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Fig. 1 in Youngest agamid lizards from Western Europe (Sierra de Quibas, Spain, late Early Pleistocene)

Fig. 1. Map of Western Europe (A), the location of Quibas paleontological site (B), geological map of the Quibas area (C) (modified from Montoya et al. 1999, 2001).

Fig. 8 in Osteometric analysis of the scapula and humerus of Rangifer tarandus and Cervus elaphus: A contribution to the discrimination of Late Pleistocene cervids

Fig. 8. Morphological features distinguishing the distal portion of the humerus of Rangifer tarandus (A) and Cervus elaphus (B), in anterior (A1, B1), distal (A2,B2), and posterior (A3,B3) views (modified from Breda 2005).

Fig. 7 in Osteometric analysis of the scapula and humerus of Rangifer tarandus and Cervus elaphus: A contribution to the discrimination of Late Pleistocene cervids

Fig. 7. Morphological features distinguishing the proximal portion of the humerus of Rangifer tarandus (A) and Cervus elaphus (B) (modified from Pales and García 1981).

Fig. 6 in Osteometric analysis of the scapula and humerus of Rangifer tarandus and Cervus elaphus: A contribution to the discrimination of Late Pleistocene cervids

Fig. 6. Scatterplots of different combinations of scapular measurements and indices for Rangifer tarandus and Cervus elaphus from Kiputz IX (southern Pyrenees, Spain), Late Pleistocene. Abbreviations: GLP, greatest anteroposterior length of the glenoid process; LG, greatest anteroposterior length of the glenoid cavity; SLC, minimum diameter of the scapular neck.

Fig. 3 in Osteometric analysis of the scapula and humerus of Rangifer tarandus and Cervus elaphus: A contribution to the discrimination of Late Pleistocene cervids

Fig. 3. Osteological measurements of the scapula (A, B) and the humerus (C, D) (modified from Weinstock 2000a). All drawings are based on Rangifer tarandus.

Fig. 4 in Osteometric analysis of the scapula and humerus of Rangifer tarandus and Cervus elaphus: A contribution to the discrimination of Late Pleistocene cervids

Fig. 4. Morphological features distinguishing the scapulae of the cervid mammals Rangifer tarandus, BGG KI-IX.2D.39.618 (A) and Cervus elaphus, BGG KI-IX.2C.28.142 (B), from Kiputz IX (southern Pyrenees, Spain), Late Pleistocene, in lateral (A 1, B 1) and distal (A 2, B 2) views; α, the angle formed by the glenoid cavity and the supraglenoid tubercle.

Fig. 9 in Osteometric analysis of the scapula and humerus of Rangifer tarandus and Cervus elaphus: A contribution to the discrimination of Late Pleistocene cervids

Fig. 9. Scatterplot of the greatest breadth of the trochlea (BT) vs. the depth of the distal epiphysis (Dd) of the humerus of Rangifer tarandus and Cervus elaphus from Kiputz IX and other European sites.

Fig. 6 in Osteoderm histology of Late Pleistocene cingulates from the intertropical region of Brazil

Fig. 6. Uncatalogued isolated osteoderm of the carapace of Glyptotherium sp. from Late Pleistocene of Lajedo da escada site, Baraúnas municipality, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. A. Osteoderm in external (A), lateral (A), and deep (A) views. B. UFRJ-DG 493-M; internal structure of the 1 2 3 osteoderm (B 1), note the shelf-like structure (ellipse). Paleohistological sections viewed under a petrographic microscope; superficial (B 2) and deep B 3) layers. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B 1, 5 mm; B 2, B 3, 1 mm. Abbreviations: ms, mosaic-like region; mfb, mineralized fiber bundles; ra, resorption area; so, secondary osteon.

Fig. 2 in Osteoderm histology of Late Pleistocene cingulates from the intertropical region of Brazil

Fig. 2. Distribution of the studied species within Brazil. Based on Porpino 2009), Porpino and Bergqvist (2002), and Oliveira et al. (2010).

Fig. 5 in Osteoderm histology of Late Pleistocene cingulates from the intertropical region of Brazil

Fig. 5. Carapace fragment of Panochthus jaguaribensis Moreira, 1965 from the Late Pleistocene of Lagoa do Santo site, Currais Novos municipality, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. A. MCC 1089V, carapace fragment in external view showing the superficial ornamentation (A 1), lateral (A 2) and deep (A 3) views. B. UFRJ-DG 494-M; internal structure of the osteoderm (B 1). Paleohistological sections viewed under a petrographic microscope, superficial compact bone with primary osteons, secondary osteons and mineralized fiber bundles (B 2); deep layer of compact bone and trabecular bone with some resorption areas (B 3). Some possible mineralized fiber bundles also occur. Scale bars: A, 30 mm; B 1, 5 mm; B 2, B 3, 1 mm. Abbreviations: mfb, mineralized fiber bundles; po, primary osteon; ra, resorption area; so, secondary osteon.

Fig. 3 in Osteoderm histology of Late Pleistocene cingulates from the intertropical region of Brazil

Fig. 3. Uncatalogued isolated osteoderm of the carapace of Pachyarmatherium brasiliense Porpino, Fernicola, and Bergqvist, 2009 from the Late Pleistocene of Lajedo da Escada site, Baraúna municipality, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. A. Osteoderm in external view showing the superficial ornamentation (A 1), lateral (A 2) and internal (A 3) views. B. UFRJ-DG 492-M, internal structure of the osteoderm (B 1). Paleohistological sections viewed under a petrographic microscope, superficial layer of osteoderm (B 2), note the darker region near the top of the section and the uniform distribution of primary osteons marked by pointers; deep layer of compact bone with dark areas (B 3). Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B 1, 3 mm; B 2, B 3, 1 mm. Abbreviations: da, dark areas (see text for details); po, primary osteon; ra, resorption area; so, secondary osteon.

Fig. 1 in Osteoderm histology of Late Pleistocene cingulates from the intertropical region of Brazil

Fig. 1. Simplified cladogram showing the phylogenetic relationships of cingulates, modified from Gaudin and Wible (2006) and Porpino et al. 2009). Note that dasypodids, a group traditionally recognized in the systematics of the xenarthrans, actually represent a paraphyletic assemblage.

Fig. 4 in Osteoderm histology of Late Pleistocene cingulates from the intertropical region of Brazil

Fig. 4. Uncatalogued isolated osteoderm of the carapace of Panochthus cf. greslebini Castellanos, 1941 from the Late Pleistocene of Lagoa do Santo, Currais Novos municipality, Rio Grade do Norte State, Brazil. A. Osteoderm in external (A1), lateral (A2), and deep (A3) views. B. UFRJ-DG 491-M; internal structure of the osteoderm (B1). Paleohistological sections viewed under a petrographic microscope, superficial compact bone (B2); thin deep layer of compact bone and trabecular bone with some resorption areas (B3). Some possible mineralized fiber bundles also occur. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B1, 5 mm; B2, B3, 1 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 8. Fossils referred to Echinotriton andersoni. 1–4, postatlantal precaudal vertebra (one of 290 registered as RUMF-GF-04052) in anterior (1), left lateral (2), dorsal (3), and ventral (4) views; 5 and 6, atlas (one of 11 registered as RUMF-GF-04051) in anterior (5) and left lateral (6) views; 7, parietal-prootic-exoccipital (RUMF-GF-04047) in dorsal view; 8, right maxilla (one of 30 registered as RUMF-GF-04045) in lateral view; 9, right quadrate (one of five registered as RUMF-GF-04049) in dorsal view; 10, right dentary (one of 70 registered as RUMF-GF-04050) in medial view; 11, right rib (one of 181 registered as RUMF-GF-04053) in posterior view; 12, right humerus (one of 144 registered as RUMF-GF-04054) in lateral view; and 13, right femur (one of 163 registered as RUMF-GF-04055) in posterior view. Abbreviations: tro, trochanter; the others are the same as Figure 7. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 6. Fossils referred to Buergeria japonica (1–4) and Rhacophorus viridis viridis (5–11). 1–3, right female humerus lacking the proximal part (YMHF-MA 010) in ventral (1), medial (2), and dorsal (3) views; 4, left ilium lacking most part of the crista dorsalis (RUMF-GF-04024) in lateral view; 5–7, left female humerus (one of seven registered as RUMF-GF-04025) in ventral (5), medial (6), and dorsal (7) views; 8–10, left male humerus (RUMF-GF-04027) in ventral (8), medial (9), and dorsal (10) views; and 11, pelvic girdle (fused right and left ilia [lacking anterior parts] with the ischium: RUMF-GF-04029) in left lateral view. Abbreviations: pre.acet, preacetabular zone; the others are the same as Figure 3. Arrows indicate the proximal ends of the crista paraventralis. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 7. Fossils referred to Cynops ensicauda. 1–4, postatlantal precaudal vertebra (one of 108 registered as RUMF-GF-04039) in anterior (1), left lateral (2), dorsal (3), and ventral (4) views; 5 and 6, atlas (one of five registered as RUMF-GF-04038) in anterior (5) and left lateral (6) views; 7, parietal-prootic-exoccipital (RUMF-GF-04033) in dorsal view; 8, right maxilla (one of three registered as RUMF-GF-04032) in lateral view; 9, right dentary (one of nine registered as RUMF-GF-04037) in medial view; 10, right rib (one of 25 registered as RUMF-GF-04040) in posterior view; 11, right humerus (one of 85 registered as RUMF-GF-04041) in lateral view; and 12, right femur (one of 92 registered as RUMF-GF-04042) in posterior view. Abbreviations: con, condyle; diap, diapophyses; epi.pr, epipleural processes; neu.sp, neural spine; n.prep, notch for prearticular; parap, parapophyses; pos.pr, posterior process; subd.d, subdental ditch; zygap, zygapophyses. The arrow in 12 indicates the concavity (see text). Scale bars equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 2. Photograph of the Sashiki Fissure (left) and schematic figure showing the structure of the fissure (right). In the right figure, broken lines represent the outline of the fissure behind rock, shaded areas represent studied sediments, and open circles represent the locations of the dating samples.

FIGURE 3 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 3. Fossils referred to Limnonectes namiyei (1–4) and Babina holsti (5–11). 1–3, left female humerus lacking the proximal and distal parts and the crista ventralis (YMHF-MA 001) in ventral (1), medial (2) and dorsal (3) views; 4, left ilium lacking the anterior part (RUMF-GF-04000) in lateral view; 5–7, right female humerus (one of six registered as RUMF-GF-04003) in ventral (5), medial (6) and dorsal (7) views; 8–10, right male humerus lacking the proximal part (one of two registered as RUMF-GF-04004) in ventral (8), medial (9), and dorsal (10) views; and 11, right ilium lacking the anterior part (one of nine registered as RUMF-GF-04005) in lateral view. Abbreviations: acet, acetabulum; acet.m, acetabular margin; cr.dors, crista dorsalis; cr.lat, crista lateralis; cr.med, crista medialis; cr.par, crista paraventralis; cr.ven, crista ventralis; e.cap, eminentia capitata; ep.rad, epicondylus radialis; ep.ul, epicondylus ulnaris; fo.div, fossula dividens; il.sh, ilial shaft; ol.sc, olecranon scar; p.asc, pars ascendens; stm, spina tuberculi medialis; supr.fo, supracetabular fossa; tub.sup, tuber superior. Scale bars equal 5 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 1. Maps of the Ryukyu Archipelago (1, 2) and Okinawajima Island (3). The map of Okinawajima shows topography, distribution of the Pleistocene limestone, and study sites. Geological data were obtained from Kizaki (1985).

FIGURE 4 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 4. Fossils referred to Odorrana ishikawae (1–7) and Odorrana narina (8–14), 1–3, right female humerus (one of 10 registered as RUMF-GF-04009) in ventral (1), medial (2), and dorsal (3) views; 4–6, right male humerus (one of three registered as RUMF-GF-04010) in ventral (4), medial (5), and dorsal (6) views; 7, right ilium lacking the anterior part with part of the ischium (one of five registered as RUMF-GF-04011) in lateral view; 8–10, right female humerus (one of eight registered as RUMF-GF-04014) in ventral (8), medial (9), and dorsal (10) views; 11–13, right male humerus lacking the proximal part of the shaft and the distal part of the epicondylus ulnaris (RUMF-GF-04015) in ventral (11), medial (12), and dorsal (13) views; and 14, pelvic girdle (fused right and left ilia [lacking anterior parts] with the ischium and the pubis: RUMF-GF-04016) in right lateral view. Abbreviations are the same as Figure 3. Arrows indicate the proximal ends of the crista paraventralis. Scale bars equal 5 mm.