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FIGURE 1 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 1 Morphology of the studied femora of the phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus UOPB 00143 (A-D), and Nicrosaurus sp. SMNS 4381/2 (E-G), and the aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae UOPB 00122 (H-K). A, E and H in lateral view; B, F and I in medial view; C, G and J in proximal view; D and K in distal view. The arrows point to the histological plane of sectioning. Scale bars represent 5 cm for each specimen.

FIGURE 4 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 4 Histological growth of the phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus on the example of the humerus UOPB 00145 (A-D) and the Nicrosaurus sp. femur SMNS 4381/2. Pictures A, C, E-F and H were taken under normal transmitted light and pictures B, D and G were taken under polarized light. Scale bars represent 1 cm for specimens A and E, 500 micrometres for specimens B-C, F-H and 100 micrometres for specimen D. Abbreviations: eb = endosteal bone, ec = erosion cavity, hpfb = higher organized parallel-fibered bone, LAG = Line of Arrested Growth, lpfb = lower organized parallel-fibered bone, mc = medullary cavity, mrl = multiple resting lines, pos = primary osteon, sos = secondary osteon, svc = simple vascular canal, tr = trabecular region.

FIGURE 7 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 7 Growth pattern of the sectioned aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae humeri (A: UOPB 00135, B: UOPB 00120, C: UOBS 02496, D: UOBS 02363, E: UOBS 01906, F: UOPB 00136, G: UOPB 00142, H: UOPB 00121, I: UOBS 02828, and J: UOPB 00137). Half of the picture is taken under normal transmitted light and the other picture half is taken under polarized light. Please note, that the normally transmitted picture does not show informative histological features. The coloured bars show preserved and counted cycles (zone and annulus). Specimen A-B and H preserve four growth cycles, specimen C, E, G, and I preserve three growth cycles, specimen D and J preserve two growth cycles and specimen F preserved six growth cycles. The arrows in specimens A-C, E, and H-J indicate sub-cycles. Humeri are arranged accordingly to their bone length. Scale bar represents 1 cm for each specimen.

FIGURE 3 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 3 Mid-diaphyseal cross-sections of all sectioned specimens showing the bone microanatomy of the phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus femora (A: UOPB 00143, B: UOPB 01026, C: UOBS 03370 and humerus (D: UOPB 00145), and Nicrosaurus sp. femur (E: SMNS 4381/2), the aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae femora (F: UOPB 00122, G: UOPB 00123) and humeri (H: UOPB 00135, I: UOPB 00120, J: UOBS 02496, K: UOBS 02363, L: UOBS 01906, M: UOPB 00136, N: UOPB 00142, O: UOPB 00121, P: UOBS 02828, and Q: UOPB 00137). Taxa are arranged accordingly to their bone length. Scale bar represents 1 cm for each specimen.

FIGURE 6 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 6 Growth pattern of the sectioned phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus femora (A: UOPB 00143, B: UOPB 01026, C: UOBS 03370) and humerus (D: UOPB 00145) and Nicrosaurus sp. (E: SMNS 4381/2). Half of the picture is taken under normal transmitted light and the other picture half is taken under polarized light. Please note, that the normally transmitted picture does not show informative histological features. The coloured bars show preserved and counted cycles (zone and annulus). Specimen A preserves five growth cycles, specimen B, C and D preserve six growth cycles, and specimen E preserves four growth cycles. Taxa are arranged accordingly to their bone length. Scale bar represents 1 cm for each specimen.

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Figure 5 in A new aetosaur (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the upper Blue Mesa Member (Adamanian: Early-Mid Norian) of the Late Triassic Chinle Formation, northern Arizona, USA, and a review of the paratypothoracin Tecovasuchus across the southwestern USA

Figure 5. Revised regional occurrences of Tecovasuchus chatterjeei across the Chinle Formation and Dockum Group of the southwestern United States (modified from Martz 2008 and Heckert et al. 2007). Abbreviations: AZ=Arizona, NM=New Mexico, TX=Texas.

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Figure 1 in A new aetosaur (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the upper Blue Mesa Member (Adamanian: Early-Mid Norian) of the Late Triassic Chinle Formation, northern Arizona, USA, and a review of the paratypothoracin Tecovasuchus across the southwestern USA

Figure 1. Stratigraphic position in the Chinle Formation (A) of PFV 456 and the Placerias and Downs Quarries in Arizona (modified from Reyes et al. 2020 and Kligman et al. 2023), and their geographic occurrence (B). U-Pb ages based on Ramezani et al. (2014) and Rasmussen et al. (2020). Abbreviations: AZ=Arizona; PEFO=Petrified Forest National Park; Tr.=Triassic.

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Figure 3. A in A new aetosaur (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the upper Blue Mesa Member (Adamanian: Early-Mid Norian) of the Late Triassic Chinle Formation, northern Arizona, USA, and a review of the paratypothoracin Tecovasuchus across the southwestern USA

Figure 3. A. Holotype paramedian osteoderm of Kryphioparma caerula gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to that of other stagonolepidoid taxa documented within the Placerias Quarry and PFV 456, UCMP 165173. B. Desmatosuchus, PEFO 49568. C. Calypotosuchus wellesi, PEFO 46222. Orientation: All in dorsal view. Abbreviations: Ant.=Anterior, Ant. bar=Anterior bar, Ant. lam.=Anterior lamina, Dors. em.=Dorsal eminence. Small, unlabeled arrows indicate lateral direction.

Fig. 4 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 4. Paleoreconstruction map of Pangaea in the Triassic with Gondwanan occurrences of Palacrodon marked with circles and Laurasia occurrences of Palacrodon marked with a star (note the two Arizona occurrences overlap in this scale). Paleogeography modified from www.pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/ historical.html.

Fig. 3 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 3. Diapsid Palacrodon sp. from Norian, Placerias Quarry, St. John's, USA. A. MNA 3684, fragment of marginal dentition with two complete teeth in occlusal (A1, A2), labial (A3, A4), lingual (A5), and oblique (A6) views. B. MNA V11247, isolated tooth in occlusal (B1) and distal (B2) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, A3, A5, A6, B), explanatory drawings (A2, A4).

Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 (PEFO 37247) from Norian, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA; in occlusal (A), labial (B), lingual (C), and oblique (D) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, B1, C, D), explanatory drawings (A2, B2).

Fig. 1 in First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic context of Palacrodon occurrences in Arizona. A. Map of Arizona showing the locations of PFV 396 and MNA 207-2. Map of North America modified from www.lakodosajta.info. B. Stratigraphic chart of the Chinle Formation at PEFO and the Placerias Quarry, with detrital zircon dates from Ramezani et al. (2011).

Fig 7 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK

Fig 7. Surangular comparisons between the holotype (BRSMG Cg3178, BAS specimen) and referred specimen (BRSMG Cg2488, Lilstock specimen) of Ichthyotitan severnensis gen. et sp. nov., with a comparable section of surangular from a specimen of Ophthalmosaurus icenicus (MJML K2577). A. BRSMG Cg3178 and MJML K2577 illustrating the distance between the M.A.M.E. and coronoid process. B. BRSMG Cg2488 and MJML K2577 are positioned obliquely in lateral view (with MJML K2577 rotated and held closer to the camera), illustrating the general shape of the ichthyosaurian surangular. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g007

Fig 5. A in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK

Fig 5. A. Comparable sections for core drill(s) sampling position indicated by a white circle of (from left to right) BRSMG-Cb-3869 (an Aust bone, most probably a surangular), BRSMG Cg3178 (BAS surangular), BRSMG-Cg-2488 R-101 (Lilstock surangular). White arrows point to elongated surangular foramen. B. Binary drawings produced from stitched photos of the thin sections (respectively BRSMG-Cb-3869, BRSMG Cg3178 and BRSMG-Cg-2488 R-101) showing longitudinal vascularization and larger nutrient canals. Blue bars (upper) indicate extension of outer cortex, orange (middle) for deep cortex and pink (lower) for spongious trabecular bone. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g005

Fig 4 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK

Fig 4. Invertebrate and trace fossils found on the bone surface of the BAS surangular, BRSMG Cg3178. A-B. Associated bivalves, including Atreta intrusstriata (A) and Plagiostoma giganteum (B); it is worth noting that a small group of the latter are preserved adjacent to the coronoid process, see Fig 2C. C-D. Examples of the probable scavenging marks that are also observed in the Lilstock surangular, see Lomax et al. 2018, Fig 4. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g004

Fig 6 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK

Fig 6. Histological overview of BRSMG Cg3178 (BAS surangular). A. Composite image of thin section under circular polarized light. B. Close-up of the external margin of the outer cortex, showing the presence of multiple growth marks (GMs), open vascular canals and cortical vascular canals with all degrees of maturity (simple canals, primary osteons and secondary osteons), supporting an ongoing active and continuous growth. Note the evident darker border of the lumen of a diagonal canal running from the top left toward the margin of the large nutrient canal (NC) showing further longitudinal vascularization. C. Concentric secondary osteon in the outer cortex under lambda filter. D. Close-up of the upper margin of the nutrient canal under crossed polarized (left) and circular polarized light (right). The growth marks appear as alternated tightly packed rows of brighter and darker periosteal intrinsic fibres (PIF). The same tight packing of the GMs occurs also deeper in the cortex. E. Lateral margin of the nutrient canal under circular polarized view. PIF are evident as bright yellow and blue coiled structures. The presence of simple canals alongside osteons, indicates primary deposition of bone along the margin of the large nutrient canal. F. Concentric secondary osteon in the trabecular bone under transmitted light. It is evident the high amount of osteocyte lacunae and the presence of plump irregular shaped ones in the lamellar bone. G. Trabecular bone under circular polarized view. The presence of primary matrix and concentric secondary osteons indicate that the trabeculae are secondary, produced from compact bone made cancellous. White arrows (D, E, G) point at PIF; white arrowheads point at resorption lines in concentric osteons (C, F, G); white dotted lines indicate borders of primary osteons (C, F, G); yellow arrow heads (B, D) point at rows of GMs. Abbreviations. LB, Lamellar bone; NC, Nutrient canal; OC, Open periosteal canal; PO, Primary osteon; RC, Resorption cavity; SC, Simple canal; SO, Secondary osteon. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g006

Fig 3 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK

Fig 3. Comparison of the holotype (BRSMG Cg3178, A and C right surangular, BAS specimen) and referred specimen (BRSMG Cg2488, B and D left surangular, Lilstock specimen) of Ichthyotitan severnensis gen. et sp. nov. To ease comparison, A and C have been reversed. A-B. Lateral view of both surangulars showing same unique shape; note the upturned, almost 90-degree angle bend and the spatulate-shaped posterior end. C-D. Medial view of both surangulars displaying same morphology posteriorly; anteriorly the Lilstock specimen (D) has been heavily eroded and distorted along its length (see Discussion in Lomax et al. 2018 for more details). Note the position of an elongated foramen on the lateral surface (A-B), identified as part of the fossa surangularis that passes through the bone into the Meckelian canal. See also the damaged (?)angular that is articulated with the surangular and defined by a continuous groove (?suture) as seen in Fig 2H. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g003

Fig 1 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK

Fig 1. Distribution of the Triassic rocks in the Bristol Channel–Severn Estuary area and the three key ichthyosaur localities (where specimens discussed herein were found) referred to in the text. Modified from Lomax et al. 2018 [7]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g001

Fig 2 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK

Fig 2. The holotype of Ichthyotitan severnensis gen. et sp. nov., a newly collected specimen (BRSMG Cg3178) comprising a very large, but incomplete right surangular (the 'BAS Specimen'). A. All associated pieces with an approximate outline of the complete surangular, in medial view. The surangular is separated into two main parts, Part #A to the right and Part #B to the left (see text). B. A close-up of the coronoid process in lateral view, showing moderate eminence. C. Bulbous coronoid process in dorsal view with lateral displacement. D. Subcircular cross section at the level of the coronoid process (posterior view, medial to the left). E-F. Comparison of the massively developed M.A.M.E. ridge observed in BAS (E) and the Lilstock surangular (F); arrows indicate top of the ridge. G. Oblique view of the medial surface highlighting part of the overhanging shelf that encloses the Meckelian canal. H. Ventromedial view of the mid-posterior portion of the surangular showing a distinct, continuous, and straight thin groove that might be a suture and could indicate two distinct bones (perhaps including a damaged angular). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g002