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150 results for “TEMPO”
Data from: Speciation below ground: tempo and mode of diversification in a radiation of endogean ground beetles
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Data from: Tempo and mode of mandibular shape and size evolution reveal mixed support for incumbency effects in two clades of island-endemic rodents (Muridae: Murinae)
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The tempo of greening in the European Alps: Spatial variations on a common theme
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Data from: Mosaic evolution of the skull in labrid fishes involves differences in both tempo and mode of morphological change
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Tempo Data from Broadcast Performances of Giacomo Puccini’s Turandot at the Metropolitan Opera, 1961 – 2009
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Data from: The tempo of trait divergence in geographic isolation: avian speciation across the Marañon valley of Peru
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Tempo and mode in karyotype evolution revealed by a probabilistic model incorporating both chromosome number and morphology
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Data from: Tempo of trophic evolution and its impact on mammalian diversification
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Tempo and mode of evolution of Oryzomyine rodents (Rodentia, Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae): a phylogenomic approach
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Data from: Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis reveals the pattern and tempo of bony fish evolution
Over half of all vertebrates are "fishes", which exhibit enormous diversity in morphology, physiology, behavior, reproductive biology, and ecology. Investigation of fundamental areas of vertebrate biology depend critically on a robust phylogeny of fishes, yet evolutionary relationships among the major actinopterygian and sarcopterygian lineages have not been conclusively resolved. Although a consensus phylogeny of teleosts has been emerging recently, it has been based on analyses of various subsets of actinopterygian taxa, but not on a full sample of all bony fishes. Here we conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic study on an unprecedented combination of broad taxonomic sampling of actinopterygian and sarcopterygian lineages (with a chondrichthyan outgroup) using a molecular data set of 21 independent loci. These data yielded a resolved phylogenetic hypothesis for extant Osteichthyes, including 1) reciprocally monophyletic Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii, as currently understood, with polypteriforms as the first diverging lineage within Actinopterygii; 2) a monophyletic group containing gars and bowfin (= Holostei) as sister group to Teleostei; and 3) the earliest diverging lineage among teleosts being Elopomorpha, rather than Osteoglossomorpha. Relaxed-clock dating analysis employing a set of 24 newly applied fossil calibrations reveals divergence times that are more consistent with paleontological estimates than previous studies. Establishing a new phylogenetic pattern with accurate divergence dates for bony fishes illustrates several areas where the fossil record is incomplete and provides critical new insights on diversification of this important vertebrate group.
Data from: Mode and tempo of sequence and floral evolution within the Anserineae
The Chenopodiaceae Tribe Anserineae Dumort was proposed to include the genus Spinacia and the genus Blitum. In addition to the recent domestication of Spinacia, the tribe demonstrates extensive evolution within its floral development. We test whether the development of dioecy, monoecy, and protogyny is reflected differentially among floral developmental versus non-floral developmental genes, and whether recent domestication leaves traces in the phylogenetic relationship within the genus Spinacia. The phylogenetic predictions consistently support the sister relationship of Spinacia sp. to a Blitum clade consisting of Blitum bonus-henricus, Blitum virgatum, and Blitum nuttallianum. Relative rates tests indicate a generally faster rate of nucleotide substitutions within Spinacia. Tests of selection indicate that there is generally purifying selection acting on the sequences. In addition, insertion/deletion (indel) events occur more prominently within the Spinacia clade and occur in both coding and intron regions. The phylogenetic relationships within this tribe calls into question the hypothesis that dioecy in Spinacia evolved from a monoecious grade. The evidence for purifying selection in Spinacia suggests that the increased nucleotide substitution rates are not driving protein evolution, in contrast to evidence of protein sequence and structure evolution driven by indels. There is no footprint of domestication on sequence evolution, and we cannot detect phylogenetic signals that would support separation of the Spinacia accessions into three distinct taxa.
Data from: Estimating tempo and mode of Y chromosome turnover: explaining Y chromosome loss with the fragile Y hypothesis
Chromosomal sex determination is phylogenetically widespread, having arisen independently in many lineages. Decades of theoretical work provide predictions about sex chromosome differentiation that are well supported by observations in both XY and ZW systems. However, the phylogenetic scope of previous work gives us a limited understanding of the pace of sex chromosome gain and loss and why Y or W chromosomes are more often lost in some lineages than others, creating XO or ZO systems. To gain phylogenetic breadth we therefore assembled a database of 4724 beetle species' karyotypes and found substantial variation in sex chromosome systems. We used the data to estimate rates of Y chromosome gain and loss across a phylogeny of 1126 taxa estimated from seven genes. Contrary to our initial expectations, we find that highly degenerated Y chromosomes of many members of the suborder Polyphaga are rarely lost, and that cases of Y chromosome loss are strongly associated with chiasmatic segregation during male meiosis. We propose the "fragile Y" hypothesis, that recurrent selection to reduce recombination between the X and Y chromosome leads to the evolution of a small pseudoautosomal region (PAR), which, in taxa that require XY chiasmata for proper segregation during meiosis, increases the probability of aneuploid gamete production, with Y chromosome loss. This hypothesis predicts that taxa that evolve achiasmatic segregation during male meiosis will rarely lose the Y chromosome. We discuss data from mammals, which are consistent with our prediction.
Data from: Tempo and mode of genome evolution in a 50,000-generation experiment
Adaptation by natural selection depends on the rates, effects and interactions of many mutations, making it difficult to determine what proportion of mutations in an evolving lineage are beneficial. Here we analysed 264 complete genomes from 12 Escherichia coli populations to characterize their dynamics over 50,000 generations. The populations that retained the ancestral mutation rate support a model in which most fixed mutations are beneficial, the fraction of beneficial mutations declines as fitness rises, and neutral mutations accumulate at a constant rate. We also compared these populations to mutation-accumulation lines evolved under a bottlenecking regime that minimizes selection. Nonsynonymous mutations, intergenic mutations, insertions and deletions are overrepresented in the long-term populations, further supporting the inference that most mutations that reached high frequency were favoured by selection. These results illuminate the shifting balance of forces that govern genome evolution in populations adapting to a new environment.
Data from: Stochastic character mapping of state-dependent diversification reveals the tempo of evolutionary decline in self-compatible Onagraceae lineages
A major goal of evolutionary biology is to identify key evolutionary transitions that correspond with shifts in speciation and extinction rates. Stochastic character mapping has become the primary method used to infer the timing, nature, and number of character state transitions along the branches of a phylogeny. The method is widely employed for standard substitution models of character evolution. However, current approaches cannot be used for models that specifically test the association of character state transitions with shifts in diversification rates such as state-dependent speciation and extinction (SSE) models. Here we introduce a new stochastic character mapping algorithm that overcomes these limitations, and apply it to study mating system evolution over a time-calibrated phylogeny of the plant family Onagraceae. Utilizing a hidden state SSE model we tested the association of the loss of self-incompatibility with shifts in diversification rates. Confirming long standing theory, we found that self-compatible lineages have higher extinction rates and lower net diversification rates compared to self-incompatible lineages. Furthermore, these results provide empirical evidence for the "senescing" diversification rates predicted in highly selfing lineages: our mapped character histories show that the loss of self-incompatibility is followed by a short-term spike in speciation rates, which declines after a time lag of several million years resulting in negative net diversification. Lineages that have long been self-compatible such as Fuchsia and Clarkia are in a previously unrecognized and ongoing evolutionary decline. Our results demonstrate that stochastic character mapping of SSE models is a powerful tool for examining the timing and nature of both character state transitions and shifts in diversification rates over the phylogeny.
Data from: Sources of intraspecific variation in the collective tempo and synchrony of ant societies
<p>Populations of independently oscillating agents can sometimes synchronize. In the context of animal societies, conspicuous synchronization of activity is known in some social insects. However, the causes of variation in synchrony within and between species have received little attention. We repeatedly assessed the short-term activity cycle of ant colonies (<em>Temnothorax rugatulus</em>) and monitored the movements of individual workers and queens within nests. We detected persistent differences between colonies in the waveform properties of their collective activity oscillations, with some colonies consistently oscillating much more erratically than others. We further demonstrate that colony crowding reduces the rhythmicity (i.e., the consistent timing) of oscillations. Workers in both erratic and rhythmic colonies spend less time active than completely isolated workers, but workers in erratic colonies oscillate out of phase with one another. We further show that the queen's absence can impair the ability of colonies to synchronize worker activity and that behavioral differences between queens are linked with the waveform properties of their societies.</p>
Fig. 4 in A New Southern Caribbean Species of Angel Shark (Chondrichthyes, Squaliformes, Squatinidae), Including Phylogeny and Tempo of Diversification of American Species
Fig. 4. Ventral scheme of nasal barbels and labial furrows of male Squatina david.
Fig. 1 in Diversification rates in Tardigrada indicate a decreasing tempo of lineage splitting regardless of reproductive mode
Fig. 1 Number of species/ entities delimited by tree-based and distance-based single-locus delimitation methods used in this study for three tardigrade groups: family Echiniscidae, family Macrobiotidae, genus Milnesium
Figure 1 from: Eben A, Espinosa A (2013) Tempo and mode of evolutionary radiation in Diabroticina beetles (genera Acalymma, Cerotoma, and Diabrotica). ZooKeys 332: 207-231. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.332.5220
Figure 1 - Phylogenetic tree recovered from Bayesian inference showing posterior provability values at the nodes. The genera Acalymma and Cerotoma are recovered as monophyletic lineages. Diabrotica, however, is paraphyletic unless some species of Amphelasma and Paratriarius are renamed as Diabrotica. The general evolutionary scenario for changes in diet spectrum is mapped in the phylogeny.
Figure 2 from: Eben A, Espinosa A (2013) Tempo and mode of evolutionary radiation in Diabroticina beetles (genera Acalymma, Cerotoma, and Diabrotica). ZooKeys 332: 207-231. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.332.5220
Figure 2 - Chronogram inferred from a coalescence analysis. The blue lines at the nodes indicate the 95% confidence range for the estimated split times. Letters A to G pinpoint at key nodes in the evolutionary history of Diabroticina beetles (see Table 3 for further detail). The evolutionary scenario for the acquisition of main plant hosts is presented.
Data from: Tempo and mode of flower color evolution
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