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Figure 12. A in Early Silurian phacopide trilobites from central Victoria, Australia

Figure 12. A, Phacopidella? sp., NMV P1218, dorsal exoskeleton, × 2.7, from PL1393, Keilor. B–C, Struveria sp. 1, NMV P139357, partly disarticulated exoskeleton with hypostome and cephalic doublure exposed, from PL1386, Broadmeadows; B, × 3.4; C, × 4. D–F, Phacopidae gen. indet. 2, NMV P312076, cephalon, × 8, from PL1369, Springfield. (A, E–F are internal moulds).

Figure 2 in Early Silurian phacopide trilobites from central Victoria, Australia

Figure 2. Acernaspis georgei sp. nov. A–C, E–F, holotype NMV P515, cephalon (fragment), from PL1964, Springfield; A–C, × 5; E, × 6.5; F, × 6. D, H, paratype NMV P138259, cephalon, from PL256, Wallan; D, × 5; H, × 4. G, paratype NMV P138261, pygidium, × 8, from PL256, Wallan. I, paratype NMV P138271, cephalon (fragment), × 7, from PL598, Springfield. (C, D are internal moulds).

Figure 5. A–D in Early Silurian phacopide trilobites from central Victoria, Australia

Figure 5. A–D, Acernaspis? sp., NMV P139804, cephalon, × 4, from PL385, Costerfield. E–G, Phacopidae gen. indet. 3, NMV P139353, enrolled exoskeleton from PL1369, Springfield; E, × 4.0; F, × 4.5.

Figure 3. A–B, D–E, H–I in Early Silurian phacopide trilobites from central Victoria, Australia

Figure 3. A–B, D–E, H–I, Acernaspis georgei sp. nov. A, paratype NMV P147766, incomplete cephalon, × 4, from PL256, Wallan. B, NMV P139448, damaged cephalon with cephalic doublure exposed, × 3.25, from ʻLancefieldʼ. D, I, paratype NMV P312816, incomplete cephalon from PL256; D, × 5; I, × 4.5. E, NMV P139451, pygidium, × 4, from ʻLancefieldʼ. H, paratype NMV P138262, pygidium, × 5, from PL256, Wallan. C, F–G, J–K, Ananaspis typhlagogus (Öpik, 1953) from PL6361, Springfield. C, G, J–K, NMV P312813, cephalon; C, J, K × 3.75, G × 4.75. F, NMV P312814, thorax, × 5. (A–B, H are internal moulds).

Figure 7 in Early Silurian phacopide trilobites from central Victoria, Australia

Figure 7. Ananaspis typhlagogus (Öpik, 1953). A–B, J, NMV P138229, cephalon × 7, from PL385, Costerfield. C–E, holotype CPC 686, dorsal exoskeleton, views of cephalon, × 3, from the ʻIllaenus bandʼ, Costerfield. F–H, K, NMV P138236, cephalon, × 4, from the ʻIllaenus bandʼ, Costerfield. I (and fig. 10C), NMV P138237, dorsal exoskeleton, × 4.5, from the ʻIllaenus bandʼ, Costerfield. L–M, unregistered specimen in AGSO collection, cephalon, view of hypostome, × 2.5, from the ʻIllaenus bandʼ, Costerfield. (I, L–M are latex casts).

Figure 19 in Early Silurian phacopide trilobites from central Victoria, Australia

Figure 19. Berylacaste berylae gen. et sp. nov., from PL206, Wallan. A, paratype NMV P138224, dorsal exoskeleton, × 4. B–C, paratype NMV P139332, cephalon with displaced librigena, × 5. D–E (and fig. 20D), paratype NMV P139331, thoracopygon; D, × 8; E, × 4. F–H, paratype NMV P139333, cephalon, × 4. I–J (and fig. 20C), paratype NMV P138225, dorsal exoskeleton with down-flexed pygidium, × 5. K, holotype NMV P138224, cephalothorax, × 5. (A, C, F, H, I, K are internal moulds).

Figure 15 in Early Silurian phacopide trilobites from central Victoria, Australia

Figure 15. Preodontochile springfieldensis sp. nov., from PL1369, Springfield. A–B, G, paratype NMV P312071, incomplete cephalothorax with damaged genal field; A–B, × 2.2; G, × 2.7. C, E (and figs 16A, E–F), holotype NMV P312070, cephalon with left cheek broken and displaced; C, × 2; E, × 1.8. D, F (and fig. 16H), paratype NMV P139350, cephalothorax; D, × 1.8, with glabella showing tool marks from preparation; F, × 2.0, showing cephalic doublure and hypostome. (A, C, E, G are internal moulds).

Figure 1. A in Early Silurian phacopide trilobites from central Victoria, Australia

Figure 1. A, map of south-eastern Australia; approximate area of fig. 1B is indicated by a rectangle. B, map of central Victoria showing localities cited in the text; the areas covered by maps in figs. 4 and 9 are indicated.

Figure 8 in Homalonotid trilobites from the Silurian and Lower Devonian of south-eastern Australia and New Zealand (Arthropoda: Trilobita: Homalonotidae)

Figure 8. Geological sketch map of the Heathcote area showing Wenlock-Lochkovian fossil localities yielding homalonotids. For other fossil localities see also Thomas (1940a, 1940b, 1941, 1956), Talent (1964, fig. 1), Sandford (2002, fig. 1A; 2005, fig. 4).

Figure 3 in Homalonotid trilobites from the Silurian and Lower Devonian of south-eastern Australia and New Zealand (Arthropoda: Trilobita: Homalonotidae)

Figure 3. Sandstone slab from PL2204 (Thomas' F4, Parish of Dargile), Heathcote with bedding plane showing numerous isolated pygidia and cranidia of Digonus wenndorfi in various orientations and with large bivalves and brachiopods indicative of Boucot and Johnson's (1967) 'big shell' community.

Figure 5 A, D in Homalonotid trilobites from the Silurian and Lower Devonian of south-eastern Australia and New Zealand (Arthropoda: Trilobita: Homalonotidae)

Figure 5 A, D. Moult assemblages of Trimerus (Edgillia) kinglakensis in the upper siltstones at PL252, Middendorps Quarry, Kinglake West, Humevale Siltstone. A, upper right, displaced and inverted cephalon lying underneath thoracopygon (only anterior margin visible); left, thoracopygon with displaced and rotated cephalon. D, thoracopygon with displaced and rotated cephalon. B–C. Complete dorsal exoskeletons in sandstone bioclastic coquinas. B, Trimerus (Trimerus) harrisoni from PL1820, Brunswick, Melbourne Formation. C, Wenndorfia lilydalensis from PL1805, Coldstream. Humevale Siltstone.

Figure 4 in Homalonotid trilobites from the Silurian and Lower Devonian of south-eastern Australia and New Zealand (Arthropoda: Trilobita: Homalonotidae)

Figure 4. Relationship between trilobite faunal diversity and homalonotid relative abundance. Only homalonotid-bearing faunas represented by more than 10 specimens are plotted. The curve connects plot-points of hypothetical faunas where species are represented in equal proportional relative abundance. Homalonotid faunas cluster in two groups, lower diversity faunas with homalonotids over-represented (above the line) and high diversity faunas with homalonotids generally under-represented (below the line).

Figure 2 in Homalonotid trilobites from the Silurian and Lower Devonian of south-eastern Australia and New Zealand (Arthropoda: Trilobita: Homalonotidae)

Figure 2. Stratigraphic distribution of homalonotids in the Heathcote, Springfield-Kinglake West and Lilydale sequences in central Victoria, and in Tasmania and New Zealand. Stratigraphic scheme for the Llandovery-Ludlow of central Victoria follows Rickards and Sandford (1998), and for the Ludlow-Lochkovian follows Sandford (2002).

Figure 1 in Homalonotid trilobites from the Silurian and Lower Devonian of south-eastern Australia and New Zealand (Arthropoda: Trilobita: Homalonotidae)

Figure 1. Distribution of fossil marine faunas with homalonotids in south eastern Australia and New Zealand. Localities for the Heathcote, Springfield-Kinglake West and Lilydale areas are detailed in Figures 8, 11 and 23.

Figure 11 in Homalonotid trilobites from the Silurian and Lower Devonian of south-eastern Australia and New Zealand (Arthropoda: Trilobita: Homalonotidae)

Figure 11. Geological sketch map of the Springfield-Kinglake West area showing Llandovery-Lochkovian fossil localities yielding homalonotids. For other fossil localities see also Jutson (1908, pl. 3), Thomas (1960), Talent (1964, fig. 1), Williams (1964, fig. 2), Garratt (1972, 1977), Rickards and Sandford (1998, fig. 6), Sandford (2002, fig. 1C; 2005, figs 2–3).

Figure 23 in Homalonotid trilobites from the Silurian and Lower Devonian of south-eastern Australia and New Zealand (Arthropoda: Trilobita: Homalonotidae)

Figure 23. Geological sketch map of the Lilydale area showing Lochkovian-basal Pragian fossil localities yielding homalonotids. For other fossil localities see also Gill (1940, fig.1, 1945, fig. 2), Moore (1965, fig.1), VandenBerg (1970), Garratt (1972), Wall et al. (1995, fig. 1), Sandford (2003, text-fig. 1A, 2004, fig. 1).

FIGURE 3 in Symbiosis in corals and stromatoporoids from the Silurian of Baltica

FIGURE 3. Lithostratigraphic columns of the analysed outcrops (92, 14, 42, 20) from the upper course of the Dniester River valley (Moldova-Podillya Basin). 1–limestones; 2–dolomites; 3–marls; 4–argillaceous dolomites; 5–sandstones; 6–mudstones; 7–limestones with anhydrite/gypsum intercalations; 8–dolomites with anhydrite/gypsum intercalations; 9–bentonites; 10–unconformity; 11–volcanic event.

FIGURE 2. A in Symbiosis in corals and stromatoporoids from the Silurian of Baltica

FIGURE 2. A. Map illustrating the position of the Timan-Pechora basin. Inset highlights the study area. B. Precarbon- iferous geological map of the Timan-Pechora basin, northeastern Baltica (modified from Nikonov, 2000).

FIGURE 1. A in Symbiosis in corals and stromatoporoids from the Silurian of Baltica

FIGURE 1. A. Map illustrating the position of the Republic of Moldova, western Ukraine and western Belarus. Inset highlights the study area. B. Wenlock lithofacies belts in the southwestern and western parts of Baltica (data for the western part from Modlinski et al., 2010; data for the southwestern part from Bukatchuk et al., 1988).

FIGURE 6. A in Symbiosis in corals and stromatoporoids from the Silurian of Baltica

FIGURE 6. A. Conchicolites sp. inside Pseudolabechia sp., coll. No. 2602/6794, the sample was taken from the core of borehole 3660, depth 61,4 m. B. Helicosalpinx concoenatus and Chaetosalpinx sp. in Clathrodictyon sp., coll. No. 2602/6347b, the sample was taken from the core of borehole 3650, depth 234,8 m, Silurian, Ludlow, Ternava Formation, Sursha Unit, Podillya, Ukraine. C. Syringoporid in Parallelostroma communis (longitudinal section), coll. No. 2602/1425, the sample was taken from outcrop No 42, Silurian, Ludlow, Konivka Formation, Goloskiv Unit (Cyclite 3R), Podillya, Ukraine. D. Syringopora sp. inside Parallelostroma communis Bog., coll. No. 2602/92-49e, the sample was taken from outcrop No153, Silurian, Ludlow, Konivka Formation, Goloskiv Unit, Cyclite 1R (Ustia Village, Smotrich River, Podillya, Ukraine). E. Conchicolites sp. inside Clathrodictyon microstriatellum (Riab.), coll. No. 2602/92-244d, the sample was taken from the core of borehole 7v-Mândra (Mândra, Republic of Moldova), depth 694 m. F. Helicosalpinx concoenatus Clarke, 1908 inside Densastroma sp., coll. No. 2602/92-230, the sample was taken from core of borehole 5463, depth 347 m (northern Podillya).