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FIG. 19 in Palpal loss, single palp copulation and obligatory mate consumption in Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren, 1910) (Araneae, Theridiidae)

FIG. 19. Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren). (a, b) Courtship, male and female on mating thread, female still twanging, male approach; (c) just before insertion; (d) functional contact, left palp inserted; (e) end of insertion, female getting rid of male; (f) transport of male to hub after wrap attack.

FIG. 17 in Palpal loss, single palp copulation and obligatory mate consumption in Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren, 1910) (Araneae, Theridiidae)

FIG. 17. Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren), courtship; (a, b) female twanging with legs II, body oscillating; (c) male approach, trailing the mating thread, (d) contact courtship; (e, f, g) male attaches mating thread and retreats to starting point; (h) male plucking; (i±k) female, orientated towards male, twanging on mating thread, male approach shortly before insertion; (k) female in mating posture, ®nal male approach. Solid lines ®rst position, dotted lines second (a, b, d, g, h), ®nely dotted lines third (a, h).

FIG. 16 in Palpal loss, single palp copulation and obligatory mate consumption in Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren, 1910) (Araneae, Theridiidae)

FIG. 16. Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren), amputation of left palp; (a) cleaning behaviour initiating amputation; (b) left palp lifted and ®xed to hub, male turning around it; (c) palp just amputated; (d) male sucking at palp.

FIGS 6 in Palpal loss, single palp copulation and obligatory mate consumption in Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren, 1910) (Araneae, Theridiidae)

FIGS 6± 14. Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren). Prosoma of virgin male (6) and of male after copulation, removed from wrap attack (7); claw of female palp (8); stridulatory ridges on posterior declivity of male prosoma (9); male epigaster, note two epigastric gland spigots (10); epigynum, ventral (11) and semi-lateral view (12); left male palp, retrolateral view (13); distal palpal sclerites (14). Scale lines: 0.1 (6, 7, 13), 0.05 (11), 0.02 (12, 14) and 0.01 mm (8±10).

FIG. 15 in Palpal loss, single palp copulation and obligatory mate consumption in Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren, 1910) (Araneae, Theridiidae)

FIG. 15. Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren), amputation of right palp by penultimate male; (a±e) counterclockwise rotation during phase A, right palp elevated; (f) palp ®xed to hub; (g±j) rotation during phase B; (k) palp just broken oOE; (l) sucking at amputated palp.

FIGS 2 in Palpal loss, single palp copulation and obligatory mate consumption in Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren, 1910) (Araneae, Theridiidae)

FIGS 2± 5. Male palp of Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren); retrolateral (2), prolateral (3), ventral (4) and aboral view (5). Right palp, unexpanded (2, 3), left palp (4, 5), ®xed during copulation (4), sucked out by female (5). Hairs in (3, 5) omitted. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

Figures 261–264 in The one-palped spider genera Tidarren and Echinotheridion in the Old World (Araneae, Theridiidae), with comparative remarks on Tidarren from America

Figures 261–264. Tidarren haemorrhoidale (Bertkau) from Mexico. Right male palp, ventral (261), apical (262), retrolateral (263), and retrolateral-apical view (264). Arrow points to vestigial distal haematodocha (263). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figures 265, 266 in The one-palped spider genera Tidarren and Echinotheridion in the Old World (Araneae, Theridiidae), with comparative remarks on Tidarren from America

Figures 265, 266. Right male palp, dorsal view. (265) Tidarren haemorrhoidale (Bertkau) from Mexico. (266) T. sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Costa Rica. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figures 11–17 in The one-palped spider genera Tidarren and Echinotheridion in the Old World (Araneae, Theridiidae), with comparative remarks on Tidarren from America

Figures 11–17. Prosoma, lateral (11, 12), ventral (13–15), and ventro-lateral view (16, 17) of Tidarren females (11, 13–17) and male (12). (11–15) T. cuneolatum (Tullgren) from Yemen (11, 12), Cape Verde Islands (13), and Tanzania (14, 15). (16) T. konrad n. sp. from Yemen. (17) T. dentigerum n. sp. from Yemen. Eye region in female recessed, clypeus low and concave (11). Note posterior sternal tubercle in 16, 17.

Figures 141, 142 in The one-palped spider genera Tidarren and Echinotheridion in the Old World (Araneae, Theridiidae), with comparative remarks on Tidarren from America

Figures 141, 142. Female habitus. (141) T. konrad n. sp., lateral (a) and aboral (b). (142) T. sheba n. sp. All specimens from Yemen.

Figure 1 in The one-palped spider genera Tidarren and Echinotheridion in the Old World (Araneae, Theridiidae), with comparative remarks on Tidarren from America

Figure 1. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (a) Female left, male right; (b) dead male after copulation with right palp still inflated. Note size dimorphism of male compared with female tibia IV.

FIG. 18 in Palpal loss, single palp copulation and obligatory mate consumption in Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren, 1910) (Araneae, Theridiidae)

FIG. 18. Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren), in copula; left palp functional.

FIG. 1 in Palpal loss, single palp copulation and obligatory mate consumption in Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren, 1910) (Araneae, Theridiidae)

FIG. 1. Mate consumption in Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren). Right palp of male still ināted.