Find research datasets worth reusing

Fig. 6 in A cyst-forming coccidian with large geographical range infecting forest and commensal rodents: Sarcocystis muricoelognathis sp. nov.

Fig. 6 ML analysis of the ITS1 region of Sarcocystis sp., S. zuoi and other species of the Sarcocystidae; members of the Toxoplasmatinae served as outgroup. Bootstrap branch support values are shown in triplicate, indicating results from three independent alignments and analyses.The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. The analysis involved 204 homologous positions of 33 nucleotide sequences

Fig. 1 a–f in A cyst-forming coccidian with large geographical range infecting forest and commensal rodents: Sarcocystis muricoelognathis sp. nov.

Fig. 1 a–f Light microscopic and ultrastructural morphology of sarcocysts of Sarcocystis sp. in SD rats 5 months after inoculation with sporocysts isolated from rat snakes in Thailand. a Typical sporocyst from a fecal sample of Coelognathus radiatus; sporocysts from C. flavolineatus were identical in size and appearance; asterisk indicates single sporozoite. b Live sarcocyst, freed from muscle tissue; note the broad, palisade-like villar protrusions that could at times resemble those of Sarcocystis singaporensis with which this species can co-occur; however, the protrusions lack the basal stalks typical for the former species; the arrow highlights the septated compartments in the interior of the sarcocyst, and the inset shows a micrograph of live cystozoites freshly released from a cyst (arrowheads). c Typical structure of a cyst wall protrusion (isolate from C. flavolineatus); the arrows point to the electron-dense, knob-like structures of the primary cyst wall, whereby the knobs could apparently fuse to form an electron-dense borderline in larger protrusions (inset: arrowhead); also note the electron-light, thin layer of ground substance (GS) underneath the protrusions. d Typical cystozoites of the new species, which contained only two rhoptries (arrowheads) among relatively few micronemes (asterisks); additionally, the cystozoites exhibited vesicle-like structures in the anterior third of the cell containing electron-light, reticulate matter (arrow); the inset shows such a vesicle-like compartment at higher magnification, which was apparently not bound by a membrane (white arrow) and often located near micronemes (white asterisk); dense granules were present but rarely observed. e Interior and cyst wall of a mature sarcocyst (isolate from C. radiatus); metrocytes (asterisks) exclusively divided by endodyogeny, producing only two cystozoites (CZ). f Full-length section through a 15-µm-long protrusion of the sarcocyst wall; note that larger protrusions often occurred close to the tips of a cyst and showed a base with folds. AP, apicoplast; MI, mitochondrion; NU, nucleus; PT, villar protrusions

Fig. 4 in A cyst-forming coccidian with large geographical range infecting forest and commensal rodents: Sarcocystis muricoelognathis sp. nov.

Fig. 4 Two separate phylogenies of the 28S rRNA gene (longer and shorter sequence fragments) of the new Sarcocystis sp. sampled in China, newly sequenced S. zuoi from China and novel Sarcocystis isolates from Borneo. Symbols indicate the new sequences of this study, whereby taxa considered conspecific are grouped by shape. GenBank accession numbers are given behind each taxon name. a Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of an alignment of 29 sequences and 1383 homologous positions. Branch support by bootstrapping (1000 replicate trees) is shown next to the branches, whereby the results of three independent analyses based on independent alignments are shown. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. All positions with <85% site coverage were eliminated, i.e. fewer than 15% alignment gaps, missing data and ambiguous bases were allowed at any position (partial deletion option). Selected eimeriid coccidia served as outgroup. b ML analysis of a trimmed alignment including five shorter sequences of Sarcocystis sampled in Borneo compared with the samples of Sarcocystis sp. from China; a total of 16 sequences and 366 homologous positions with site coverage of 95% were compared. Sarcocystis pantherophisi served as outgroup. The corresponding natural intermediate hosts are also indicated

Fig. 2 in A cyst-forming coccidian with large geographical range infecting forest and commensal rodents: Sarcocystis muricoelognathis sp. nov.

Fig. 2 Light microscopic and ultrastructural morphology of sarcocysts from Maxomys whiteheadi in Borneo (a–c) and wild Rattus norvegicus in China (d, e). Note, due to ethanol fixation some ultrastructural details of the samples from Borneo are poorly resolved. a Richardsen's dye-stained 1.0-µm thin section through a mature sarcocyst showing the villar protrusions (PT) of the cyst wall and numerous relatively small cystozoites (CZ). b Same sample as before under the electron microscope; note the thin layer of ground substance underneath the protrusions. c Enlarged part of the interior of the sarcocyst showing cystozoites—although with limited resolution—that possess a pair of rhoptries each, which is characteristic for this Sarcocystis species (black and white arrows; compare with Fig. 1d). d Live sarcocyst isolated from striated muscle tissue of a wild Norway rat in China; the inset shows live cystozoites that were freshly released from a cyst. e Ultrastructure of the same sarcocyst as before; note that the villar protrusions are highly similar to the samples from Borneo and Thailand regarding size and shape (Fig. 1e); again, cystozoites only exhibit one pair of rhoptries (arrows) and relatively few micronemes

Fig. 3 in A cyst-forming coccidian with large geographical range infecting forest and commensal rodents: Sarcocystis muricoelognathis sp. nov.

Fig. 3 Graph showing the size of sporocysts (length plotted against diameter, in μm; error bars indicate s.e.) of the Sarcocystis isolates from the colubrid snakes Coelognathus flavolineatus and C. radiatus in Thailand and closely related Sarcocystis. Every isolate/ species is indicated by a different symbol (legend), whereby sporocyst samples with the same shape index (= length/diameter) share the same background shading: white = 1.3; dark = 1.5; Sarcocystis pantherophisi = 1.2. Here, S. pantherophisi is included as reference for the snake host Sarcocystis lineage S2, while all other species belong to lineage S1 (except for S. murinotechis, for which no genetic information is available)

Fig. 2 in Fossil caries in a Pliocene rodent with a plausible instance of in situ preservation of bacterial remains

Fig. 2. Tooth of Glis sackdillingensis (Heller, 1930) (ZPAL M. VIII/b/G2/1) from Węże 2 (2.9–2.6 Mya), late Pliocene. A. Photography with the overview of the occlusal surface. The cavity area is indicated by yellow box. B. 3D CT model showing the cavity area. C. Drawings of occlusal (C1) and left lateral (C2) view, the upper surfaces created after each polishing marked with horizontal lines, the cavity area highlighted. Interpretation of the occlusal surface after Striczky and Pazonyi 2014. D. SEM photograph of the cavity area with the damage to the enamel and the dentin layers visible. E–G. SEM photographs showing fossilized bacteria-like microstructures. graphs showing examples of those various morphologies of shown in Fig. 2D–G. Cocci-like structures (Figs. 2G, 3A) plausible bacterial fossils is presented in Fig. 3A–D. Their are c.a. 0.6 µm in diameter. Bacilli-like objects (Figs. 2D, presence in the tooth sample is limited to the tooth area with G, 3B–D) are elongated with dimensions of c.a. 0.6–0.7 µm damaged enamel and near to the surface area of dentine as in width and up to 2 µm in length, with typical 1:2.5

Fig. 4 in Fossil caries in a Pliocene rodent with a plausible instance of in situ preservation of bacterial remains

Fig. 4. Tooth of Glis sackdillingensis (Heller, 1930) (ZPAL M. VIII/b/G2/1) from Węże 2 (2.9–2.6 Mya), late Pliocene. SEM photograph (A) and EDS maps of distributions of carbon (B), phosphorus (C), and calcium (D) within the tooth and in the cavity area.

Fig. 3 in Fossil caries in a Pliocene rodent with a plausible instance of in situ preservation of bacterial remains

Fig. 3. Tooth of Glis sackdillingensis (Heller, 1930) (ZPAL M. VIII/b/G2/1) from Węże 2 (2.9–2.6 Mya), late Pliocene. SEM photographs showing various morphologies of probable bacterial fossils found in the tooth cavity. A. Cocci-like objects. B–D. Bacilli-like objects.

Fig. 1 in Fossil caries in a Pliocene rodent with a plausible instance of in situ preservation of bacterial remains

Fig. 1. Road map (A) with the location of the Nature Reserve "Węże" in the proximity to Wieluń in Central Poland, Załęcze Landscape Park marked in grey (B). A silhouette of modern dormouse is given as an inset.

Fig. 5 in Evidence for parallel development of ever-growing molars in Early Pleistocene rodents from southern Spain and their paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 5. ESEM images (all in occlusal view) of murids from Lower Pleistocene, Barranco de los Conejos, Guadix-Baza Basin, Spain.. A–D. Apodemus atavus Heller, 1936. A. Right M1, IPHES-BC-11. B. Left M1, IPHES-BC-5. C. Right m1, IPHES-BC-6. D. Left m1, IPHES-BC-13. E–O. Castillomys gracilis Weerd, 1976. E. Right M1, IPHES-BC-1. F. Right M1, IPHES-BC-2. G. Left M1, IPHES-BC-15. H. Left M1, IPHES-BC-16. I. Right M2, IPHES-BC-20. J. Left M3, IPHES-BC-19. K. Left m1, IPHES-BC-7. L. Left m1, IPHES-BC-9. M. Right m2, IPHES-BC-8. N. Right m2, IPHES-BC-10. O. Right m2, IPHES-BC-21.

Fig. 4 in Evidence for parallel development of ever-growing molars in Early Pleistocene rodents from southern Spain and their paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 4. ESEM images (all in occlusal view) of Tibericola vandermeuleni (Agustí, 1992), from Lower Pleistocene, Barranco de los Conejos, Guadix-Baza Basin, Spain. A. Right m1, IPHES-BC-135. B. Right m1, IPHES-BC-34. C. Right m1, holotype, IPHES-BC-36. D. Right m1, IPHES-BC-114. E. Right m1, IPHES-BC-115. F. Right m1, IPHES-BC-116. G. Left m1, IPHES-BC-29. H. Left m1, IPHES-BC-40. I. Left m1 (the posterior lobe is missing), IPHES-BC-136. J. Right M3, IPHES-BC-141. K. Right M3 (part of the posterior lobe is missing), IPHES-BC-142. L. Left M3, IPHES-BC-121. M. Right M3, IPHES-BC-140.

Fig. 1 in Evidence for parallel development of ever-growing molars in Early Pleistocene rodents from southern Spain and their paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 1. Nomenclature and measurements of arvicoline molars. A, B. Left m1 of Manchenomys (nomenclature (A) and measurements (B). C. Right M3 of Manchenomys. Abbreviations: A, ACC length; AC2, anteroconid cap; AL1, anterior lobe; B, shortest distance between BRA3 and LRA4; BRA, buccal re-entrant angle; BSA, buccal salient angle; C, shortest distance between LRA3 and BRA3; L, occlusal surface length; LRA, lingual re-entrant angle; LSA, lingual salient angle; PC, posterior cap; PL, posterior lobe; T1–T7, triangles 1–7; W, width.

Fig. 3 in Evidence for parallel development of ever-growing molars in Early Pleistocene rodents from southern Spain and their paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 3. ESEM images (all in occlusal view) of Manchenomys oswaldoreigi (Agustí, Castillo, and Galobart, 1993), from Lower Pleistocene, Barranco de los Conejos, Guadix-Baza Basin, Spain. A. Left m1, IPHES-BC-28. B. Left m1, IPHES-BC-33. C. Right m1 (the posterior lobe is missing), IPHES-BC-38. D. Left M3, IPHES-BC-145.

Fig. 2 in Evidence for parallel development of ever-growing molars in Early Pleistocene rodents from southern Spain and their paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 2. ESEM images (all in occlusal view, except A2, B2, C) of Early Pleistocene arvicolines from Spain. A–G. Orcemys giberti Martin, Tesakov, Agustí, and Johnston, 2018, from Barranco de los Conejos, Guadix-Baza Basin. A. Left m1 in occlusal (A1) and lateral (A2) views, holotype, IPHES-BC-30. B. Right m1 in occlusal (B1) and lateral (B2) views, IPHESA-BC-118. C. Right m1 in basal view, IPHES-BC-31. D. Right M2, IPHES-BC-32. E. Right M2, IPHES-BC-117. F. Right M3, IPHES-BC-120. G. Posterior fragment of right M3, IPHES-BC-119. H. Mimomys sp. from Cortijo de Don Alfonso, Guadix-Baza Basin; left m1, IPHES-CDA-01. I. Mimomys sp. from Cementerio de Orce, Guadix-Baza Basin; anterior fragment of right m1, IPHES- CO-B-01. J–L. Mimomys medasensis Michaux, 1971, from Almenara-Casablanca 1, eastern Spain. J. Left m1, IPHESA-ACB-1-CS-4. K. Left m1, IPHESA-ACB-1-CS-3. L. Left m1, IPHESA-ACB-1-CS-5. The white arrows indicate the mimomyan ridge.

Fig. 3 in A new early Pliocene murine rodent from the Iberian Peninsula and its biostratigraphic implications

Fig. 3. Upper and lower dentition of the murid rodent Paraethomys baeticus sp. nov. from Baza-1, early Pliocene, Guadix-Baza Basin, Spain, in occlusal view. A. BA1-2001-R7/2, left M1 (holotype). B. BA1-2001-R7/5, right M1. C. BA1-2001-R7/16, right M1. D. BA1-2001-R7/22, right M2. E. BA1-2001-R7/24, right M2. F. BA1-2001-R7/25, right M2. G. BA1-2001-R8/20, right M3. H. BA1-2001-R8/17, left M3. I. BA1-2001-R7/32, right m1. J. BA1-2001-R8/12, left m3. K. BA1-2001-R7/62, right m2. L. BA1-2001-R7/43, left m1. M. BA1-2001-R7/73, right m2. N. BA1-2001-R7/78, right m2. O. BA1-2001-R8/3, right m3. P. BA1-2001-R7/48, right m1.

Fig. 2 in A new early Pliocene murine rodent from the Iberian Peninsula and its biostratigraphic implications

Fig. 2. Nomenclature used in the descriptions of dental elements (modified from Van de Weerd 1976; López-Antoñanzas et al. 2019) and measuring methods (Martín-Suárez and Freudenthal 1993). Length (L) and width (W) are measured as the smallest circumscribed rectangle with sides parallel and perpendicular to the reference line (indicated by triangles). A. Upper dentition (M1–M3): 1–12, tubercle (1–12); 1, anterostyle; 2, lingual anterocone; 1bis, 2bis, accessory cusps; 3, labial anterocone; 4, enterostyle; 5, protocone; 6, paracone; 7, posterostyle; 8, hypocone; 9, metacone; 12, posterior cingulum. B. Lower dentition (m1–m3): a, medial anteroconid (= tma); b, labial anteroconid; c, lingual anteroconid; d, protoconid; e, metaconid; f, hypoconid; g, entoconid; h, posterior cingulum; i, longitudinal spur; j, posterior accessory cuspid; k, accessory cuspids on the labial cingulum; l, posterior complex.

Fig. 1 in A new early Pliocene murine rodent from the Iberian Peninsula and its biostratigraphic implications

Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of the Iberian Peninsula, indicating the location of the sites where Paraethomys baeticus sp. nov. has been reported. The main Neogene and Quaternary basins referred to in the text are also shown. Abbreviations: ABS, Alcoi Barranc Sud (Mansino et al. 2015a); AC, Alcoi Cristian (Mansino et al. 2015a); AL, Alcoy (Mansino et al. 2013); Bz, Baza (Piñero et al. 2017a); CEL, Celadas (Adrover et al. 1993); CLC, Calicasas (García-Alix et al. 2008a); Go, Gorafe (De Bruijn 1974; Agustí and Martín-Suárez 1984; Ruiz Bustos et al. 1984; MartínSuárez 1988); LB, La Bullana (Mansino et al. 2015b); LG, La Gloria (Adrover et al. 1993); PUR, Purcal (García-Alix et al. 2008a); SIF-P, Sifón Pista (Piñero and Agustí 2019).

Fig. 5 in A new early Pliocene murine rodent from the Iberian Peninsula and its biostratigraphic implications

Fig. 5. Biostratigraphic distribution and evolution of the European Paraethomys species, showing their chronological ranges. The localities marked with an asterisk are calibrated with paleomagnetic data (Opdyke et al. 1997; Martín-Suárez et al. 1998, 2000; Oms et al. 1999; Gibert et al. 2013; Garcés et al. 1998, 2001; Hüsing et al. 2010; Mansino et al. 2015b; Piñero et al. 2017b, 2018). The sites with two species of Paraethomys in coexistence are in bold. Abbreviations: AC, Alcoi Cristian; ATNTS, Astronomically Tuned Neogene Time Scale; CEL, Celadas; CLC, Calicasas ELMA, European Land Mammal Ages; LG, La Gloria (Adrover et al. 1993); M., Mimomys; MN, Mammal Neogene; P., Paraethomys; PUR, Purcal; VAR, Villalba Alta Río.

Fig. 4 in A new early Pliocene murine rodent from the Iberian Peninsula and its biostratigraphic implications

Fig. 4. Ranges of size variation (in mm) in the upper (M1–M3) and lower (m1–m3) teeth of Paraethomys baeticus sp. nov. from Baza-1 (type locality; this paper), Paraethomys jaegeri from Gorafe-2 (type locality; Montenat and De Bruijn 1976), Paraethomys abaigari from Villalba Alta Río (type locality) and La Judería (Adrover et al. 1988), Paraethomys meini from Sète (type locality; Michaux 1969; Adrover 1986) and Sifón-61 (Piñero and Agustí 2019), Paraethomys belmezensis from Bélmez-1 (type locality; Castillo Ruiz 1992), and Paraethomys balearicus from Na Burguesa-1 (type locality; TorresRoig et al. 2019). Mean sizes are marked by symbols inside the boxes.