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FIGURES 22‒38. 22 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 22‒38. 22: Bombus pyrrhopygus global distribution (as for Fig. 15). 23‒38 colour patterns (as for Figs. 16‒21): 23 (#4707) Russia-Arkhangelsk; 24 (#337) Russia-Arkhangelsk; 25 (#273) Sweden; 26 (#272) Sweden; 27 (#250) Sweden; 28 (#249) Sweden; 29 (#258) Sweden; 30 (#4709) Russia-Murmansk; 31 (#257) Sweden; 32 (#4711) Russia-Arkhangelsk; 33 (#4712) Russia-Arkhangelsk; 34 (#4713) Russia-Arkhangelsk; 35 (#242) Norway; 36 (#139) Sweden; 37 (#4710) Norway; 38 (#1375) Russia-Murmansk.

FIGURES 59‒76. 59 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 59‒76. 59: Bombus balteatus global distribution (as for Fig. 15). 60‒76 colour patterns (as for Figs. 16‒21): 60 (#540) Russia-Krasnoyask; 61 (#119) Sweden; 62 (#541) Russia-Krasnoyarsk; 63 (#542) Russia-Krasnoyarsk; 64 (#117) Mongolia; 65 (#534) Russia-Kamchatka; 66 (#3841) Norway; 67 (#738) Russia-Kamchatka; 68 (#971) Russia- Kamchatka; 69 (#535) Russia-Kamchatka; 70 (#973) Russia-Kamchatka; 71 (#880) Russia-Kamchatka; 72 (#536) Russia-Kamchatka; 73 (#228) Norway; 74 (#392) Sweden; 75 (#3843) Norway; 76 (#538) Russia-Kamchatka.

FIGURES 15‒21. 15 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 15‒21. 15: Bombus alpinus global distribution shown with: grey spots for specimens examined; black spots for samples with COI barcodes; question marks for uncertain records at low elevation and low latitude; and grey crosses for records of all species of Alpinobombus combined (Alpinobombus species are unknown from the southern hemisphere). Relief map with hill shading, Polar projection, the international boundaries and the Arctic Circle are shown as narrow grey lines, and the northern tree line shown as a broad grey line. Image created in ArcGIS using World_Shaded_Relief basemap which is Copyright: © 2014 Esri. 16‒21: simplified colour-pattern diagrams for the dorsal hair, with olive indicating a mixture of black and yellow. Figure (AL#n) country: 16 (#14) Sweden; 17 (#113) Sweden; 18 (#3785) Austria; 19 (#3787) Austria; 20 (#3788) Austria; 21 (#141) Norway.

FIGURES 104‒115. 104 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 104‒115. 104: Bombus kluanensis global distribution (as for Fig. 15). 105‒115 colour patterns (as for Figs. 16‒21): 105 (#4473) Canada-Yukon; 106 (#4689) Canada-Yukon; 107 (#16) Canada-Yukon; 108 (#4393) USA-Alaska; 109 (#4466) Canada-Yukon; 110 (#4700) Canada-Yukon; 111 (#3130) Canada-Yukon; 112 (#4876) Canada-Yukon; 113 (#4882) Canada- Yukon; 114 (#4852) Canada-Yukon; 115 (#4881) Canada-Yukon.

FIGURES 1‒6 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 1‒6. Lateral views of foraging females (queens) of species of the subgenus Alpinobombus (with photo credits): 1, B. alpinus, Norway (A. Staverløkk); 2, B. pyrrhopygus, Sweden (G. Holmström); 3, B. polaris, Canada (B. Heinrich); 4, B. balteatus, Sweden (G. Holmström); 5, B. kirbiellus, USA (D. Wilson); 6, B. hyperboreus, Sweden (L.-I. Larsson). Some images reversed.

FIGURES 124‒128. 124 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 124‒128. 124: Bombus hyperboreus global distribution (as for Fig. 15). 125‒128 colour patterns (as for Figs. 16‒ 21): 125 (#39) Russia-Chukotka (Wrangel Island); 126 (#33) Russia-Magadan; 127 (#1258) Russia-Murmansk; 128 (#533) Russia-Sakha.

FIGURES 39‒58. 39 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 39‒58. 39: Bombus polaris global distribution (as for Fig. 15). 40‒58 colour patterns (as for Figs. 16‒21): 40 (#4380) Canada-Labrador; 41 (#4396) USA-Alaska; 42 (#3856) Canada-Nunavut; 43 (#59) USA-Alaska; 44 (#43) Denmark- Greenland; 45 (#4740) Denmark-Greenland; 46 (#4407) USA-Alaska; 47 (#334) USA-Alaska; 48 (#285) Canada-Nunavut; 49 (#4383) USA-Alaska; 50 (#44) Denmark-Greenland; 51 (#19) Canada-Northwest Territories; 52 (#4401) USA-Alaska; 53 (#4403) USA-Alaska; 54 (#4884) Canada-Yukon; 55 (#4405) USA-Alaska; 56 (#4384) USA-Alaska; 57 (#4951) USA-Alaska; 58 (#29) Canada-Manitoba.

FIGURES 116‒123. 116 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 116‒123. 116: Bombus natvigi global distribution (as for Fig. 15). 117‒123 colour patterns (as for Figs. 16‒21): 117 (#3519) Canada-Nunavut; 118 (#184) Canada-Nunavut; 119 (#3551) Canada-Nunavut; 120 (#3546) Canada-Nunavut; 121 (#79) USA-Alaska; 122 (#3557) Canada-Northwest Territories; 123 (#82) Canada-Northwest Territories.

FIGURE 9 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURE 9. Estimate of the metric gene tree for the 54 longest unique COI-barcode alleles of the subgenus Alpinobombus from MrBayes combined with the Bayesian Poisson-tree-process (PTP) solution with the highest support with spots showing the nodes with the strongest support as coalescents for candidate species (outgroup B. ignitus not shown). Values above the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities showing branch support for groups; values below the nodes are PTP Bayesian support values that all daughter alleles are parts of a single species (probabilities within candidate species are all ≤ 0.44). The scale bar is calibrated in substitutions per nucleotide site. Each unique allele is represented by one of the longest available sample sequences, labelled with: the sequence length in number of nucleotides, a taxon name or name describing an unpublished colour pattern, and then a code that consists of a specimen identifier (AL#n) from the project database and (after the hyphen) a sample identifier from BOLD or GenBank, followed with its geographic origin (for simplicity Greenland is included without Denmark).

FIGURE 14 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURE 14. Assigning names to candidate species in a COI gene tree for the 235 specimens of the subgenus Alpinobombus with sequences. Based on the MrBayes analysis of all of the 54 longest unique alleles in Fig. 9, with the remaining sequences interpolated back into the tree with 0 branch lengths from their matching samples (where a sequence matches more than one longer sequence within a species in the Collapse results, it is arbitrarily added after the first matching sequence). The sequence labels follow the format used in Fig. 9. Lineages with high probabilities of representing candidate species in the Poisson-tree-process (PTP) results (Fig. 9) are shown as thick branches with the most recent common ancestors (coalescents) of each candidate species shown with a black spot, the branches within candidate species shown as thin branches. Asterisks mark samples used as informal proxies for the type specimens of each of the taxon names in Table 2. The proxy sample for the type specimen for the oldest available name (the valid name) for each candidate species (from Fig. 9) is marked in bold.

FIGURE 8. Diagram representing a in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURE 8. Diagram representing a corridor-dispersal model, encompassing a set of the short-distance dispersal events permitted (in either direction) between the areas defined in Table 5 (including the outgroup B. ignitus), based on their geographical proximity and the likely disposition of suitable habitat and favourable climates in the past (see the text).

FIGURES 89‒103. 89 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 89‒103. 89: Bombus neoboreus global distribution (as for Fig. 15). 90‒103 colour patterns (as for Figs. 16‒21): 90 (#68) USA-Alaska; 91 (#4706) Canada-Nunavut; 92 (#3816) Canada-Yukon; 93 (#3819) USA-Alaska; 94 (#2055) Canada-Nunavut; 95 (#2058) Canada-Nunavut; 96 (#2071) Canada-Nunavut; 97 (#2051) Canada-Nunavut; 98 (#4406) Canada-Nunavut; 99 (#90) Canada-Nunavut; 100 (#92) Canada-Nunavut; 101 (#93) Canada-Yukon; 102 (#3762) Canada-Nunavut; 103 (#91) Canada-Nunavut.

opennotspecifiedMay 2018View details →

FIGURE 1 in Moving from modern toward post-modern science: comment on "An integrated assessment of the vascular plants of the Americas"

FIGURE 1. (A) Single most parsimonious tree of 165315 steps (CI = 0.7561, RI = 0.4323) resulted the Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (reviewed in Morrone (2009)) based on 12 artificial geographical areas/124,993 species from the Checklist of the New World vascular plants (Ulloa Ulloa et al., 2017). The bootstrap values (1000 replicates) showed above branches. Analysis conducted in PAUP * version 4.0a (Swofford, 2002). (B) Political map of the New World showing 12 geographical areas used in the 124,993 species New World Checklist of vascular plants (Ulloa Ulloa et al., 2017). Modified from Ulloa Ulloa et al. (2017). (C) Alfred Russell Wallace's Neotropical region and its sub-regions (Wallace, 1876; Morrone, 2014). Modified from Morrone (2014).

dryad32/100

Data from: Trapped within the city: Integrating demography, time since isolation and population-specific traits to assess the genetic effects of urbanization

Urbanization is a severe form of habitat fragmentation that can cause many species to be locally extirpated and many others to become trapped and isolated within an urban matrix. The role of drift in reducing genetic diversity and increasing genetic differentiation is well recognized in urban populations. However, explicit incorporation and analysis of the demographic and temporal factors promoting drift in urban environments are poorly studied. Here, we genotyped 15 microsatellites in 320 fire salamanders from the historical city of Oviedo (Est. 8th century) to assess the effects of time since isolation, demographic history (historical effective population size; Ne) and patch size on genetic diversity, population structure and contemporary Ne. Our results indicate that urban populations of fire salamanders are highly differentiated, most likely due to the recent Ne declines, as calculated in coalescence analyses, concomitant with the urban development of Oviedo. However, urbanization only caused a small loss of genetic diversity. Regression modelling showed that patch size was positively associated with contemporary Ne, while we found only moderate support for the effects of demographic history when excluding populations with unresolved history. This highlights the interplay between different factors in determining current genetic diversity and structure. Overall, the results of our study on urban populations of fire salamanders provide some of the very first insights into the mechanisms affecting changes in genetic diversity and population differentiation via drift in urban environments, a crucial subject in a world where increasing urbanization is forecasted.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

opennotspecifiedMay 2021View details →

FIGURE 3 in Integrative assessment of the floristic diversity of Gentianaceae in an area of campo rupestre of the Espinhaço Range in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 3. Species of Gentianaceae from the Parque Municipal de Mucugê - Projeto Sempre Viva (PMM), Bahia, Brazil: Calolisianthus pedunculatus (A), Chelonanthus purpurascens (B), Curtia verticillaris (C), Curtia tenuifolia (D), Prepusa montana (E), Schultesia bahiensis (F), Schultesia crenuliflora (G), Schultesia pachyphylla (H). Scale bars: A: 2 cm; B: 1 cm; C: 0,5 cm; D: 0,5 cm; E: 2 cm; F–H: 1 cm. Photo A, B, E, F, G and H by Maria Luiza Silveira de Carvalho; C and D by Vinicius Dittrich and Gustavo Shimizu, respectively.

opennotspecifiedMay 2021View details →

FIGURE 1 in Integrative assessment of the floristic diversity of Gentianaceae in an area of campo rupestre of the Espinhaço Range in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 1. Parque Municipal de Mucugê—Projeto Sempre Viva (PMM), Bahia, Brazil. Map of the study area, evidencing the location of PMM and other areas of the Espinhaço Range (ER) used for comparison in this study (A), "campo rupestre" phytophysiognomy (B). Photo B by Ariane Leite. Legend: (Lilac area) ER above 1000 m a.s.l.

FIGURE 5 in Integrative taxonomy of a new species of Rhyacodrilus (Annelida: Clitellata: Rhyacodrilinae) from Tibet Plateau rivers, with a preliminary assessment of its phylogenetic position

FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic tree generated by Bayesian Inference based on the data of the nuclear ITS2. Posterior probabilities> 0.5 are indicated in front of the nodes. The grey branches indicate outgroup. The red font indicates the new species. Nai, Naidinae; Rhy, Rhyacodrilinae; Pha, Phallodrilinae; Tub, Tubificinae; Lim, Limnodriloidinae; Opi, Opistocystinae; Pri, Pristininae.

FIGURE 4 in Integrative taxonomy of a new species of Rhyacodrilus (Annelida: Clitellata: Rhyacodrilinae) from Tibet Plateau rivers, with a preliminary assessment of its phylogenetic position

FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic tree generated by Bayesian Inference based on concatenated data of three loci (16S rDNA+COI+ITS2). Posterior probabilities> 0.5 are indicated in front of the nodes. Grey branches indicate outgroups. The red font indicates the new species. Nai, Naidinae; Rhy, Rhyacodrilinae; Pha, Phallodrilinae; Tub, Tubificinae; Lim, Limnodriloidinae; Opi, Opistocystinae; Pri, Pristininae. The subfamilial position of Heronidrilus and Bothrioneurum in Rhyacodrilinae is questionable and therefore put in quotation marks.

FIGURE 1. Rhyacodrilus tangulaensis n in Integrative taxonomy of a new species of Rhyacodrilus (Annelida: Clitellata: Rhyacodrilinae) from Tibet Plateau rivers, with a preliminary assessment of its phylogenetic position

FIGURE 1. Rhyacodrilus tangulaensis n. sp. A. Ventral chaetae. B. Spermathecal chaeta. C. Ventral view of male genitalia in segments X–XI. pch, penial chaetae; ad, atrial duct; at, atrium; pr, prostate gland; vd, vas deferens; spa, spermathecal ampulla; spp, spermathecal pore; sch, spermathecal chaeta.

FIGURE 2. Rhyacodrilus tangulaensis n in Integrative taxonomy of a new species of Rhyacodrilus (Annelida: Clitellata: Rhyacodrilinae) from Tibet Plateau rivers, with a preliminary assessment of its phylogenetic position

FIGURE 2. Rhyacodrilus tangulaensis n. sp. A. Ventral chaetae in anteclitellar region (SEM). B. Dorsal chaetae in anteclitellar region (SEM). C. Penial chaetae, distal tips focused. D. Modified chaeta in X. E. Spermatheca. F. Distal end of atrium. G. Atrial duct.