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239 results for “Sierra Nevada”
Chemistry and isotopic composition of resource pools in lakes of the Sierra Nevada, CA
The extent to which terrestrial organic matter supports aquatic consumers remains uncertain because factors regulating resource flows are poorly understood. We sampled 12 lakes throughout the Sierra Nevada (California, USA) spanning large gradients in elevation and size to evaluate how watershed attributes and lake morphometry influence resource flows to lake carbon pools and zooplankton. We found that the size and composition of carbon pools in lakes were often more strongly determined by watershed or lake features rather than by elevational position. Using three different tracers of resource origin (δ13C, Δ14C, C:N ratio), we found terrestrial contributions to most lake resource pools (DOC, POM, sediments) and pelagic consumers (zooplankton) were more strongly related to local-scale watershed features such as vegetation cover or watershed area:lake area rather than to elevation. Landscape patterns in multiple tracers indicated consistent contribution of within-lake C sources to bulk resource pools across elevations (POM, sediments, zooplankton). δ13C-enrichment of lake C pools and overlap with δ13C of terrestrial resources can arise due to reduced fractionation of 13C by phytoplankton under CO2 limitation, therefore we recommend careful consideration of potential environmental drivers when interpreting among-lake patterns in δ13C. Our findings emphasize the importance of local-scale variation in mediating terrestrial contributions to lake food webs.
Ice phenology and under-ice temperature and oxygen data for lakes of the Sierra Nevada, CA
<anchor id="_Hlk62995535"/>Warming winters will reduce ice cover and change under-ice conditions in temperate mountain lakes, where snow comprises most of winter cover on lakes. Snow-dominated mountain lakes are abundant and highly susceptible to climate warming, yet we lack an understanding of how climate variation and local attributes influence winter processes. We investigated climatic and intrinsic controls on ice phenology, water temperature, and bottom-water dissolved oxygen (DO) in 15 morphologically diverse lakes in the Sierra Nevada and Klamath mountains of California, USA, using high frequency measurements from multiple (2-5) winters. We found that ice phenology was determined by winter climate variables (snowfall, air temperature) that influence ice-off timing, whereas ice-on timing was relatively invariant among years. Lake size and morphology mediated the effect of climate on lake temperature and DO dynamics in early and late winter. Rates of hypolimnetic DO decline were highest in small, shallow lakes, and were unrelated to water temperature. Temperature and oxygen dynamics were more variable in small lakes because heavy snowfall caused ice submergence, mixing, and DO replenishment that affected the entire water column. As persistence of snow declines in temperate mountain regions, autumn and spring climatic conditions are expected to gain importance in regulating lake ice phenology. Water temperature and DO will likely increase in most lakes during winter as snowpack declines, but morphological attributes such as lake size will determine the sensitivity of ice phenology and under-ice processes to climate change.
Water Management Panel Data (1985-2018) of California's Western Sierra Nevada High-Elevation Basins
<p>This is 34 years of water data from 14 high-elevation basins on the western slope of California's Sierra Nevada. All data originates from the California Data Exchange Center (CDEC: <a href="http://cdec.water.ca.gov/">http://cdec.water.ca.gov/</a>). The data were cleaned and aggregated between the years 2013-2019. The panel data table includes records of April-July runoff forecasts (the 50% exceedance forecast), forecast uncertainty (as measured by the difference between the 90% and 10% exceedance forecasts), available reservoir space to store runoff on March 31st, April-July releases, and the interaction term forecastXuncertainty. The data are organized as an unbalanced panel data table (N=416) for 34 years of records for 14 basins. All water volumes are reported in cubic kilometers. This data set includes a key that details the common names of each basins, each of their aggregated surface reservoir storage capacity, the measurement location where the data are aggregated in reference to, and a three letter code that links the key to the panel data table. This is the same three letter key used to query some of these data within CDEC.</p> <p>Detailed information on the project is available in the companion open-access publication (DOI available upon publication). The description of this data is in progress and will be fully updated upon acceptance of accompanying peer-reviewed journal article.</p>
FIGURE 4 in A new species of salamander (Caudata: Plethodontidae, Bolitoglossa) from Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Venezuela
FIGURE 4. SVL vs TL plot (in mm) of the specimens of salamanders belonging to Bolitoglossa mucuyensis sp. nov. (red triangles), B. orestes (black triangles), B. altamazonica (orange circles), B. borburata (blue diamonds) and B. guaramacalensis (green squares). The mean of the SVL/TL individual ratios for each group of data (i.e., specimens of the same species) is shown inside the corresponding ovals.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of salamander (Caudata: Plethodontidae, Bolitoglossa) from Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Venezuela
FIGURE 1. Type locality of Bolitoglossa mucuyensis sp. nov. (A) The type locality of the species is placed in the proximities of La Mucuy, Mérida state (white asterisk); the line oriented NW/SE is shown in 'B' with more details. (B) Relief profile from south Lake Maracaibo, passing through Sierra La Culata and Sierra Nevada de Mérida with the homonymous city between them, to the Llanos of Barinas; modified from Vivas (2007). (C) A detailed depiction of La Mucuy in Sierra Nevada de Mérida, very close to the capital city of the state to the left (the type locality is shown with a white asterisk).
FIGURE 3 in A new species of salamander (Caudata: Plethodontidae, Bolitoglossa) from Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Venezuela
FIGURE 3. Bolitoglossa mucuyensis sp. nov. (A) Holotype in life (picture taken by Pascual J. Soriano). (B) Dorsal view of the preserved holotype and (C) Ventral view of the preserved holotype (pictures taken by Moisés Escalona). (D and E) Paratypes of B. mucuyensis sp. nov. (pictures taken by Pascual J. Soriano).
FIGURE 5 in A new species of salamander (Caudata: Plethodontidae, Bolitoglossa) from Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Venezuela
FIGURE 5. Webbing of the front and hind limbs of the two species of salamanders present in Mérida state (Venezuela), Bolitoglossa Mucuyensis sp. nov. and B. orestes (pictures taken by Moisés Escalona).
FIGURE 2 in A new species of salamander (Caudata: Plethodontidae, Bolitoglossa) from Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Venezuela
FIGURE 2. The original ML tree (1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates) of the concatenated sequences of cytb + rRNA16S, showing the location of the related salamander species from Cordillera de Mérida (Mérida state) Bolitoglossa mucuyensis sp. nov. (Sierra Nevada de Mérida) and B. orestes (Sierra La Culata) was used to generate the 50% supported tree shown here. The analysis was performed using the GTR model of nucleotide substitution. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in number of substitutions per site (968 sites). The vertical line to the right encompasses the species belonging to the group adspersa.
FIGURE 5 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species
FIGURE 5. Color pattern variation in B. bramei. A. Specimen from the type locality; note the rust colored patches over the shoulders. The presence of these patches is typical of B. bramei. B. MVZ 267142, from Tobias Creek, Tulare Co., California. C–F. Four specimens from Cannell Creek, Kern and Tulare counties, California, showing range of coloration found in this population. The bold red coloring is not known from other populations. Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.
FIGURE 6 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species
FIGURE 6. Habitats occupied by B. bramei in the Kern River Canyon. A. Type locality, Packsaddle Canyon, 1135 m elev., Tulare Co., California (photo taken 5 March 2011). On the east side of the Kern River, salamanders are often associated with metamorphic rock in seepage areas as shown here. B–D. On the west side of the Kern River, B. bramei has been found in a diversity of habitats including the following: B. under isolated cover objects in oak grassland S of Kernville, Kern Co., California (photo taken 21 March 2008); C. in pine litter along Tobias Creek, Tulare Co., California (photo taken 22 March 2007) and D. under rocks and in leaf litter N of South Falls Creek, Tulare Co., California (photo taken 28 January 2010; numerous individuals were found on this date). Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.
FIGURE 4 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species
FIGURE 4. Holotype of B. bramei (MVZ 217944). A. Digital x-ray of skull and forelimbs. Digital x-rays were processed using the levels and curves functions in Adobe Photoshop. B. Photo of holotype in life.
FIGURE 2 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species
FIGURE 2. Overview of relationships in the subgenus Batrachoseps, based on cob dataset analyzed by Jockusch and Wake (2002). The four major clades are named (attenuatus, Sierran, pacificus and nigriventris groups) and terminals are labeled in all groups except the nigriventris group. Shaded boxes indicate the four geographic units of B. relictus, as recognized by Brame and Murray (1968). Terminal taxa that do not contain populations previously placed in B. relictus are collapsed. Note that topotypic B. relictus are not included in this tree. The clade labeled 'Greenhorns' has been retained in B. relictus until the present, but is described here as B. altasierrae sp. nov.
FIGURE 8. Allozyme analyses. A in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species
FIGURE 8. Allozyme analyses. A. Minimum evolution tree showing the relationships of 14 populations based on Nei's (1978) D (Table 4) for 27 variable loci included in allozyme study 1. The topology of the neighbor-joining tree is identical. B. Multidimensional scaling of Nei's (1978) D (Table 5) for eight populations from the nigriventris group based on allozyme study 2. Note the intermediate position of the Cannell Creek (CAN) population between B. bramei from Fairview (FAI) and B. simatus from Erskine Creek (ERS). See Table 5 for abbreviations. Sampling localities are listed in Table 3.
FIGURE 1. A in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species
FIGURE 1. A. Map of California, USA, showing the ranges of Batrachoseps nigriventris group species and other species of Batrachoseps from the vicinity of the Kern River Canyon. The range of B. relictus in the Lower Kern River Canyon is contained within the range of B. simatus. Individual dots indicate isolated populations of B. altasierrae sp. nov. from the Kern Plateau (blue) and of B. robustus from the Scodie Mountains (green). B. Point localities for Batrachoseps from the Kern River Canyon and vicinity. Localities include all identified specimens from the collection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, as well as additional specimens from the California Academy of Sciences and, for B. relictus, from the Los Angeles County (California) Museum. Lighter shading indicates higher elevation; blue indicates major streams or rivers. Type localities are indicated by open symbols for all species except B. gregarius (whose type locality is outside of the region shown). Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.
FIGURE 7. B. altasierrae and B. relictus. A in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species
FIGURE 7. B. altasierrae and B. relictus. A. Holotype of B. altasierrae. B. B. altasierrae from the type locality in life (no voucher). C. Digital x-ray of the skull and forelimbs of an adult female B. altasierrae (MVZ 156394, SL = 39.9 mm) from Sugarloaf Peak, Tulare Co., California. D. Adult B. relictus from Breckenridge Mountain, Kern Co., California in life (no voucher). E. Digital x-ray of the skull and forelimbs of an adult (SL = 45.3 mm) female B. relictus from Breckenridge Mountain (MVZ 267114). F. Type locality of B. altasierrae. G. High elevation site on Breckenridge Mountain, Kern Co., California at which specimens referred here to B. relictus were discovered. Nearly all individuals at this locality have been found within the seep shown in the foreground. Habitat photos taken on 28 May 2011. Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.
FIGURE 3 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species
FIGURE 3. Morphological comparisons of Batrachoseps from the Kern River Canyon. A–F. Principal components analysis of correlation matrix of regression residuals of specimens from in and around the Kern River Canyon. Each color/symbol combination indicates a population. A–C compare B. relictus from the Lower Kern River Canyon, two candidates for inclusion in B. relictus (Breckenridge Mountain represented by the Lucas Creek and Squirrel Meadow populations and Greenhorn Mountains 1 and 2 from north of the Kern River), and B. kawia, which is the sister taxon to the Greenhorn populations. D–F show differentiation of the Upper Kern River Canyon populations (magenta), described here as Batrachoseps bramei sp. nov., from their close relatives B. gregarius (gray) and B. simatus (black). G–J. Boxplots of principal components (G–I) and SL (J) for species in and around Kern River Canyon. Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.
FIGURE 9 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species
FIGURE 9. Samples included in the cob phylogeny of the Batrachoseps nigriventris group. A. Map of California, showing topographic relief, with localities for specimens from outside of the Kern River Canyon (black symbols). Box shows approximate area of panel B. B. Kern River Canyon, showing localities for specimens from the Kern River Canyon and Breckenridge Mountain. Major side drainages are labeled. For clarity, streams on the north side of the Lower Kern River Canyon are omitted.
FIGURE 6 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)
FIGURE 6 Gonopods of Ceratosphys cryodeserti n. sp. A) Ventral view. B) Lateral anterior view. C) Anterior view. D) Posterior view. Scale bars: all 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 7 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)
FIGURE 7. Distribution of the Sierra Nevada millipede species and their hypothesized closest relatives. The white star corresponds to Sierra Nevada. Species records have been obtained from (Mauriès 1984-1985, 1990, 2014; Akkari & Enghoff 2012; Attems 1898) and specimens from the collection at MNHN and ZMUC. Scale bar 500 km. A) Localities of: 1 Archipolydesmus maroccanus (Morocco, Tetouan)—the most similar species to Archipolydesmus altibaeticus, and 2— Proteroiulus hispanus, (Morocco, Azrou-Ifra), both corresponding to a Baetico-Riffan track. B) Ommatoiulus ilicis: 3— Grazalema Mountains; 4—Type locality (Banyuls sur mer) and new records in the same region (Saint-Pierre dels Forcats, Sórede, Montbolo), Pyrenees; 5—Saint Béat, Pyrenees; 6—Santa Fe, Sierra del Montseny, Catalan Pre-Coastal Range; corresponding to a Baetico-Pyrenean track. Since the relationships of this complex genus are yet unsolved, we are not including the apparently closest species O. corsicus (Corsica, France). C) Species of Ceratosphys most similar to C. soutadei: 7 and 8— C. nivium. 9—C. guttata. 10—C. vandeli. 11—C. simoni. This distribution pattern corresponds to a Baetico-Pyrenean track. D) Species of Ceratosphys most similar to C. cryodeserti n. sp.: 12—C. maroccana, from Gouffre du Friouato, Taza; 13—C. nodipes from Sierra de Ronda; 14—C. deharvengi from Sierra de las Nieves; 15—C. flammeola from Cazorla Mountains; 16— C. fernandoi from Cueva de Don Fernando, Castril; 17—C. mariacristinae from Monte Toro, Menorca.
FIGURE 4 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)
FIGURE 4 Legs of the male of Ceratosphys cryodeserti n. sp. A) Tarsus of legs 1 and 2 with their ventral row of setae. Scale bar 0.1 mm. B) Tarsus of leg 3 with the ventral fanners. Scale bar 0.1 mm. C) Body in ventral view, legs from 7 to 13 visible. Scale bar 0.2 mm. D) Body in ventral view, legs from 10 to 13 visible. Scale bar 0.2 mm. E) Leg 7. Scale bar 0.3 mm. F) Leg 10. Scale bar 0.4 mm. G) Leg 11. Scale bar 0.4 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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