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Fig. 6 in Symbiodiniaceae diversity and characterization of palytoxin in various zoantharians (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia)

Fig. 6 Palytoxin (PLTX) contents in the genera Palythoa, Terrazoanthus, and Zoanthus determined in the present and previous studies. Red: high PLTX concentration (> 300 µg/g wet). Orange: weak PLTX concentration. Green: no PLTX detected. Black: not determined. CAP: common ancestor of all Palythoa species. Palythoa tuberculosa (Esper, 1805) has not been used in the present study but Hirata et al. (1979) measured low concentration of PLTX (10 µg/g wet Paly-

Fig. 4 in Epizoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Granulifusus gastropods (Neogastropoda: Fasciolariidae) from the Indo-West Pacific

Fig. 4 Images of Granulifusus niponicus acting on Epizoanthus protoporos sp. nov. a–c The front, side, backside of image that the front end of G. niponicus's foot stretched and stroked the polyps of Epizoanthus protoporos sp. nov. d–f Closed-up image of the front end of G. niponicus's foot acting on Epizoanthus protoporos sp. nov

Fig. 3 in Epizoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Granulifusus gastropods (Neogastropoda: Fasciolariidae) from the Indo-West Pacific

Fig. 3 Internal morphology of Epizoanthus protoporos sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1797). a Longitudinal section of polyp. b Closed-up image of reticulate marginal muscle. c Cross-section of polyp at level of mesenterial filaments. Abbreviations: CM: complete mesentery, IM: incomplete mesentery, O: oral disk, RMM: reticulate marginal muscle, T: tentacle, TT: testis. Scale bars: 3 mm (a), 200 μm (b), 500 μm (c)

Fig. 2 in Epizoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Granulifusus gastropods (Neogastropoda: Fasciolariidae) from the Indo-West Pacific

Fig. 2 Cnidae in the tentacles, column, actinopharynx, and mesenterial filaments of Palezoanthus reticulatus and Epizoanthus protoporos sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1797). Abbreviations: HL: holotrich large, HS: holotrich small, O: basitrichs and microbasic b-mastigophores, PM: microbasic p-mastigophores, S: spriocysts

Fig. 5 in Epizoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Granulifusus gastropods (Neogastropoda: Fasciolariidae) from the Indo-West Pacific

Fig. 5 Maximum likelihood tree based on combined dataset of COI, mt 12S-rDNA, mt 16S-rDNA, 18S-rDNA, ITS-rDNA, and 28S-rDNA sequences. Number at nodes represent ML bootstrap values (> 50%

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Phylum Cnidaria (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) CANTATA Transcriptomes

CANTATA is a Community bAsed Non-bilaTeriAn Transcriptome Archive aiming to provide an archive of non-bilaterian transcriptomic resources assembled and annotated in a standardized manner. In this repository, we provide the transcriptomes assemblies corresponding to the Phylum Cnidaria (Class Anthozoa, Subclass Hexacorallia). Currently, the following species are available:<ul><li>Acropora aculeus</li><li>Acropora cervicornis</li><li>Acropora digitifera</li><li>Acropora millepora</li><li>Acropora tenuis</li><li>Actinia tenebrosa</li><li>Agaricia lamarcki</li><li>Alveopora japonica</li><li>Anemonia sulcata</li><li>Anemonia viridis</li><li>Anthopleura dowii</li><li>Anthopleura elegantissima</li><li>Antipathes caribbeana</li><li>Aulactinia veratra</li><li>Calliactis polypus</li><li>Coelastrea aspera</li><li>Condylactis gigantea</li><li>Corynactis australis</li><li>Ctenactis echinata</li><li>Cyphastrea serailia</li><li>Dipsastraea rotumana</li><li>Edwardsiella carnea</li><li>Entacmaea quadricolor</li><li>Favites acuticollis</li><li>Fungia fungites</li><li>Galaxea astreata</li><li>Goniastrea retiformis</li><li>Goniopora columna</li><li>Heteractis crispa</li><li>Lobactis scutaria</li><li>Megalactis griffithsi</li><li>Montastraea cavernosa</li><li>Montipora aequituberculata</li><li>Montipora capitata</li><li>Montipora digitata</li><li>Nematostella vectensis</li><li>Palythoa caribaeorum</li><li>Palythoa variabilis</li><li>Plesiastrea versipora</li><li>Plumapathes pennacea</li><li>Pocillopora damicornis</li><li>Porites astreoides</li><li>Porites australiensis</li><li>Porites lobata</li><li>Porites lutea</li><li>Protopalythoa variabilis</li><li>Pseudodiploria strigosa</li><li>Rhodactis indosinensis</li><li>Seriatopora hystrix</li><li>Siderastrea siderea</li><li>Stichodactyla haddoni</li><li>Stichodactyla helianthus</li><li>Tubastraea coccinea</li></ul>The details about the read files used to assemble each transcriptome can be found at the CANTATA repository (https://gitlab.lrz.de/palmuc/cantata)

FIG. 7 in Use of cnidae in taxonomy: implications from a study of Acrozoanthus australiae (Hexacorallia, Zoanthidea)

FIG. 7. Scattergrams of nematocyst capsule width and length measurements. (A) Collection from Indonesia, the various types within dotted ellipses; (B) collection from Queensland with the data points superimposed on the dotted ellipses taken from (A). Except in three samples in (B), where n~50, sample points are based on n~100. Origins: Act, actinopharynx; Fil, filament (undifferentiated); Lfil, lower part of filament; Tbas, basal portion of tentacle; Tent, Tentacle (undifferentiated); Ttip, tip of tentacle; Scap, scapus; Ufil, upper part of filament. Nematocyst types: bMas, b-mastigophores; pMas, p-mastigophores; Hol, holotrichs. The outlier point among actinopharynx holotrichs in (A) seems possibly an error.

FIG. 6 in Use of cnidae in taxonomy: implications from a study of Acrozoanthus australiae (Hexacorallia, Zoanthidea)

FIG. 6. Variation of capsule area sample means between polyps; error bars are ¡1 SD. (A) Holotrichs from tentacle base (T-base) and scapus, clone from Indonesia (the pattern shown by actinopharynx holotrichs is the same as that shown by tentacle base holotrichs); (B) B-mastigophores from tentacles, comparing clones from Indonesia (tentacle tips) and Queensland (regression line applies to Queensland).

FIG. 4 in Use of cnidae in taxonomy: implications from a study of Acrozoanthus australiae (Hexacorallia, Zoanthidea)

FIG. 4. The most extreme departures from normality in nematocyst capsule length frequency distributions; n~100 in all cases. From the Indonesian clone unless stated. (A) Filament holotrichs, polyp 4.0 mm (Queensland); (B) actinopharynx holotrichs, polyp 4.0 mm; (C) lower filament holotrichs, polyp 7.0 mm; (D) upper filament b-mastigophores, polyp 4.0 mm; (E) lower filament b-mastigophores, polyp 4.0 mm; (F) upper filament p-mastigophores, polyp 6.5 mm. (D) and (E) are clearly bimodal (see table 3 and text).

FIG. 1 in Use of cnidae in taxonomy: implications from a study of Acrozoanthus australiae (Hexacorallia, Zoanthidea)

FIG. 1. Nematocyst types found in 'higher Zoanthidea' (Schmidt, 1974). (A, A') Holotrich, scapus, Epizoanthus couchii, exploded and unexploded; (B, B') holotrich II (~heterotrichous isorhiza of Östman, 2000), scapus, Parazoanthus axinellae; (C, C') microbasic b-mastigophore, scapus, Epizoanthus couchii; (D, D') basitrich, tentacles, Parazoanthus axinellae; (E, E') microbasic p-mastigophore, filament, Zoanthus coppingeri (E), Parazoanthus axinellae (E'). Outlines selected from Schmidt (1974).

FIG. 3 in Use of cnidae in taxonomy: implications from a study of Acrozoanthus australiae (Hexacorallia, Zoanthidea)

FIG. 3. The effect of sample size on nematocyst capsule length range in 15 samples of Acrozoanthus australiae from Indonesia. All samples are from the same clone. The x-axis sample codes (origin and nematocyst type) are: 1, lower filament holotrichs; 2, actinopharynx holotrichs; 3, scapus holotrichs; 4, upper filament b-mastigophores; 5, upper filament p-mastigophores. Each type was obtained from three polyps, respectively 2.3, 5.0 and 7.5 mm diameter. The areas of the circles indicate the percentage increase in range with increasing sample size (n~25 taken as zero); the largest represent y50% increase over the n~25 range. Large increases occurred between n~50 and n~75; only in sample 4, 5.0 was there no increase in range with increasing sample size.

FIG. 5 in Use of cnidae in taxonomy: implications from a study of Acrozoanthus australiae (Hexacorallia, Zoanthidea)

FIG. 5. Comparison of capsule length sample means of holotrichs, b-mastigophores and p-mastigophores from upper and lower filaments. Error bars are z1 or 21 SD. L-Fil, lower part of filament; U-Fil, upper part of filament; bMas, b-mastigophores; Hols, holotrichs; pMas, p-mastigophores.

FIG. 8 in Use of cnidae in taxonomy: implications from a study of Acrozoanthus australiae (Hexacorallia, Zoanthidea)

FIG. 8. Mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values, and range of nematocyst capsule length measurements in Acrozoanthus australiae with increasing sample size and diversity of origin (N, number of polyps, given in legend; n, number of capsules measured, italic numerals on graph). Upper series: filament holotrichs; range indicated by numerals above the line of maxima. 1–3, Lower filament, polyp from Indonesia 5.0 mm, N~1; 4, lowerzupper filament, polyp from Indonesia 5.0 mm, N~1; 5, lowerzupper filament, polyps from Indonesia 2.3, 5.0, 7.5 mm, N~3; 6, lowerzupper filament, all Indonesian polyps, N~10; 7, combined lowerzupper filament, all Indonesian and Queensland polyps, N~12. Lower series: tentacle b-mastigophores; range indicated by numerals below the line of minima. 1–3, Tentacle tip, polyp from Indonesia 5.0 mm, N~1; 4, combined tentacle tipzbase, polyp from Indonesia 5.0 mm, N~1; 5, combined tentacle tipzbase, polyps from Indonesia 5.0, 6.1, 7.5 mm, N~3; 6, combined tentacle tipzbase, all Indonesian polyps, N~10; 7, combined tentacle tipzbase, all Indonesian and Queensland polyps, N~15.

Figure 8 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 8. SEM photographs of the indistinguishable trigeneric complex, comprising Parantipathes, Lillipathes, and Dendrobathypathes (all collected from the eastern North Pacific Ocean). A, D. boutillieri (USNM 1014186; scale bars 0.1 mm); B, L. wingi (USNM 1014106; scale bars 0.1 mm); C–E, Parantipathes sp. (J2095-2-7-6). C, individual spine.

Figure 7 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 7. In-situ and laboratory photographs of the indistinguishable trigeneric complex, comprising Parantipathes, Lillipathes, and Dendrobathypathes (all collected from the eastern North Pacific Ocean). A, branched Parantipathes sp. (J2106-7-1; 937 m); B, small colony of D. boutillieri with lab photo inset (J2097-2-1; 1734 m); C, unbranched Parantipathes sp. (J2012-6-3; 862 m); D, unbranched Parantipathes sp. (J2095-2-7-4; 843 m); E, D. boutillieri (J2095-2-5-1; 2162 m); F, Lillipathes sp. (specimen not included in this study; photo reproduced with permission from http://mcbi.marine -conservation.org; © NOAA/MBARI; 1520 m in the eastern Gulf of Alaska). Photos A, B, C courtesy of NOAA.

Figure 6 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 6. SEM and in situ photographs of aphanipathid Stichopathes. Left, Stichopathes cf. flagellum (Lyman Seamount; specimen LYM106-5; depth of collection: 1485 m). Right, Stichopathes dissimilis (Lyman Seamount; LYM105-1; 1485 m). Inset, S. dissimilis (Rehoboth Seamount; REH202-2; 1681 m). In situ photos courtesy of the Mountains in the Sea Research Team, URI/IAO, IFE, and NOAA.

Figure 5 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 5. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the cox3-cox1 nucleotide alignment, rooted to the Actiniaria (sea anemones). AIC within jModelTest selected the TVM + G model of nucleotide substitution (gamma: 0.1860). ML parameters and character usage are the same as in Figure 2.

Figure 4 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 4. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the nuc-contig alignment. AIC within jModelTest selected the TIM3 + I + G model of nucleotide substitution (pinvar: 0.8420, gamma: 0.5910). ML parameters, outgroup selection, and character usage are the same as in Figure 2. Due to difficulty in amplifying and sequencing 18S and 28S for Elatopathes abietina and Stichopathes dissimilis, their sequences were chimeras comprising data from multiple individuals (USNM 1116469 & USNM 1116470 and LYM105-1 & MAN802-1, respectively).

Figure 3 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 3. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the mt-contig alignment incorporating the full cox3-cox1 plus the Gblocks-edited igrW and igrN. AIC within jModelTest selected the TVM + I + G model of nucleotide substitution (pinvar: 0.4210, gamma: 0.8800). ML parameters, outgroup selection, and character usage are the same as in Figure 2. ∧ Includes Tanacetipathes barbadensis USNM 1116465, T. tanacetum SED804-7, Plumapathes pennacea USNM 1086297, and P. pennacea USNM 1086302*. ∧∧ Includes Antipathes curvata USNM 1015453, A. cf. virgata USNM 99750, and Cirrhipathes sp. P4-226-9. ∧∧∧ Includes Stichopathes cf. occidentalis TMKO-132* and TMNI0707-22*.

Figure 2 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics

Figure 2. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the mt-contig alignment, rooted to the Leiopathidae (an ingroup). Numbers at nodes are bootstrap support values based on 1000 replicates. AIC within jModelTest selected the TVM + I + G model of nucleotide substitution [proportion of invariable sites (pinvar): 0.3940; gamma distribution parameter: 1.0000]. Tip labels indicate the specimen used in the alignment. Several specimens shared identical haplotypes or had haplotypes that were rendered identical following manipulations of the sequence alignment (see text); only one representative of these haplotypes was included in the analysis but the taxa affected are highlighted as follows: identical nominal taxa are separated by a forward slash, and an asterisk indicates unique haplotypes rendered identical following sequence manipulations. For the indistinguishable trigeneric complex, the taxon used in the phylogeny is listed in curly brackets. ∧ Includes Tanacetipathes barbadensis USNM 1116465, T. tanacetum SED804-7, Plumapathes pennacea USNM 1086297, and P. pennacea USNM 1086302*. ∧∧ Includes Antipathes curvata USNM 1015453, A. cf. virgata USNM 99750, and Cirrhipathes sp. P4-226-9. ∧∧∧ Includes Stichopathes cf. occidentalis TMKO-132* and TMNI0707-22*.