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907 results for “Pines”
Pest defenses under weak selection exert a limited influence on the evolution of height growth and drought avoidance in marginal pine populations
<p>Whilst droughts, intensified by climate change, have been affecting forests worldwide, pest epidemics are a major source of uncertainty for assessing drought impacts on forest trees. Thus far, little information has documented the adaptability and evolvability of traits related to drought and pests simultaneously. We conducted common-garden experiments to investigate how several phenotypic traits (i.e., height growth, drought avoidance based on water-use efficiency inferred from δ<sup>13</sup>C, and pest resistance based on defense traits) interact in five mature lodgepole pine populations established in four progeny trials in western Canada. The relevance of interpopulation variation in climate sensitivity highlighted that seed-source warm populations had greater adaptive capability than cold populations. In test sites, warming generated taller trees with higher δ<sup>13</sup>C and increased the evolutionary potential of height growth and δ<sup>13</sup>C across populations. We found, however, no pronounced gradient in defenses and their evolutionary potential along populations or test sites. Response to selection was weak in defenses across test sites, but high for height growth, particularly at warm test sites. Response to selection of δ<sup>13</sup>C varied depending on its selective strength relative to height growth. We conclude that warming could promote the adaptability and evolvability of growth response and drought avoidance with limited evolutionary influence from pest (biotic) pressures.</p>
Study of the non-vector spread of the pine nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus through sawdust
<p>The goal of the study was to assess the possibility of <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> trees to be infested with pinewood nematode <em>B. xylophilus</em> through PWN-infested sawdust. The trials were conducted in climatic room at a temperature of 26℃ and at humidity of 60-70% from June to October, 2020. Each trial included 4-year-old seedlings of 12 <em>Pinus sylvestris </em>pines.</p> <p>The experiment contained seven trials, including the control: 1) uninjured stem + PWN-infested sawdust, 2) injured stem + PWN-infested sawdust, 3) injured stem + PWN-infested sawdust is 2.5 cm from the stem, 4) uninjured roots + PWN-infested sawdust in soil, 5) injured roots + PWN-infested sawdust in soil, 6) injured roots without sawdust, and 7) control. At the end of the experiment, the number of pinewood nematodes in the stem and roots of infested seedlings was counted. The number of nematodes is based on 100 grams wet weight of woody substrate and 100 cm<sup>3</sup> for soil substrate. We counted the number of wilted pine seedlings taking into account wilt classes (from 0 to 5) in different trials at the 20th week of the experiment. </p>
The Provincelands of Cape Cod National Seashore, Barnstable County, Massachusetts, USA. The reddish vegetation in the center of the photo is a cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) bog, a wetland used for breeding by the Fowler's toad. The surrounding landscape is ideal for the Fowler's toad and supports one of the largest populations of this species in the United States. The landscape contains a patchwork of sand, pitch pine (Pinus rigida), scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia), and dune grass (Ammophila breviligulata). Photo by Rebecca Flaherty. in Fowler's Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) occupancy in the southern mid-Atlantic, USA
The Provincelands of Cape Cod National Seashore, Barnstable County, Massachusetts, USA. The reddish vegetation in the center of the photo is a cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) bog, a wetland used for breeding by the Fowler's toad. The surrounding landscape is ideal for the Fowler's toad and supports one of the largest populations of this species in the United States. The landscape contains a patchwork of sand, pitch pine (Pinus rigida), scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia), and dune grass (Ammophila breviligulata). Photo by Rebecca Flaherty.
Figure 1 in Description of Laimaphelenchus sinensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from declining Chinese pine, Pinus tabuliformis in Beijing, China
Figure 1: Line drawings of LaimaphelenChus sinensis n. sp. A: Entire female; B: Entire male; C: Anterior region; D: Female posterior region showing vulva and post-uterine sac; E: Lateral lines F, G: Female tail terminus; H: Male tail; I: Spicule. (Scale bars = A, B = 20µ m; C-I = 10µ m).
Figure 3 in Description of Laimaphelenchus sinensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from declining Chinese pine, Pinus tabuliformis in Beijing, China
Figure 3: Phylogenetic relationships of LaimaphelenChus sinensis n. sp. and aphelenchid nematodes based on full length of 18 S rDNA. The 100001st Bayesian tree inferred from 18 S rDNA under TVM + I + G model. AphelenChus avenae (JQ348399) served as the outgroup species. Posterior probability values exceeding 50% are given on appropriate clades.
Figure 2 in Description of Laimaphelenchus sinensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from declining Chinese pine, Pinus tabuliformis in Beijing, China
Figure 2: Light photomicrographs of LaimaphelenChus sinensis n. sp. A: Entire female; B: Entire male; C: Lateral lines; D: Anterior region; E: Female posterior region showing vulva and postuterine sac; F, G: Vulval regions; H: Female tail; I-K: Female tail terminus; L-N: Male tails arrows showing position of caudal papillae (Scale bars = A, B = 20 µm; C-N = 10µ m; Abbreviations: ex, excretory pore).
Figure 4 in Description of Laimaphelenchus sinensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from declining Chinese pine, Pinus tabuliformis in Beijing, China
Figure 4: Phylogenetic relationships of LaimaphelenChus sinensis n. sp. and aphelenchid nematodes based on D2-D3 expansion segments of 28 S rDNA. The 100001st Bayesian tree inferred from 28 S rDNA under TIM2 + I + G model. AphelenChus avenae (JQ348400) served as the outgroup species. Posterior probability values exceeding 50% are given on appropriate clades.
Figure 5 in Delatylus andersoni n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) Isolated from White Pine (Pinus monticola) Lumber from USA and Intercepted in Ningbo, China
Figure 5: Phylogeny of Delatylus andersoni n. gen., n. sp. and closely related inferred from partial 18 S rRNA gene sequences by Bayesian analysis. Phylogeny was inferred under a GTR + I + G model (−lnL = 6333.834; AIC = 12687.668; freqA = 0.2384; freqC = 0.2036; freqG = 0.267; freqT = 0.2911; R(a) = 1.1233; R(b) = 3.698; R(c) = 2.4739; R(d) = 0.7402; R(e) = 5.1375; R(f) = 1; Pinva = 0.6096; Shape = 0.8015). Posterior probability values exceeding 50% are given on appropriate clades.
Figure 2 in Delatylus andersoni n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) Isolated from White Pine (Pinus monticola) Lumber from USA and Intercepted in Ningbo, China
Figure 2: Micrographs of females of Delatylus andersoni n. gen., n. sp: (A) entire body; (B) head region, (C) pharynx (arrow showing the position of excretory pore and hemizonid), (D) pharynx with anterior part of the gonad, (E) posterior part of the female body, (F, G) female tail (arrow showing the position of vulva and anus), H: lateral lines. (scale bars = 10 μm).
Figure 6 in Delatylus andersoni n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) Isolated from White Pine (Pinus monticola) Lumber from USA and Intercepted in Ningbo, China
Figure 6: Phylogeny of Delatylus andersoni n. gen., n. sp. and closely related inferred from 28 S D2/D3 rRNA gene sequences by Bayesian analysis. Phylogeny was inferred under a TrN+G model (−lnL = 2644.97; AIC = 5301.9399; freqA = 0.2103; freqC = 0.1993; freqG = 0.3249; freqT = 0.2655; R(a) = 1; R(b) = 3.0953; R(c) = 1; R(d) = 1; R(e) = 7.2585; R(f) = 1; Pinva = 0; Shape = 0.3542). Posterior probability values exceeding 50% are given on appropriate clades.
Figure 4 in Delatylus andersoni n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) Isolated from White Pine (Pinus monticola) Lumber from USA and Intercepted in Ningbo, China
Figure 4: SEM of Delatylus andersoni n. gen., n. sp. (A, B) En face view of head and lip (aa arrows point to the amphid aperture; oa arrows point to the oral aperture; op arrows point to outer labial papillae; (C) vulva, anus, and tail; (D) lateral fields.
Figure 3 in Delatylus andersoni n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) Isolated from White Pine (Pinus monticola) Lumber from USA and Intercepted in Ningbo, China
Figure 3: Micrographs of valve at the pharyngeal–intestinal junction of females of Delatylus andersoni n. gen., n. sp.
Fig. 3 in Diversity patterns of carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) asemblages in the pine forests of Northern Belarus
Fig. 3. NMDS-ordination diagram of the carabid beetle assemblages of pine forests: PCL – Pinetum cladoniosum, PP – Pinetum pleuroziosum, PC – Pinetum callunosum, PV – Pinetum vacciniosum, PM – Pinetum myrtillosum
Fig. 2 in Diversity patterns of carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) asemblages in the pine forests of Northern Belarus
Fig. 2. Box-whisker plots with median, 25% and 75% percentiles (box) and minimum and maximum values (whiskers) for (A) changes of species richness and (B) abundance (log transformed) in carabid beetle assemblages of pine forests: (a) PCL – Pinetum cladoniosum, (b) PP – Pinetum pleuroziosum, (c) PC – Pinetum callunosum, (d) PV– Pinetum vacciniosum, (e) PM – Pinetum myrtillosum. Differences among forest types were tested using the ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test. Letters (a, b, c, d, e) indicate significant differences (Tukey's and Dunn's post-hoc tests; P<0.05)
Fig. 1 in Diversity patterns of carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) asemblages in the pine forests of Northern Belarus
Fig. 1. Map showing the location of the pine forests of the different types (PCL – Pinetum cladoniosum, PC – Pinetum callunosum, PV – Pinetum vacciniosum, PP – Pinetum pleuroziosum, PM – Pinetum myrtillosum)
Fig. 2 in Abundance and composition of coprophagous Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) in the developmental cycle of pine stands in Człuchów Forest (NW Poland)
Fig. 2. Baited ground trap for collecting Scarabaeidae in pine stands in Człuchów Forest, 1998-1999 (drawing by J. Piętka).
Fig. 2 in Does the Mean Individual Biomass (MIB) of carabids as a bioindicator of forest succession follow a logistic function? - Examples from Western German beech and Polish Scots pine forests
Fig. 2. Logistic regression curve – Relationship between age of the Polish Scots pine stands (years) and mean individual biomass of carabids (mg)
Fig. 9 in Abundance and composition of coprophagous Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) in the developmental cycle of pine stands in Człuchów Forest (NW Poland)
Fig. 9. Result of PCA analysis featuring Scarabaeidae communities inhabiting various stages of the pine stand developmental cycle in Człuchów Forest (legend as in Fig. 5; species abbreviations as in Tab. 2)
Fig. 1 in Does the Mean Individual Biomass (MIB) of carabids as a bioindicator of forest succession follow a logistic function? - Examples from Western German beech and Polish Scots pine forests
Fig. 1. Logistic regression curve – Relationship between age of the Western German beech stands (years) and mean individual biomass of carabids (mg)
Data for: Pine trees structure plant biodiversity patterns in savannas
<p>Overstory trees serve multiple functions in grassy savannas. Past research has shown that large pine canopy openings harbor greater plant species richness and different species composition. However, these studies did not examine such patterns at the scale of individual trees. We examined the relationship between understory plant communities and proximity to individual pine trees in dry and mesic pine savannas in frequently burned (1-3 year intervals) and long unburned (>30 years since fire) sites in north central Florida. We recorded the presence and abundance (stem or ramet number) of plant species in 1 m x 1 m plots adjacent to tree boles (basal) or outside crown driplines (open). In addition, we quantified environmental variables, including light transmittance and percent cover of litter, bare ground, and fuel loading classes.</p>
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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