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622 results for “High altitude”
Data from: Detecting past and ongoing natural selection among ethnically Tibetan women at high altitude in Nepal
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Changes in ventilatory responses at high altitude measured using rebreathing
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The combination of high leaf hydraulic safety and water use efficiency allows alpine shrubs to adapt to high-altitude habitats
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Coordinated changes across the O2 transport pathway underlie adaptive increases in thermogenic capacity in high-altitude deer mice
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Dataset for: Molecular diversity of dragonflies in high altitude Andean lakes through DNA barcoding
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Data from: Specifying high-altitude electrons using low-altitude LEO systems: the SHELLS model
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FIGURE 7 in Qorimayus, a new genus of relictual, high-altitude harvestmen from western Argentina (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) reveals trans-Andean phylogenetic links
FIGURE 7. Records of Qorimayus alticola (blue dots) in Sierra de Famatina, La Rioja Province, western Argentina, together with known localities of the Chilean genera Nanophareus (red dots) and Metabalta (yellow dots). Regional divisions in Chile: Coquimbo (COQ); Valparaíso (VAL); Región Metropolitana de Santiago (MET); Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins (OHI); Maule (MAU); Ñuble (ÑUB); Bío-Bío (BIO). Inset: position of the represented area in South America; La Rioja Province indicated in gray.
FIGURE 6 in Qorimayus, a new genus of relictual, high-altitude harvestmen from western Argentina (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) reveals trans-Andean phylogenetic links
FIGURE 6. Distal end of penis, lateral views. A: Metabalta efformata Roewer, 1929, syntype ♂ (SMF), B–C: Detail of stylus and ventral process of stylus (VPS); C is slightly rotated dorsolaterally to see the subapical spines on the VPS shaft. D: Nanophareus bosqenublado Hara et al., 2012 (AMNH), E: Detail of stylus and VPS, F: Nanophareus palpalis Roewer, 1929, ♂ lectotype (SMF 986/1). Scales: 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Qorimayus, a new genus of relictual, high-altitude harvestmen from western Argentina (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) reveals trans-Andean phylogenetic links
FIGURE 4. Right pedipalps, lateral view; all drawings at the same scale. A: Qorimayus alticola (Ringuelet, 1962) comb. nov., holotype ♂ (MACN). B: Metabalta efformata Roewer, 1929, syntype ♂ (SMF). C: Metabalta geniculata Roewer, 1929, syntype ♂ (SMF) D: Nanophareus bosqenublado Hara et al., 2012 (AMNH). Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Qorimayus, a new genus of relictual, high-altitude harvestmen from western Argentina (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) reveals trans-Andean phylogenetic links
FIGURE 1. Cladistic relationships of Qorimayus gen. nov.: single most parsimonious tree obtained with implied weights (IW), k=6 (Ci: 0.37, Ri: 0.60, tree length: 376 steps). Character optimization: solid circles depict non-homoplasious states, open circles are homoplasious states. Small numbers on a circle indicate the character number (above the circle) and its state (below); larger numbers under relevant branches display values of bootstrap, jackknife and symmetric resample (B-J-SR), high support values in bold. Abbreviations for major clades (underlined): G: Gonyleptidae; PsG: Pachyloides-group; PG: Pachylus-group; PG+Eu: Pachylus-group plus Eusarcus spp.; MG: Metabalta-group; M+Na(+): Metabalta+Na(+); M: genus Metabalta; Na(+): Nanophareus, plus N+T; Na: genus Nanophareus; e-s: "eyes-separate" clade.
FIGURE 2 in Qorimayus, a new genus of relictual, high-altitude harvestmen from western Argentina (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) reveals trans-Andean phylogenetic links
FIGURE 2. Qorimayus alticola (Ringuelet, 1962) comb. nov., holotype ♂ (MACN). A: Dorsal view (scutum, free tergites, che- licerae, base of right pedipalp and legs I–III, and right leg IV, from coxa to tibia). B: Ventral view (coxae IV, stigmatic segment, free sternites, right trochanter, femur and patella I). C–D: Ocular mound, C: right lateral view with front hump, D: posterior view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Qorimayus, a new genus of relictual, high-altitude harvestmen from western Argentina (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) reveals trans-Andean phylogenetic links
FIGURE 5. Qorimayus alticola (Ringuelet, 1962) comb. nov., holotype ♂, distal end of penis. A: Dorsal view. B: Lateral view. C: Detail of stylus and ventral process of stylus (VPS). Macrosetae series are labelled as MS A, MS B, MS C, MS D and MS E, following the nomenclature of Kury & Villarreal (2015). Scales: 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 8 in Qorimayus, a new genus of relictual, high-altitude harvestmen from western Argentina (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) reveals trans-Andean phylogenetic links
FIGURE 8. Habitat of Qorimayus alticola in the Río Oro canyon (La Rioja Province, Argentina). A: General view of the valley at ca. 2400 m a.s.l. B: Scrubland bordering the track to Mina El Oro, at one collecting site (2450 m a.s.l.).
Data from: Genetic adaptation of Tibetan poplar (Populus szechuanica var. tibetica) to high altitudes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
<p>Plant adaptation to high altitudes has long been a substantial focus of ecological and evolutionary research. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying such adaptation remain poorly understood. Here, we address this issue by sampling, genotyping, and comparing populations of Tibetan poplar, Populus szechuanica var. tibetica, distributed from low (~2000 m) to high altitudes (~3000 m) of Sejila Mountain on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Population structure analyses allow clear classification of two groups according to their altitudinal distributions. However, in contrast to the genetic variation within each population, differences between the two populations only explain a small portion of the total genetic variation (3.64%). We identified asymmetrical gene flow from high- to low-altitude populations. Integrating population genomic and landscape genomic analyses, we detected two hotspot regions, one containing four genes associated with altitudinal variation, and the other containing ten genes associated with response to solar radiation. These genes participate in abiotic stress resistance and regulation of reproductive processes. Our results provide insight into the genetic mechanisms underlying high-altitude adaptation in Tibetan poplar.</p>
Data from: Life history evolution and cellular mechanisms associated with increased size in high-altitude Drosophila
Understanding the physiological and genetic basis of growth and body size variation has wide-ranging implications, from cancer and metabolic disease to the genetics of complex traits. We examined the evolution of body and wing size in high-altitude Drosophila melanogaster from Ethiopia, flies with larger size than any previously known population. Specifically, we sought to identify life history characteristics and cellular mechanisms that may have facilitated size evolution. We found that the large-bodied Ethiopian flies laid significantly fewer but larger eggs relative to lowland, smaller-bodied Zambian flies. The highland flies were found to achieve larger size in a similar developmental period, potentially aided by a reproductive strategy favoring greater provisioning of fewer offspring. At the cellular level, cell proliferation was a strong contributor to wing size evolution, but both thorax and wing size increases involved important changes in cell size. Nuclear size measurements were consistent with elevated somatic ploidy as an important mechanism of body size evolution. We discuss the significance of these results for the genetic basis of evolutionary changes in body and wing size in Ethiopian D. melanogaster.
Data from: Differential high-altitude adaptation and restricted gene flow across a mid-elevation hybrid zone in Andean tit-tyrant flycatchers
The tropical Andes are a global hotspot of avian diversity that is characterized by dramatic elevational shifts in community composition and a preponderance of recently evolved species. Bird habitats in the Andes span a nearly two-fold range of atmospheric pressure that poses challenges for respiration, thermoregulation, water balance, and powered flight, but the extent to which physiological constraints limit species' elevational distributions is poorly understood. We report a previously unknown hybrid zone between recently diverged flycatchers (Aves, Tyrannidae) with partially overlapping elevational ranges. The southern Anairetes reguloides has a broad elevational range (0-4200 m), while the northern Anairetes nigrocristatus is restricted to high elevations (>2200 m). We found hybrids in central Peru at elevations between ~3100-3800 m, with A. nigrocristatus above this elevation and A. reguloides below. We analyzed variation in hematology, heart mass, morphometrics, plumage, and one mitochondrial and three nuclear loci across an elevational transect that encompasses the hybrid zone. Phenotypic traits and genetic markers all showed steep clines across the hybrid zone. Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, mean cellular hemoglobin concentration, and relative heart mass each increased at altitude more strongly in A. reguloides than in A. nigrocristatus. These findings suggest that A. nigrocristatus is more resistant than A. reguloides to high-altitude hypoxic respiratory stress. Considering that the ancestor of the genus is suggested to have been restricted to high elevations, A. reguloides may be secondarily adapted to low-altitude. We conclude that differential respiratory specialization on atmospheric pressure combined with competitive exclusion maintains replacement along an elevational contour, despite interbreeding.
Ancient hybridization with an unknown population facilitated high altitude adaptation of canids
<p>Genetic introgression provides material for adaptive evolution, but also confounds our understanding of evolutionary history. This is particularly true for canids, a species complex in which genome sequencing and analysis has revealed a complex history of admixture and introgression. Here, we use newly sequenced genomes of high-altitude Tibetan and Himalayan wolves to explore the evolutionary history and adaptation of this group. We find that Tibetan and Himalayan wolves are closely related to each other, and that approximately 39-49% of their nuclear genome are derived from an as-yet unrecognized wolf-like lineage that is deeply diverged from living Holarctic wolves and dogs. The <i>EPAS1</i> haplotype, which is present at high frequencies in Tibetan dog breeds and wolves and confers an adaptive advantage to animals living at high altitudes, was probably derived from this ancient lineage. Our study suggests the complexity of canid evolution and demonstrates how admixture and introgression shape the evolutionary trajectories and adaptation of species.</p>
Data from: From pristine forests to high-altitude pastures: an ecological approach to prehistoric human impact on vegetation and landscapes in the western Italian Alps
1. This paper addresses the origin and development of the oldest prehistoric pasture in the timberline ecotone known so far in the Alps and its relation to anthropogenic pressure and natural climate change. 2. Paleoecological and geochemical techniques were applied on the Crotte Basse mire stratigraphy (2365 m asl, western Italy) to describe changes in vegetation composition, forest biomass, land use and fertilization between ca. 6400 - 1800 yrs cal BP. 3. Subalpine forests dominated by Pinus cembra occurred at very high-altitude up to ca. 5600 yrs cal BP, when a sharp contraction of woody vegetation took place. This major vegetation shift is matched by increasing charcoal input and markers of pastoral/grazing activities (pollen, dung spores, and forms of phosphorus) in the sediment sequence in this small basin. 4. Major phases of landscape change detected in our multiproxy record chronologically match intervals of cumulative probability density of 14C ages from nearby archaeological sites, suggesting that human activity was the factor leading to massive landscape change from the onset of the Copper Age (ca. 5600 yrs cal BP). The change may have been reinforced by climate variability in the period 5700 - 5300 years cal BP. 5. Sensitivity of woody species to fires was statistically explored (Appendix S3 in Supporting Information), revealing negative reactions of Pinus cembra and Betula to frequent fire episodes and positive reactions of Alnus viridis and Juniperus. Fire episodes do not affect Larix dynamics. 6. Synthesis: Mt. Fallère provides some of the oldest and consistent evidence so far available in the Alps for major anthropogenic pressure at the upper forest limit. As far back as 5600 cal years BP, high-elevation forest ecosystems were permanently disrupted and the alpine pastures were created. Palaeoecological data enable a clear distinction between a random and sporadic use of the alpine space, typical for Mesolithic and Neolithic societies, and an organized seasonal exploitation of natural resources, starting from the Copper Age onwards. The chronological comparison of independent climate proxies, paleoecological information and pollen-based temperature reconstructions sheds light on the relationships between climate and humans since prehistoric times.
Data from: Effects of UVB radiation on grazing of two cladocerans from high-altitude Andean lakes
Climate change and water extraction may result in increased exposition of the biota to ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) in high-altitude Andean lakes. Although exposition to lethal doses in these lakes is unlikely, sub-lethal UVB doses may have strong impacts in key compartments such as zooplankton. Here, we aimed at determining the effect of sub-lethal UVB doses on filtration rates of two cladoceran species (Daphnia pulicaria and Ceriodaphnia dubia). We firstly estimated the Incipient Limiting Concentration (ILC) and the Gut Passage Time (GPT) for both species. Thereafter we exposed clones of each species to four increasing UVB doses (treatments): i) DUV-0 (Control), ii) DUV-1 (0.02 MJ m2), iii) DUV-2 (0.03 MJ m2) and iv) DUV-3 (0.15 MJ m2); and estimated their filtration rates using fluorescent micro-spheres. Our results suggest that increasing sub-lethal doses of UVB radiation may strongly disturb the structure and functioning of high-altitude Andean lakes. Filtration rates of D. pulicaria were not affected by the lowest dose applied (DUV-1), but decreased by 50% in treatments DUV-2 and DUV-3. Filtration rates for C. dubia were reduced by more than 80% in treatments DUV-1 and DUV-2 and 100 % of mortality occurred at the highest UVB dose applied (DUV-3).
Data from: Genetic and phenotypic divergence between low- and high-altitude populations of two recently diverged cinnamon teal subspecies
Spatial variation in the environment can lead to divergent selection between populations occupying different parts of a species' range, and ultimately lead to population divergence. The colonization of new areas can thus facilitate divergence in beneficial traits, yet with little differentiation at neutral genetic markers. We investigated genetic and phenotypic patterns of divergence between low- and high-altitude populations of cinnamon teal inhabiting normoxic and hypoxic regions in the Andes and adjacent lowlands of South America. Cinnamon Teal showed strong divergence in body size (PC1; PST = 0.56) and exhibited significant frequency differences in a single non-synonymous α-hemoglobin amino acid polymorphism (Asn/Ser-α9; FST = 0.60) between environmental extremes, despite considerable admixture of mtDNA and intron loci (FST = 0.004–0.168). Inferences of strong population segregation were further supported by the observation of few mismatched individuals in either environmental extreme. Coalescent analyses indicated that the highlands were most likely colonized from lowland regions but following divergence, gene flow has been asymmetric from the highlands into the lowlands. Multiple selection pressures associated with high altitude habitats, including cold and hypoxia, have likely shaped morphological and genetic divergence within South American cinnamon teal populations.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.