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Fig. 6 in Spirostomum teres: A Long Term Study of an Anoxic-Hypolimnion Population Feeding upon Photosynthesizing Microorganisms
Fig. 6. Spirostomum teres: a) Lake Alchichica (8/8/2011, 30 m), b) Lake La Preciosa (2/9/2011, 20.5 m and c) Lake de La Cruz (25/6/2010, 11.25 m. Protargol stain (QPS). 1 ≡ 10 µm.
Fig. 10 in Spirostomum teres: A Long Term Study of an Anoxic-Hypolimnion Population Feeding upon Photosynthesizing Microorganisms
Fig. 10. Feeding experiments with FLB in Lake Alchichica (a, b), La Preciosa (c, d) and Lake de la Cruz (e, f). Triple DAPI/FITC/CY3 set (a, b); DAPI set (c, e), Chlorophyll a / FITC set. Arrow: Just filled vacuole. 1 ≡ 10 µm.
Fig. 9 in Spirostomum teres: A Long Term Study of an Anoxic-Hypolimnion Population Feeding upon Photosynthesizing Microorganisms
Fig. 9. Lake Alchichica Spirostomum teres with apparent purple sulphur bacteria in Protargol stain a) 4/12/2012, 36.5 m; b) 19/11/14, 38 m, and in infrared autofluorescence b) 19/11/14, 38 m. 1 ≡ 10 µm.
Fig. 4 in Spirostomum teres: A Long Term Study of an Anoxic-Hypolimnion Population Feeding upon Photosynthesizing Microorganisms
Fig. 4. Representative early- (a to h) and late-stratification (i to p) of Spirostomum teres in Lake Alchichica. a, e, i, m) Temperature, T [°C], Dissolved oxygen, DO [mg L–1], and Photosynthetically active radiation PAR [%]; b, f, j, n) numbers of heterotrophic-, HPP [cells mL–1] and autotrophic picoplankton, APP [cells mL–1], and Spirostomum teres [cells L–1]; c, g, k, o) nitrites, NO –, nitrates NO – and ammonium, 2 3 NH [µmol L–1]; d, h, l, p) chlorophyll a, Chl a [µg L–1], phycoerythrin, PE [µg L–1], and phycocyanin, PC [ng L–1].
Fig. 13. a in Spirostomum teres: A Long Term Study of an Anoxic-Hypolimnion Population Feeding upon Photosynthesizing Microorganisms
Fig. 13. a) Spirostomum teres numbers plot [cells mL–1] against dissolved oxygen, DO [mg L–1] vs. nitrite nitrogen NO – [µmolL–1], and all 2 analysed DO/nutrients data plot, b) Species occurrence in habitats, in which S. teres was found (in the logarithmic scale of nitrite nitrogen concentration).
Fig. 12. a in Spirostomum teres: A Long Term Study of an Anoxic-Hypolimnion Population Feeding upon Photosynthesizing Microorganisms
Fig. 12. a) Spirostomum teres numbers plot [cells mL–1] against dissolved oxygen, DO [mg L–1] vs. nitrate nitrogen NO – [µmolL–1], and 3 all analysed DO/nitrate data, b) Species occurrence in habitats, in which S. teres was found (in the logarithmic scale of nitrate nitrogen concentration).
Fig. 8 in Spirostomum teres: A Long Term Study of an Anoxic-Hypolimnion Population Feeding upon Photosynthesizing Microorganisms
Fig. 8. Spirostomum teres in Alchichica on July 2013 (epifluorescence microscope, Leica DMLB). a) DAPI filter set (A); b) Phycobilin filter set (Y3); c) Chlorophyll a filter set (I3). 1 ≡ 10 µm.
Fig. 3. a in Spirostomum teres: A Long Term Study of an Anoxic-Hypolimnion Population Feeding upon Photosynthesizing Microorganisms
Fig. 3. a) Dissolved Oxygen isopleths, sampled data/depths (Analysed), and of Spirostomum teres numbers in Lake Alchichica; b) average S. teres numbers throughout an hypoxic/anoxic layer (based on Peštová et al. 2008, Bautista-Reyes and Macek 2012, Sánchez-Medina et al. 2016, and this study).
Fig. 7 in Spirostomum teres: A Long Term Study of an Anoxic-Hypolimnion Population Feeding upon Photosynthesizing Microorganisms
Fig. 7. Spirostomum teres in Alchichica on July 2016 (epifluorescence microscope, Leica DMLB). a) DAPI staining; b) Phycobilin filter set (Y3); c) Chlorophyll a filter set (I3). 1 ≡ 10 µm.
Fig. 16. a in Spirostomum teres: A Long Term Study of an Anoxic-Hypolimnion Population Feeding upon Photosynthesizing Microorganisms
Fig. 16. a) Plot of distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) of Spirostomum teres (S. teres), autotrophic picoplankton (APP) and heterotrophic picoplankton (HPP) abundance using environmental data as predictor variables, for Lake Alchichica. Environmental variables: Concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonium (NH 3), nitrite (NO 2), nitrate (NO 3), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and silicon (SiO).
Fig. 4 in Scale-Morphometry Study To Discriminate Gibel Carp (Carassius Gibelio) Populations In The Balaton-Catchment (Hungary)
Fig. 4. Relationship between Canonical Variates and environmental variables based on sampling sites separation
Fig. 2 in Scale-Morphometry Study To Discriminate Gibel Carp (Carassius Gibelio) Populations In The Balaton-Catchment (Hungary)
Fig. 2. Landmarks used to define the shape of the scales (Prussian carp). The areas of the scales are described with respect to the fish position
Fig. 3 in Scale-Morphometry Study To Discriminate Gibel Carp (Carassius Gibelio) Populations In The Balaton-Catchment (Hungary)
Fig. 3. Canonical Variate Analysis of Carassius gibelio from KBWPS I, KBWPS II, Balaton, Nagyberek, Hungary with landmark-based geometric geometric morphometrics based on scale shape. El-
Genetic structure in patchy populations of a candidate foundation plant: a case study of Leymus chinensis using genetic and clonal diversity
<p><strong>PREMISE</strong>: The distribution of genetic diversity on the landscape has critical ecological and evolutionary implications. This may be especially the case on a local scale for foundation plant species since they create and define ecological communities, contributing disproportionately to ecosystem function.</p> <p><strong>METHODS</strong>: We examined the distribution of genetic diversity and clones, which we defined first as unique multilocus genotypes (MLG), and then by grouping similar MLGs into multilocus lineages (MLL). We used 186 markers from inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) across 358 ramets from 13 patches of the foundation grass <em>Leymus chinensis</em>. We examined the relationship between genetic and clonal diversities, their variation with patch-size, and the effect of the number of markers used to evaluate genetic diversity and structure in this species.</p> <p><strong>RESULTS</strong>: Every ramet had a unique MLG. Almost all patches consisted of individuals belonging to a single MLL. We confirmed this with a clustering algorithm to group related genotypes. The predominance of a single lineage within each patch could be the result of the accumulation of somatic mutations, limited dispersal, some sexual reproduction with partners mainly restricted to the same patch, or a combination of all three.</p> <p><strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong>: We found strong genetic structure among patches of <em>L. chinensis</em>. Consistent with previous work on the species, the clustering of similar genotypes within patches suggests that clonal reproduction combined with somatic mutation, limited dispersal, and some degree of sexual reproduction among neighbors causes individuals within a patch to be more closely related than among patches.</p>
Data from: What ecological factors favor parthenogenesis over sexual reproduction? A study on the facultatively parthenogenetic mayfly Alainites muticus in natural populations
<p>Different reproductive modes are characterized by costs and benefits which depend on ecological contexts. For example, sex can provide benefits under complex biotic interactions, while its costs increase under mate limitation. Furthermore, ecological contexts often vary along abiotic gradients. Here, we study how these factors simultaneously influence the frequency of sex in the facultatively parthenogenetic mayfly Alainites muticus . We first verified that parthenogenesis translates into female-biased population sex ratios. We then measured the density of individuals (a proxy for mate limitation) and community diversity (biotic interaction complexity) for 159 A. muticus populations covering a broad altitudinal gradient and used structural equation modeling to investigate their direct and indirect influences on sex ratios. We found no effect of community diversity or altitude on sex ratios. Furthermore, even when females can reproduce parthenogenetically, they generally reproduce sexually, indicating that the benefits of sex exceed its costs in most situations. Sex ratios only become female-biased under low population densities, as expected if mate limitation was the main factor selecting for parthenogenesis. Mate limitation might be widespread in mayflies because of their short adult lifespan and limited dispersal, which can generate strong selection for reproductive assurance and may provide a stepping-stone towards obligate parthenogenesis.</p>
Oenothera Section Calylophus population genetic study
<p><strong>Premise</strong>: Animal pollinators play an important role in pollen dispersal. Differences in foraging patterns, flight distances and grooming behaviors are assumed to have consequences for genetic diversity of plants but are rarely tested explicitly. Here, we assess the role of pollinator functional groups with different foraging behaviors (hawkmoth and bee) in generating patterns of genetic diversity over similar geographic ranges for two closely related taxa.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: This study focuses on two members of <em>Oenothera</em> section <em>Calylophus</em> that co-occur on gypsum outcrops throughout the Chihuahua Desert but differ in floral phenotype and primary pollinator: <em>Oenothera</em> <em>gayleana</em> (bee) and <em>O</em>. <em>hartwegii</em> subsp. <em>filifolia</em> (hawkmoth). We measured breeding system and floral traits in the greenhouse and conducted a population genetic study at the local (<13km; four populations) and landscape (60–440km; five populations) scales using 10–11 nuclear (pollen dispersal) and three plastid (seed dispersal) microsatellite markers. </p> <p><strong>Key Results</strong>: Both taxa were self-incompatible and floral traits were consistent with expectations for different pollinators. We found no evidence of genetic structure at the local scale, but at the landscape scale, <em>O</em>. <em>gayleana</em> showed greater differentiation and significant isolation by distance than <em>O</em>. <em>hartwegii</em> subsp. <em>filifolia</em>. The plastid data were consistent with gravity dispersal of seeds and suggest that pollen dispersal is the principal driver of genetic structure in both species.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: We demonstrate that pollinator functional groups can impact genetic differentiation in different and predictable ways. Hawkmoths, with larger foraging distances, can maintain gene flow across greater spatial scales than bees.</p>
Figure 1 in Soybean Cyst Nematode Population Development and Its Effect on Pennycress in a Greenhouse Study
Figure 1: Influence of inoculation level and crop treatment on final SCN egg population density in the greenhouse evaluation experiment. Soybean-S was soybean genotype 'Sturdy'; PC-MN103 was pennycress genotype 'MN103'; PC-MN106 was pennycress genotype 'MN106'; and PC-MN108 was pennycress genotype 'MN108'. The genotypes were sourced from the University of Minnesota pennycress and soybean breeding programs. Error bars denote standard error. Within an inoculation level, bars with the same lowercase letter did not differ in SCN population density using Tukey–Kramer least-square means (P <0.05). SCN, soybean cyst nematode.
FIG. 3 in Study of a new population of the Argentinian endemic species Riella choconensis Hässel (Riellaceae, Marchantiophyta) reveals a novel anatomical structure of the female involucre in Riella
FIG. 3. — LM and SEM images of spores of Riella choconensis Hässel. A, distal view; B, spines from distal side; C, spines from proximal side; D, distal view; E, spines from distal side; F, spines from proximal side; G, distal view; H, Spines and reticulum from distal pole; I, spines from distal side and rugose spore surface; J, distal view; K, spines and reticulum from distal pole; L, spines from distal side and rugose spore surface; M, proximal view; N, proximal spore surface and spines; O, proximal spines and rugose-granulose spore surface; P, Proximal view; Q, transition between distal and proximal side, showing the equatorial row of distal spines; R, Proximal spines and rugose spore surface (A-F made with LM; G-R made with SEM; A-C, I, from VAL-Briof. 11724; G-H, M-O, from VAL-Briof. 11725; D-F, J-L, P-R, from BA 33609). Scale bars: A, D, 50 μm; B, C, E, F, H, K, N, Q, 10 μm; G, J, M, P, 30 μm; I, L, O, 5 μm; R, 8 μm.
FIG. 2 in Study of a new population of the Argentinian endemic species Riella choconensis Hässel (Riellaceae, Marchantiophyta) reveals a novel anatomical structure of the female involucre in Riella
FIG. 2. — Habitat, LM and SEM images of Riella choconensis Hässel A, view of the Laguna de los Juncos; B, circinate apex of a male individual thallus showing a continuous row of antheridia; C, cells from thallus wing showing an oil cell with a single, rough oil body; D, apex of a female individual thallus showing three developing sporophytes; E, female involucre enclosing a sporophyte; F, apex of female involucre occluded by inflated cells; G, cross-section of female involucre showing the bistratose wall; H, female involucre; I, Apex of female involucre (B-G made with LM from VAL-Briof. 11724; H,I made with SEM from VAL-Briof. 11725), Scale bars: B, D, 1 mm; C, 20 μm; E, 500 μm; F, 200 μm; G, 50 μm; H, 300 μm; I, 70 μm.
FIG. 1 in Study of a new population of the Argentinian endemic species Riella choconensis Hässel (Riellaceae, Marchantiophyta) reveals a novel anatomical structure of the female involucre in Riella
FIG. 1. — Distribution of the five Argentinian species of Riella Mont. The inset map shows the geographical location of records of each species designated by a different symbol across the different provinces in Central Argentina. Previously known records of Riella choconensis Hässel are designated by a diamond (type locality) and new record by a star. The map indicates names and administrative boundaries of Argentinian provinces (grey lines) which are at some instances coincident with rivers (blue lines).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.