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199 results for “Nestling”
Moonlight influence on quality of nestlings of scops owls depends on paternal coloration
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Nestling growth rate and food consumption increases under experimentally prolonged day length in a New World Sparrow
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Giant babax (Babax Waddelli) helpers cheat at provisioning nestlings in poor conditions
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Anthropogenic noise alters parental behavior and nestling development, but not fledging condition
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First discovery on interspecific parental care of Siberian stonechat (Saxicola maurus) nestlings provided by a male White wagtail (Motacilla alba)
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Data from: Nestling growth and brood reduction in the southern yellow-billed hornbill (<em>Tockus leucomelas</em>)
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Relative forelimb-hindlimb investment is associated with flight style, foraging strategy, and nestling period, but not nest type
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Data from: Predator-prey interactions in the Arctic: DNA-metabarcoding reveals that nestling diet of snow buntings reflects arthropod seasonality
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Disturbance history alters the development of the HPA axis in altricial nestling birds
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Data from: Dimorphism from an early age: sex differences in size and immune function in great tit nestlings
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Trophic discrimination of amino acid-specific nitrogen stable isotopes in raptor nestlings: implications for estimating trophic position
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Data from: Coevolution and the diversification of nestling ornamentation in a species-rich avian radiation
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Nestling feeding data from Black-throated Blue Warbler nests, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 1997 - 2010
This dataset provides nestling feeding data recorded by video cameras placed near black-throated blue warbler nests at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. We used camouflaged video cameras mounted on a tripod at nest height but about 10 m distant from the nest. We transcribed videos starting 10 min after recording began to avoid any initial parental response to the presence of the video camera. During each adult visit to the nest, we confirmed the feeding parent’s color bands and recorded its arrival time. We calculated the number of provisioning visits to the nest per hour (“provisioning rate”) for males and females separately, and standardized for differences in brood size by dividing provisioning rate by brood size. Nests were monitored on three gridded study plots at the HBEF: low elevation (250-350 m; 85 ha), middle elevation (450-600 m; 65 ha), and high elevation (750-850 m; 35 ha). See Rodenhouse et al. 2003 for plot details. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Philornis parasitism: impact on nestlings and risk factors involved
<p>Parasitic botfly larvae (<i>Philornis</i> ssp., Diptera: Muscidae) are found in nests of several bird taxa, although prevalence and nestling tolerance vary considerably among species. Here we describe patterns of botfly infestation in blue-black grassquit (<i>Volatinia jacarina</i>) nestlings. We identified the most typically affected nestling body parts and assessed parasite prevalence, impact on nestling survival, changes in nestling body shape and mass index. Additionally, we tested whether climatic conditions, nest morphology and habitat characteristics are associated with larvae abundance. Blue-black grassquits had low breeding success (15%), but most failures resulted from predation by vertebrate predators. We estimated that only 1% of nestlings died due to botfly infestation, and the number of larvae in nestling body did not affect nest success. Infected chicks exhibited a higher body mass to tarsus length ratio, and higher tarsus asymmetry. Previous studies indicate that adult grassquits with a higher body mass index have lower dominance status and mating success. Thus, we argue that although botflies had a small impact on offspring survival, they may reduce fitness in adulthood. There was no evidence that environmental conditions and nest morphology are linked to the number of larvae on nestlings. Territories with higher food supply had lower infestation rates. Possibly, food-rich habitats allow parents to invest more time in offspring care (brooding nestlings), thus protecting them from fly attacks. The present study brings to light new perspectives concerning bird-botfly interaction</p>
Data from: Condition-dependent expression of carotenoid- and melanin-based plumage colour of northern flicker nestlings revealed by manipulation of brood size
Carotenoid-based colouration in feathers is widely accepted to be a reliable signal of the health of an individual, but the condition-dependence of melanin-based plumage ornaments has been highly debated. Using broods that were manipulated in size, we tested whether nutritional stress during rearing affected the carotenoid pigmentation in secondary feathers and the size, shape, and symmetry of melanin spots on breast plumage of northern flicker Colaptes auratus nestlings. Two measures of carotenoid colour (chroma and brightness) of secondary flight feathers did not vary according to brood size treatment, but in a larger dataset from the population, carotenoid chroma was positively associated with nestling mass. Nestlings from experimentally enlarged broods had smaller melanin spots than those from reduced broods, which is some of the first experimental evidence that melanin ornament size in growing nestlings is condition-dependent. However, the shape and symmetry of the melanin breast spots was not associated with nestling mass. Sexual dimorphism was apparent in both types of pigmentation and future studies should investigate whether there are any trade-offs for nestlings between investing in carotenoid colouration and melanisation and whether trade-offs differ between the sexes.
Data from: Relationship between maternal environment and DNA methylation patterns of estrogen receptor alpha in wild Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) nestlings: a pilot study
There is mounting evidence that, across taxa, females breeding in competitive environments tend to allocate more testosterone to their offspring prenatally and these offspring typically have more aggressive and faster-growing phenotypes. To date, no study has determined the mechanisms mediating this maternal effect's influence on offspring phenotype. However, levels of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) gene expression are linked to differences in early growth and aggression; thus, maternal hormones may alter gene regulation, perhaps via DNA methylation, of ERα in offspring during prenatal development. We performed a pilot study to examine natural variation in testosterone allocation to offspring through egg yolks in wild Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis) in varying breeding densities and percent DNA methylation of CG dinucleotides in the ERα promoter in offspring brain regions associated with growth and behavior. We hypothesized that breeding density would be positively correlated with yolk testosterone, and prenatal exposure to maternal-derived yolk testosterone would be associated with greater offspring growth and decreased ERα promoter methylation. Yolk testosterone concentration was positively correlated with breeding density, nestling growth rate, and percent DNA methylation of one out of five investigated CpG sites (site 3) in the diencephalon ERα promoter, but none in the telencephalon (n = 10). Percent DNA methylation of diencephalon CpG site 3 was positively correlated with growth rate. These data suggest a possible role for epigenetics in mediating the effects of the maternal environment on offspring phenotype. Experimentally examining this mechanism with a larger sample size in future studies may help elucidate a prominent way in which animals respond to their environment. Further, by determining the mechanisms that mediate maternal effects, we can begin to understand the potential for the heritability of these mechanisms and the impact that maternal effects are capable of producing at an evolutionary scale.
Data from: Physiological conditions and genetic controls of phaeomelanin pigmentation in nestling barn swallows
Phaeomelanin is a common pigment that confers a reddish color to animals. Since phaeomelanogenesis requires the sulfhydryl group from cysteine or glutathione (GSH), which is an important antioxidant, this pigmentation and the associated coloration may be an honest signal, whereby only high-quality individuals (e.g., with lower oxidative stress) are able to develop showy plumage. The present study tested the mechanisms underlying the honest signal hypothesis using nestling barn swallows, Hirundo rustica gutturalis, which exhibit phaeomelanic throat plumage patches. We examined the relationship between phaeomelanin pigmentation levels and physiological condition during trait development, and the expression of the phaeomelanin-related gene agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) and the GSH-related gene glutathione S-transferase (GST) in throat feather follicles. We found that during phaeomelanogenesis, heavier nestlings produced more pigmented feathers, indicating that nestlings with high phaeomelanin concentrations are in better condition. We also found that phaeomelanin concentration was negatively correlated with total GSH level, but not significantly related with measures of oxidative stress. Among the GST genes, GSTM3 exhibited the highest expression in the developing feathers during phaeomelanogenesis. The expression levels of ASIP were positively associated with the amount of phaeomelanin deposition and negatively associated with the expression of GSTM3, reducing the amount of GSH that was available as an antioxidant. These findings suggest that high-quality individuals produce high concentrations of phaeomelanin in their plumage without experiencing increased oxidative stress, despite phaeomelanin production, which is triggered by ASIP, potentially actively consuming the sulfhydryl group from GSH.
Data from: Context-dependent effects of yolk androgens on nestling growth and immune function in a multibrooded passerine
Female birds may adjust their offspring phenotype to the specific requirements of the environment by differential allocation of physiologically active substances into yolks, such as androgens. Yolk androgens have been shown to accelerate embryonic development, growth rate and competitive ability of nestlings, but they can also entail immunological costs. The balance between costs and benefits of androgen allocation is expected to depend on nestling environment. We tested this hypothesis in a multibrooded passerine, the spotless starling, Sturnus unicolor. We experimentally manipulated yolk androgen levels using a between-brood design and evaluated its effects on nestling development, survival and immune function. Both in first and replacement broods, the embryonic development period was shorter for androgen-treated chicks than controls, but there were no differences in second broods. In replacement broods, androgen-treated chicks were heavier and larger than those hatched from control eggs, but this effect was not observed in the other breeding attempts. Androgen exposure reduced survival with respect to controls only in second broods. Regarding immune function, we detected nonsignificant trends for androgen treatment to activate two important components of innate and adaptive immunity (IL-6 and Ig-A levels, respectively). Similarly, androgen-treated chicks showed greater lymphocyte proliferation than controls in the first brood and an opposite trend in the second brood. Our results indicate that yolk androgen effects on nestling development and immunity depend on the environmental conditions of each breeding attempt. Variation in maternal androgen allocation to eggs could be explained as the result of context-dependent optimal strategies to maximize offspring fitness.
Data from: Elevated oxidative stress in pied flycatcher nestlings of eumelanic foster fathers under low rearing temperatures
Striking variation in melanin coloration within natural populations is likely due to the different fitness outcomes of alternative phenotypes in varying environmental conditions. There are two types of melanins. Eumelanins yield blackish hues, while pheomelanins yield reddish hues. The production of eumelanins requires low levels of glutathione (GSH), which is the most important intracellular antioxidant, while the production of pheomelanins requires high levels of GSH. We investigated the oxidative status of male pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) with different degrees of melanin coloration under different temperatures during the nestling period. Moreover, we assessed the oxidative status of offspring in relation to their biological or foster father's melanin coloration and ambient temperature. To separate offspring genotype effects and paternal effects in different temperatures, we used a partial cross-foster design. The temperature differently affected the oxidative status of differently colored male pied flycatchers and their foster offspring. When the weather was relatively cold, black males had higher glutathione S-transferase levels compared to brown males, indicating enhanced stress in black males. Foster offspring of black males had lower ratio between reduced and oxidized GSH followed by higher total amount of GSH than foster offspring of brown males. Thus, foster offspring of black males seem to suffer from oxidative stress under relatively cold weather compared to those of brown males, and vice versa under relatively warm weather. While differently colored males experienced changes in their oxidative status under different temperatures, the link between father melanin coloration and offspring oxidative stress appears to be environmentally induced.
Data from: Nestling and adult sparrows respond differently to conspecific dialects
Understanding the causes and consequences of divergence in mate recognition traits has long been a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. In songbirds, songs are culturally transmitted, and cultural divergence can generate discrete geographic variation in song (i.e., dialects). Understanding how responses to within- versus across-species variation in songs changes across life stages may shed light on the functional significance of population divergence in learned traits. Here, we use a novel combination of song playbacks to adult and nestling golden-crowned sparrows to compare responses to local conspecific, foreign conspecific and heterospecific songs prior to and after song learning. We found that nestlings respond equally little to both foreign conspecific and heterospecific songs. By contrast, the response of adult males to foreign conspecific songs was stronger than their response to heterospecific song, but weaker than their response to local conspecific song. Our study suggests that early local experience may interact with conspecific biases prior to song learning, in a way that has not been previously documented. Our results illustrate the importance of studying behavior at multiple life stages in order to better understand the effect of early experience on cultural and biological evolution.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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