areas of the Balkan Peninsula and southeastern Europe. Thus, the strong adaptive divergence of evolutionary lineages may reflect a past spatial arrangement of populations, suggesting evolutionary processes were ongoing before the species expansion in the Holocene. 4. Synthesis. There is continuing debate concerning the speed of trait evolution during range expansion with climate change. Our results indicate that even though organisms expand rapidly, the accompanying evolutionary changes in phenotype may be much slower.
Data from: Genome-wide SNP discovery in the annual herb, Lasthenia fremontii (Asteraceae): genetic resources for the conservation and restoration of a California vernal pool endemic
California vernal pool (VP) ecosystems support a diverse community of endemic plants that are threatened by multiple anthropogenic pressures, generating a need for molecular tools to quantify the extent and distribution of genetic variation in native populations. Here, we used RADseq to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for a widespread VP endemic plant species, Lasthenia fremontii. We discovered nuclear-based SNPs using a RAD-tag library of 12 individuals from different VP complexes using SbfI, a restriction enzyme that does not cleave the chloroplast genome in Lasthenia. A total of 316,106 catalog loci were obtained across all twelve individuals in the library. Of these, 713 loci were polymorphic, yielding 3918 candidate SNPs. Next, we genotyped an additional 285 additional plants to validate and characterize 71 of the candidate SNPs. Of these, 44 were polymorphic among VP complexes. A preliminary analysis of the distribution of genetic variation using these loci revealed significant isolation-by-distance across the species' geographic range. Weaker, but in some cases significant, genetic differentiation was detected among subpopulations from different pools within a single VP complex. Thus, in this study, RADseq allowed the discovery of SNP markers that can characterize patterns of genetic variation at multiple spatial scales in L. fremontii, which can be used to inform the conservation and mitigation of VP populations.
Data from: Strong inbreeding depression in two Scandinavian populations of the self-incompatible perennial herb Arabidopsis lyrata
Inbreeding depression is a key factor influencing mating system evolution in plants, but current understanding of its relationship with selfing rate is limited by a sampling bias with few estimates for self-incompatible species. We quantified inbreeding depression (δ) over two growing seasons in two populations of the self-incompatible perennial herb Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. petraea in Scandinavia. Inbreeding depression was strong and of similar magnitude in both populations. Inbreeding depression for overall fitness across two seasons (the product of number of seeds, offspring viability, and offspring biomass) was 81% and 78% in the two populations. Chlorophyll deficiency accounted for 81% of seedling mortality in the selfing treatment, and was not observed among offspring resulting from outcrossing. The strong reduction in both early viability and late quantitative traits suggests that inbreeding depression is due to deleterious alleles of both large and small effect, and that both populations experience strong selection against the loss of self-incompatibility. A review of available estimates suggested that inbreeding depression tends to be stronger in self-incompatible than in self-compatible highly outcrossing species, implying that undersampling of self-incompatible taxa may bias estimates of the relationship between mating system and inbreeding depression.
Data from: "Green incubation": avian offspring benefit from aromatic nest herbs through improved parental incubation behaviour
Development of avian embryos requires thermal energy, usually from parents. Parents may however trades off catering for embryonic requirements against their own need to forage through intermittent incubation. This dynamically adjusted behaviour can be affected by properties of the nest. Here we experimentally show a novel mechanism by which parents, through incorporation of aromatic herbs into nests, effectively modify their incubation behaviour to the benefit of their offspring. Our study species, the European starling, includes in its nest aromatic herbs which promote offspring fitness. We provided wild starlings with artificial nests including or excluding the typically selected fresh herbs and found strong support for our prediction of facilitated incubation. Herb effects were not explained by thermal changes of the nests per se, but by modified parental behaviours. Egg temperatures and nest attendance were higher in herb than herbless nests, egg temperatures dropped less frequently below critical thresholds, and parents started their active day earlier. These effects were dynamic over time and particularly strong during early incubation. Incubation period was shorter in herb nests, and nestlings were heavier one week after hatching. Aromatic herbs hence influenced incubation in beneficial ways for offspring, possibly through pharmacological effects on incubating parents.
Data from: Variation across river channels in demographic dynamics of a riparian herb with threatened status: management and conservation implications
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Gesneria pauciflora is a rare-threatened plant growing in riparian forests. Periodic disturbances, expected in this habitat, could influence demographic dynamics on plant populations, yet their impact may not be the same across watershed. We hypothesize that differences in disturbances between the main-channel and tributaries may lead to spatial dissimilarities in population growth rate (λ), structure, and fecundity. METHODS: 1277 plants were tagged and monitored over a 1.5-years period. Every 6-months we measured plant size, survival and fecundity, in addition to appearance of seedlings. These variables were applied in Integral Projection Models to assess the population status of G. pauciflora. KEY RESULTS: Plants in the main-channel were smaller but were more likely to flower and fruit than those in the tributaries. Overall mortality was greater in the main-channel and more so during the rainy season. At both sites λ ranged from 0.9114-0.9865, and survival/growth of larger plants had a greater effect on lambda (> 0.90) regardless of site. CONCLUSIONS: Lambda values suggest that G. pauciflora is declining across the watershed. Higher mortality rates in the main channel (more-perturbed sites) might driving G. pauciflora to reproduced at smaller sizes, while the tributaries (less-perturbed sites) may benefit growth and lead to larger plant sizes. Extreme climatic events are expected to increase in the Caribbean and might decrease the population if left unmanaged. Management strategies that reduce the time plants require to reach larger sizes might be necessary to increase λ, and reintroduction of cuttings might be a possible solution.
Data from: Are gastropods, rather than ants, important dispersers of seeds of myrmecochorous forest herbs?
Seed dispersal by ants (myrmecochory) is widespread and seed adaptations to myrmecochory are common, especially in the form of fatty appendices (elaiosomes). In a recent study, slugs were identified as seed dispersers of myrmecochores in a Central European beech forest. Here we used 105 beech forest sites to test whether myrmecochore presence and abundance is related to ant or to gastropod abundance and whether experimentally exposed seeds are removed by gastropods. Myrmecochorous plant cover was positively related to gastropod abundance, but negatively to ant abundance. Gastropods were responsible for most seed removal and elaiosome damage, while insects (and rodents) played minor roles. These gastropod effects on seeds were independent of region or forest management. We suggest that terrestrial gastropods can generally act as seed dispersers of myrmecochorous plants or even substitute myrmecochory, especially where ants are absent or uncommon.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.