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opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Fig. 3 in Thermal ecology of the Pygmy Alligator Lizard, Gerrhonotus parvus Knight and Scudday, 1985 (Squamata: Anguidae), in Nuevo Léon, Mexico

Fig. 3. Proportions of microhabitats used by Gerrhonotus parvus.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 1988View details →

Figure 13 in Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana

Figure 13—Construction of the intramandibular joint in a primitive neotheropod, Ceratosaurus

opencc-by-4.0Dec 1988View details →

Figure 6 in Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana

Figure 6—Posterior, ventral, and sagittal cross section of a subadult gorgosaur braincase.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 1988View details →

Figure 3 in Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana

Figure 3 continued—Lateral view of skull and ventral view of basicranium of Nanotyrannus lancensis

Figure 4. Sorex volnuchini G in Cytogenetic characteristic of the Caucasian pygmy shrew (Sorex volnuchini) and Levant mole (Talpa levantis) (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla) in northern Anatolia, Turkey

Figure 4. Sorex volnuchini G-bands (female).

Figure 3. Male C in Cytogenetic characteristic of the Caucasian pygmy shrew (Sorex volnuchini) and Levant mole (Talpa levantis) (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla) in northern Anatolia, Turkey

Figure 3. Male C-banded karyotype of Talpa levantis (male) from North Anatolia.

Figure 2. Sorex volnuchini C in Cytogenetic characteristic of the Caucasian pygmy shrew (Sorex volnuchini) and Levant mole (Talpa levantis) (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla) in northern Anatolia, Turkey

Figure 2. Sorex volnuchini C-bands (female), negative C-bands (–/–), heteromorphic C bands (–/+).

Figure 1 in Cytogenetic characteristic of the Caucasian pygmy shrew (Sorex volnuchini) and Levant mole (Talpa levantis) (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla) in northern Anatolia, Turkey

Figure 1. Sorex volnuchini standard karyotype (male).

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Habitat distribution models for pygmy rabbits in Idaho

<p>Environmental relationships can differ across the geographic range of species, especially for widespread generalists. Because habitat specialists are more vulnerable to environmental changes, incorrect assumptions about consistent habitat associations could hinder strategic conservation efforts. We used species distribution models (SDMs) to evaluate intraspecific variation in habitat associations for a habitat specialist of conservation concern, the pygmy rabbit (<em>Brachylagus idahoensis</em>), which is endemic to the sagebrush biome of the western USA. Our goal was to model habitat associations for pygmy rabbits across a portion of their range to evaluate regional variation and contrast predictions with results from a model developed at the rangewide extent. We created inductive SDMs using maximum entropy methods within five ecological regions that encompassed about 20% of the species rangewide distribution and spanned diverse environmental gradients. We included a suite of environmental predictor variables representing topography, vegetation, climate, and soil characteristics. Results of the regional models identified substantial variation in habitat associations across the five regions, with each retaining a unique set of environmental predictors. Bioclimatic variables were the most influential environmental parameters in all five regions, but the specific variables differed. The models developed at regional extents predicted smaller areas of habitat (an average of 15% less for suitable habitat and 80% less for primary habitat) than predictions generated from a model developed at the rangewide extent. Because bioclimatic variables were effective in discriminating areas used by pygmy rabbits, they also provided an opportunity to assess potential changes in habitat distribution by incorporating future climate projections. Distributions modeled under two mid-century emission scenarios projected substantial reductions in suitable habitat for pygmy rabbits across most regions and pronounced variation among regions in the magnitude and direction of the climate effects. Collectively, results of this work underscore the need to incorporate regional variation in habitat associations into planning for current and future conservation and management strategies.</p>

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Habitat distribution models for pygmy rabbits in Idaho

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publicJun 2023View details →

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Temperature-dependent interspecific interference alters pygmy backswimmer predation on water fleas

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publicMay 2025View details →

opennotspecifiedJun 2019View details →

Figure 1 in Pygmy grasshoppers of the genus Formosatettix Tinkhamı 1937 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Tetriginae)

Figure 1. Formosatettix serrifemora Deng sp. nov., holotype female. (a) body, lateral view; (b) the same, dorsal view; (c) head and anterior part of pronotum, dorsal view; (d) the same, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Growing up Tyrannosaurus rex: Osteohistology refutes the pygmy "Nanotyrannus" and supports ontogenetic niche partitioning in juvenile Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 4. Examples of variable CGM (blue lines) spacing in tyrannosaurids examined for this study. (A) The variability of CGM spacing in the femur of BMRP 2002.4.1 and (B) the tibia of BMRP 2006.4.4 may imply that these individuals were approaching asymptotic body length. However, CGMs within the innermost cortices of much larger T. rex specimens (C) USNM PAL 555000 and (D) MOR 1128 demonstrate that the CGM spacing is not a reliable indicator of relative maturity status.All panels are shown in transverse thin section.

Fig. 2 in Growing up Tyrannosaurus rex: Osteohistology refutes the pygmy "Nanotyrannus" and supports ontogenetic niche partitioning in juvenile Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 2. Tibia histology of tyrannosaurid specimens BMRP 2002.4.1 and BMRP 2006.4.4. (A) Transverse mid-cortex thin section of BMRP 2002.4.1. Longitudinal POs are evident, and PPL emphasizes osteocyte lacuna density and variability in shape within laminae. CPL reveals varying birefringence associated with bone fiber orientation, but with a weak arrangement of fibers parallel to the transverse plane of section. Many POs are composed of highly isotropic fibers with rounded osteocyte lacunae. (B) Longitudinal thin section of the mid-cortex of BMRP 2002.4.1. Vascular canals appear as near-vertical, dark columns. Adjacent to the vascular canals, the POs contain laterally compressed osteocyte lacunae. CPL demonstrates that the laterally compressed osteocyte lacunae of POs are embedded within a uniformly birefringent matrix (anisotropic), indicating that the lamellae of POs are LP. Osteocyte lacunae orientation varies in the thin laminae between POs. In CPL, the laminae are weakly isotropic, corresponding to the weak arrangement of parallel fibers in transverse section. (C) In transverse thin section, the periosteal surface of BMRP 2006.4.4 on the anterior side consists of reticular POs within laminae of highly isotropic, woven tissue. (D) Within the anterior and anteromedial innermost cortex of BMRP 2006.4.4, in transverse thin section, six closely spaced LAGs are visible interstitially. Blue lines highlight the LAG trajectories.

Fig. 1 in Growing up Tyrannosaurus rex: Osteohistology refutes the pygmy "Nanotyrannus" and supports ontogenetic niche partitioning in juvenile Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 1. Femur histology of tyrannosaurid specimens BMRP 2002.4.1 and BMRP 2006.4.4. (A) Mid-cortex of the transverse thin section of BMRP 2002.4.1. Plane-polarized light (PPL) emphasizes osteocyte lacuna density and variability in shape within the laminae, as well as longitudinal primary osteons. In CPL, there is a weak preferred fiber arrangement parallel to the transverse plane of section reflected by regional birefringence. Many primary osteons (POs) have uniformly isotropic fibers with rounded osteocyte lacunae. (B) Mid-cortex of the transverse thin section of BMRP 2006.4.4. Osteocyte lacuna density and variability in shape within the laminae are evident in PPL. CPL reveals varying birefringence associated with bone fiber orientation, but there is a weak preferred fiber arrangement parallel to the transverse plane of section reflected by regional birefringence. Many POs are composed of uniformly isotropic fibers with rounded osteocyte lacunae. (C) Longitudinal section of the mid-cortex of BMRP 2006.4.4. Vascular canals appear as near-vertical, thin, dark columns. As in the transverse section, the primary laminae between POs contain variably arranged osteocyte lacunae. In CPL, the laminae are weakly isotropic (I), corresponding to the poorly organized parallel orientation of fibers in the transverse plane. The laterally compressed osteocyte lacunae in POs are embedded within a uniformly birefringent [anisotropic (AN)] matrix in CPL, indicating that the PO lamellae are longitudinally oriented parallel-fibered bone (LP). (D) On the posteromedial side of the transverse section of BMRP 2006.4.4, there is a parallel-fibered annulus located at the periosteal surface (thickness indicated with blue line). Photographed in CPL. (E) In the transverse section on the posterolateral side, the annulus shown in (D) (blue lines) is overlain by highly isotropic woven-fibered laminae.

Fig. 3 in Growing up Tyrannosaurus rex: Osteohistology refutes the pygmy "Nanotyrannus" and supports ontogenetic niche partitioning in juvenile Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 3. The presence of an EFS at the periosteal surface of a long bone indicates skeletal maturity, while the absence of an EFS indicates that the bone is still growing at the time of death. (A) An EFS composed of tightly stacked birefringent LAGs (between blue arrowheads) at the periosteal surface of an Alligator mississippiensis. (B) The EFS (between blue arrowheads) in an ostrich (struthio camelus) is made of nearly avascular, birefringent parallel-fibered to lamellar primary tissue. (C) No EFS is present at the periosteal surface of the femur of BMRP 2002.4.1, (D) the tibia of BMRP 2002.4.1, (E) the femur of BMRP 2006.4.4, or (F) the tibia of BMRP 2006.4.4. All panels are shown in transverse thin section, with CPL.

opencc-zeroMay 2020View details →

Supplementary material 1 from: Short G, Claassens L, Smith R, De Brauwer M, Hamilton H, Stat M, Harasti D (2020) Hippocampus nalu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae). ZooKeys 934: 141-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.934.50924

Genetic distance analysis (uncorrected p distances) of COI sequence data from H. nalu, H. bargibanti, H. denise, H. japapigu, and H. pontohi

opennotspecifiedJul 2020View details →

FIGURE 9 in Species limits in the Tawny-crowned Pygmy-tyrant Euscarthmus meloryphus complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Tyrannidae)

FIGURE 9. Species Distribution Modeling of populations identified as Euscarthmus meloryphus paulus for the present (top) and the Last Glacial Maximum (21 kyr BP; bottom). Training AUC = 0.9706, test AUC = 0.9376. Occurrence points are presented as white circles.

opennotspecifiedJul 2020View details →

FIGURE 7 in Species limits in the Tawny-crowned Pygmy-tyrant Euscarthmus meloryphus complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Tyrannidae)

FIGURE 7. Principal Component Analysis of 19 variables of the loudsongs of Euscarthmus m. meloryphus (orange circles), E. meloryphus paulus (yellow circles), and E. meloryphus fulviceps (red circles). Cumulative proportion of the total variance explained by principal component 1 (pace, overall number of notes, duration of interval between last and penultimate introductory notes) and principal component 2 (overall minimum frequency, minimum frequency of the last introductory note) are in parentheses beside axis labels.