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FIGURES 2–5. 2 in Tychobythinus inopinatus, a new troglobitic species from Sicily (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)

FIGURES 2–5. 2. Topography of the Monello Cave (by Ruggieri & Amore 2000, modified). The red dots indicate the sampling points where the cardboard pieces were placed. 3. Speleothems in Monello Cave (Ph. S. Costanzo). 4. One of the spots where T. inopinatus sp. nov. was collected (Ph. S. Costanzo). 5. Cardboard used for the sampling activity (Ph. S. Costanzo).

FIGURES 75–86 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?

FIGURES 75–86. Morphological variations in phallic sclerites of new species of Endecous. 75–77, 81–83. Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus n. sp. (ISLA 43329, 43336* and 43338) in dorsal and dorsal view tilted posteriorly, respectively. 78–80, 84–86. Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius n. sp. (ISLA 77745; 43342* and 77746) in dorsal and dorsal view tilted posteriorly, respectively. Legend: dashed red line indicates the internal angle average of the pseudepiphallic dorsal branch; the angle was calculate in ventral view, from the basal distance of the extension of the Ps.db with respect to the apical portion; blue slice indicate the area (mm²) of pseudepiphallic arm "field", calculated in dorsal view, inclined posteriorly; *phallic complex used in description of new species.

FIGURES 35–40 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?

FIGURES 35–40. Chromosomes of Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus n. sp. and Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius n. sp. 35–Karyotype of E. (P.) didymus n. sp.; 36–Karyotype of E. (P.) troglobius n. sp.; 37–40. E. (P.) didymus n. sp. cell meiosis, 37–Initial Diplotene; 38–Diplotene; 39–Metaphase I; 40–Spermatogonial metaphase (polar view). Conventions: arrow indicate secondary constriction in bivalent pair 1; X=sexual chromosome; bar beside chromosome 6 indicates that the homologue was not found.

FIGURES 56–59 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?

FIGURES 56–59. Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius n. sp. holotype's legs morphology. 56–leg III, subapical and apical spurs, outer view; 57–leg III, subapical and apical spurs, inner view; 58–leg I (outer view) and leg II (outer view, little spur (λ) apex of the tibia); 59–leg I (inner view and tympanum), and leg II (inner view, little spur (μ) apex of the tibia).

FIGURES 16-19 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?

FIGURES 16-19. Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus n. sp. holotype's legs morphology. 16–leg III, subapical and apical spurs, outer view; 17–leg III, subapical and apical spurs, inner view; 18–leg I (outer view) and leg II (outer view, little spur (λ) apex of the tibia); 19–leg I (inner view and tympanum) and leg II (inner view, little spur (μ) apex of the tibia).

FIGURES 8-15 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?

FIGURES 8-15. Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus n. sp. holotype morphology. 8–9, head in front, lateral and dorsal view, respectively; 10–pronotum, dorsal view; 11–right tegmen, dorsal view; 12–right tegmen and pronotum, lateral view; 13–subgenital and supranal plate, phallic sclerite, lateral view; 14–subgenital plate, ventral view; 15–supranal plate, dorsal view. Conventions: m., mirror; h., harp; b.f., basal field; l.f., lateral field.

FIGURE 1 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?

FIGURE 1 (A and B). (A) Type locality of Endecous species from South America (excepting Minas Gerais State); (B) Type locality of Endecous species from Minas Gerais State. (*) Uncertain locality, possibly between the border between the States of Minas Gerais and Bahia, described for the first time as "Sierra Geral".

FIGURES 20–25 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?

FIGURES 20–25. Right tegmen of Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus n. sp. in dorsal and lateral view. 20–holotype (ISLA 43330); 21–paratype (ISLA 15696); 22–paratype (ISLA 15697); 23–paratype (ISLA 43329); 24–paratype (ISLA 43336) and 25–paratype (ISLA 43338).

FIGURE 19. A, X. lundi n in New troglobitic species of Xangoniscus (Isopoda: Styloniscidae) from Brazil, with notes on their habitats and threats

FIGURE 19. A, X. lundi n. sp.; B, X. dagua n. sp.; C, X. ceci n. sp.; D, X. ibiracatuensis n. sp.; E, X. santinhoi n. sp. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURE 14. Xangoniscus ibiracatuensis n in New troglobitic species of Xangoniscus (Isopoda: Styloniscidae) from Brazil, with notes on their habitats and threats

FIGURE 14. Xangoniscus ibiracatuensis n. sp. A, Surroundings of São José III cave; B, entrance of São José III cave; C, entrance of São José III cave, from inside, red arrow indicating the collecting site, yellow arrow indicating organic matter and the water level; D, travertine pool where the specimens were collected; E, specimen in the natural habitat.

FIGURE 7. Xangoniscus dagua n in New troglobitic species of Xangoniscus (Isopoda: Styloniscidae) from Brazil, with notes on their habitats and threats

FIGURE 7. Xangoniscus dagua n. sp., male paratype. A, genital papilla; B, pleopod 1; C, pleopod 2; D, pleopod 3 exopod; E, pleopod 4 exopod; F, pleopod 5 exopod. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 1. Xangoniscus lundi n in New troglobitic species of Xangoniscus (Isopoda: Styloniscidae) from Brazil, with notes on their habitats and threats

FIGURE 1. Xangoniscus lundi n. sp., male paratype. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, cephalon, frontal view; C, telson and uropod, dorsal view; D, antennula; E, antenna; F, left mandible; G, right mandible; H, maxillula; I, maxilla; J, maxilliped. Scale bars: A: 1 mm; B–J: 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 16. Xangoniscus santinhoi n in New troglobitic species of Xangoniscus (Isopoda: Styloniscidae) from Brazil, with notes on their habitats and threats

FIGURE 16. Xangoniscus santinhoi n. sp., male paratype. A, uropod; B, pereopod 1; C, pereopod 4; D, pereopod 5; E, pereopod 6; F, pereopod 7. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.

FIGURES 32–37. Cave Cabeceira d in A new troglobitic palpigrade from Central Brazil, with notes on a new opisthosomal character (Arachnida: Palpigradi)

FIGURES 32–37. Cave Cabeceira d'água, location and habitat of the news species. 32–33, live specimens of Eukoenenia audax sp. nov.; 34, sampling efforts in the sand banks where the palpigrades were found; 35, main passage of the cave running along the subterranean stream; 36, spring at one of the cave entrances; 37, karst landscape in the municipality of Nova Roma (Goiás state, Brazil) where the cave is located.

FIGURES 14–15 in A new troglobitic palpigrade from Central Brazil, with notes on a new opisthosomal character (Arachnida: Palpigradi)

FIGURES 14–15. Eukoenenia audax sp. nov., holotype. 14, tarsus 3 of leg I; 15, tarsus 3 of pedipalp. Scale bars 50 μm.

FIGURES 9–13 in A new troglobitic palpigrade from Central Brazil, with notes on a new opisthosomal character (Arachnida: Palpigradi)

FIGURES 9–13. Eukoenenia audax sp. nov., holotype, coxae. 9, pedipalp; 10, leg I; 11, leg II; 12, leg. III; 13, leg. IV. The thickened setae are indicated in solid black. Scale bar 100 μm.

FIGURES 4–8 in A new troglobitic palpigrade from Central Brazil, with notes on a new opisthosomal character (Arachnida: Palpigradi)

FIGURES 4–8. Eukoenenia audax sp. nov. 4, frontal organ, immature B ISLA 47683 (scale bar 20 μm); 5, lateral organ, immature B ISLA 47683 (scale bar 15 μm); 6, deutotritosternal seta, male ISLA 47677 (scale bar 20 μm); 7, proximal setae (p1 –p6) on basal segment of chelicera, immature B ISLA 47683 (scale bar 25 μm); 8, distal setae (d1 –d3) on basal segment of chelicera, male ISLA 47677 (scale bar 50 μm).

FIGURE 17 in A new troglobitic palpigrade from Central Brazil, with notes on a new opisthosomal character (Arachnida: Palpigradi)

FIGURE 17. Eukoenenia audax sp. nov., holotype, leg I: trochanter—tarsus 2. A—detail of the forked seta on basitarsus 1. Scale bar 100 μm.

FIGURES 1–3 in A new troglobitic palpigrade from Central Brazil, with notes on a new opisthosomal character (Arachnida: Palpigradi)

FIGURES 1–3. Eukoenenia audax sp. nov., holotype. 1, lateral organ, left side (scale bar 25 μm); 2, propeltidium, dorsal view (scale bar 100 μm); 3, metapeltidial setae (scale bar 50 μm).

FIGURES 20–22 in A new troglobitic palpigrade from Central Brazil, with notes on a new opisthosomal character (Arachnida: Palpigradi)

FIGURES 20–22. Eukoenenia audax sp. nov. 20, sternite V, male ISLA 47679 (scale bar 25 μm); 21, sternite IV, female ISLA 47681 (scale bar 25 μm); 22, part of second and third lobes of male genitalia, male ISLA 47677 (scale bar 20 μm). White arrows in figures 20 and 21 indicate a pair of small orifices between a1 setae; arrows in figure 22 indicate some (only those in focus) small orifices in the third genital lobe.