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Novel trophic subsidies from recreational angling transform the trophic ecology of freshwater fishes
<p>Angling is a globally popular leisure activity. There are over 31 million anglers in Europe, many of which target species of the Cyprinidae family in lowland freshwater ecosystems using methods generally involving bait (e.g. groundbaits, seeds and pellets), with large bait inputs possible in periods of high angling activity. While these bait inputs act as novel trophic subsidies ('angling subsidy'), substantial knowledge gaps remain on their influence on freshwater food-webs, including on fish trophic niche size and position. The effects of angling subsidies on the trophic ecology of cyprinid fish populations and their macroinvertebrate prey resources were investigated in field studies comparing waters of high angling activity ('subsidised fisheries') versus low angling activity ('non-subsidised fisheries'), and complemented by a pond experiment using two cyprinid species in subsidy absence/presence. Methods were based on stable isotope analysis, with angling subsidies being δ13C enriched and, generally, δ15N depleted compared to macroinvertebrate prey resources. In the subsidised fisheries, while there were minimal influences of the baits on macroinvertebrate stable isotope values, the effects of the subsidies on all fish species were to substantially δ13C enrich and δ15N deplete their isotopic niches. However, patterns of inter-specific niche divergence remained similar between the species in subsidy presence. In the pond experiment, there was strong isotopic association between the two fish species and macroinvertebrate putative prey in subsidy absence. In treatments that then exposed both species to angling subsidies, their stable isotope values shifted to enriched δ13C. Synthesis and application: Where angling activity is high, angling baits can provide strong trophic subsidies to freshwater fish, but with minimal effects on other trophic levels. Their regular input into freshwaters can provide some substantial benefits for fish (e.g. increased growth rates) and fisheries (e.g. elevated carrying capacity, higher catch rates), but can also increase nutrient enrichment and potentially raise ethical and fish welfare concerns. Thus, in allowing the use of these baits, especially in relatively high quantities, managers must balance the benefits they can deliver to fish and fisheries versus the adverse effects their use can have on freshwater organisms and ecosystem functioning.</p>
Figure 5 from: Rosenfeld S, Marambio J, Ojeda J, Rodríguez JP, González-Wevar C, Gerard K, Contador T, Pizarro G, Mansilla A (2018) Trophic ecology of two coexisting Sub-Antarctic limpets of the genus Nacella: Spatio-temporal variation in food availability and diet composition of Nacella magellanica and N. deaurata in the Sub-Antarctic Ecoregion of Magellan . ZooKeys 738: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.738.21175
Figure 5 Light microscope and stereomicroscope images of microalgae, macroalgae and invertebrates taken from gut contents of Nacella deaurata.
Figure 4 from: Rosenfeld S, Marambio J, Ojeda J, Rodríguez JP, González-Wevar C, Gerard K, Contador T, Pizarro G, Mansilla A (2018) Trophic ecology of two coexisting Sub-Antarctic limpets of the genus Nacella: Spatio-temporal variation in food availability and diet composition of Nacella magellanica and N. deaurata in the Sub-Antarctic Ecoregion of Magellan . ZooKeys 738: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.738.21175
Figure 4 Light microscope and stereomicroscope images of microalgae, macroalgae and invertebrates taken from gut contents of Nacella magellanica.
Figure 3 from: Rosenfeld S, Marambio J, Ojeda J, Rodríguez JP, González-Wevar C, Gerard K, Contador T, Pizarro G, Mansilla A (2018) Trophic ecology of two coexisting Sub-Antarctic limpets of the genus Nacella: Spatio-temporal variation in food availability and diet composition of Nacella magellanica and N. deaurata in the Sub-Antarctic Ecoregion of Magellan . ZooKeys 738: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.738.21175
Figure 3 Non-metric multidimensional scaling of the dietary composition recorded in the gut contents of the Nacella species in Puerto del Hambre (a, c) and Otway Sound (b, d). a, b correspond to the winter months, and c, d to the summer months. The dashed line indicates the separation between species.
Figure 2 from: Rosenfeld S, Marambio J, Ojeda J, Rodríguez JP, González-Wevar C, Gerard K, Contador T, Pizarro G, Mansilla A (2018) Trophic ecology of two coexisting Sub-Antarctic limpets of the genus Nacella: Spatio-temporal variation in food availability and diet composition of Nacella magellanica and N. deaurata in the Sub-Antarctic Ecoregion of Magellan . ZooKeys 738: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.738.21175
Figure 2 Percentage contribution SIMPER of items in the gut contents of the Nacella species in Puerto del Hambre and Otway Sound for the winter and summer months. The contribution limit was 90% of the total dietary composition. SIMPER analysis shows the dissimilarity between the species of Nacella in the two localities (average dissimilarity in bold and on the bar). The contribution limit was 75% of the total dietary composition. M = Macroalgae (with colours) and I = Invertebrates (with grey scale). Structural hardness of the thallus for macroalgae: th = thin filaments, cf = corticated filaments, clf = cylinder-like form and lm= leathery macrophyte. Functional group for invertebrates: s = sessile and m = mobile.
Figure 1 from: Rosenfeld S, Marambio J, Ojeda J, Rodríguez JP, González-Wevar C, Gerard K, Contador T, Pizarro G, Mansilla A (2018) Trophic ecology of two coexisting Sub-Antarctic limpets of the genus Nacella: Spatio-temporal variation in food availability and diet composition of Nacella magellanica and N. deaurata in the Sub-Antarctic Ecoregion of Magellan . ZooKeys 738: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.738.21175
Figure 1 Location of study sites, circle = Puerto del Hambre and square = Otway Sound. Abbreviations: a, d general view of both localities b, e images of the middle intertidal c, f images of the lower intertidal.
Table 2 in The atyid shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) rostrum: phylogeny versus adaptation, taxonomy versus trophic ecology
<p>Table 2. List of the untransformed morphometric characters and their ratios.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Morphometric character</th><th>Ratio</th><th></th><th>Formula</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>CL</th><td>postorbital carapace length</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>RO</th><td>rostral length</td><td>rcl</td><td>relative rostral length</td><td>RO/CL</td></tr><tr><th>CT</th><td>length of part of the</td><td>ctcl</td><td>relative length of part</td><td>CT/CL</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>carapace with teeth</td><td></td><td>of the carapace with</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>behind the eyes</td><td></td><td>teeth behind the eyes</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT1</i></th><td>number of dorsal teeth on</td><td>r12rct</td><td>density of dorsal teeth</td><td>(<i>ROT1</i> + <i>ROT2</i>)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>rostrum in front of the eyes</td><td></td><td>on rostrum and</td><td>/(RO+CT)</td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT2</i></th><td>number of teeth on carapace</td><td></td><td>carapace</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>behind the eyes</th></tr><tr><th><i>ROT3</i></th><td>number of ventral teeth on</td><td>r3r</td><td>density of ventral teeth</td><td><i>ROT3</i> /RO</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>rostrum</td><td></td><td>on rostrum</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Numerical counted characters are written in italics.</p>
Table 4 in The atyid shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) rostrum: phylogeny versus adaptation, taxonomy versus trophic ecology
<p>Table 4. Swallowing time efficiency (in seconds) for two specimens of <i>Proteus</i>, while feeding on <i>Troglocaris</i> without rostra and with long undamaged rostra.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Time efficiency: mean ± SD (<i>n</i>)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>Shrimps with long undamaged rostra</td><td>Shrimps without rostra</td></tr><tr><th><i>Proteus</i> 1</th><td>38.5 ± 12.8 (<i>n</i> = 6)</td><td>14.3 ± 12.6 (<i>n</i> = 6)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Proteus</i> 2</th><td>10.3 ± 8.5 (<i>n</i> = 4)</td><td>9.3 ± 6.8 (<i>n</i> = 7)</td></tr><tr><th>Mean ± SD, mean ± standard deviation; <i>n</i>, number of eaten shrimps.</th></tr></tbody></table>
Appendix 1 in The atyid shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) rostrum: phylogeny versus adaptation, taxonomy versus trophic ecology
<p>Appendix 1. Non-parametric Two Independent Samples Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (two-tailed) for five phylogroups of <i>Troglocaris</i> s. str. showing age dimorphism (juveniles versus adults) in six untransformed characters and four ratios derived from them.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>MC</b></th><th><b>Males and females</b></th><th><b>Males</b></th><th><b>Females</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td><i>Z</i></td><td><b>Sig.</b></td><td><i>Z</i></td><td><b>Sig.</b></td><td><i>Z</i></td><td><b>Sig.</b></td></tr><tr><th>CL</th><td>3.006</td><td><b>0.000</b></td><td>1.203</td><td>0.111</td><td>3.454</td><td><b>0.000</b></td></tr><tr><th>CT</th><td>2.045</td><td><b>0.000</b></td><td>1.023</td><td>0.246</td><td>2.346</td><td><b>0.000</b></td></tr><tr><th>RO</th><td>2.210</td><td><b>0.000</b></td><td>0.822</td><td>0.509</td><td>2.485</td><td><b>0.000</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT1</i></th><td>1.925</td><td><b>0.001</b></td><td>0.766</td><td>0.600</td><td>1.973</td><td><b>0.001</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT2</i></th><td>2.110</td><td><b>0.000</b></td><td>0.536</td><td>0.936</td><td>2.461</td><td><b>0.000</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT3</i></th><td>1.802</td><td><b>0.003</b></td><td>0.659</td><td>0.778</td><td>1.757</td><td><b>0.004</b></td></tr><tr><th>rcl</th><td>1.541</td><td>0.017</td><td>0.885</td><td>0.413</td><td>1.545</td><td>0.017</td></tr><tr><th>ctcl</th><td>1.882</td><td><b>0.002</b></td><td>1.203</td><td>0.111</td><td>2.146</td><td><b>0.000</b></td></tr><tr><th>r12rct</th><td>0.702</td><td>0.708</td><td>0.729</td><td>0.663</td><td>1.012</td><td>0.257</td></tr><tr><th>r3r</th><td>1.618</td><td>0.011</td><td>1.136</td><td>0.151</td><td>1.583</td><td>0.013</td></tr></tbody></table><p>For description of abbreviations see Table 2. Bold printing designates statistically significant differences at <i>p</i> <0.01 (Sig.). Numerical counted characters are written in italics. MC, morphological character; Z, Kolmogorov–Smirnov <i>Z</i> value.</p>
Appendix 2 in The atyid shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) rostrum: phylogeny versus adaptation, taxonomy versus trophic ecology
<p>Appendix 2. Spearman’s correlation matrix between pairs of morphological characters analysed in five phylogroups of <i>Troglocaris</i> s. str. (<i>T. bosnica</i> excluded), for adults (right above) and adults with juveniles (left below).</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>CL</th><th>CT</th><th>RO <i>ROT1 ROT2 ROT3</i></th><th>rcl</th><th>ctcl r12rct</th><th>r3r</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>CL</th><td></td><td>0.608</td><td>0.530</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.173</td><td>0.138</td><td>0.389 – 0.436 – 0.160</td></tr><tr><th>CT</th><td>0.629</td><td></td><td>0.556</td><td>0.479</td><td><b>0.769</b></td><td>0.369</td><td>0.349</td><td><b>0.957</b> – 0.320</td><td>0.032</td></tr><tr><th>RO</th><td>0.576</td><td>0.616</td><td></td><td>0.659</td><td>0.449</td><td>0.533</td><td><b>0.895</b></td><td>0.474 – 0.574 – 0.043</td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT1</i></th><td>0.333</td><td>0.540</td><td>0.694</td><td></td><td>0.488</td><td>0.537</td><td>0.642</td><td>0.462 0.071</td><td>0.175</td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT2</i></th><td>0.453</td><td><b>0.792</b></td><td>0.514</td><td>0.543</td><td></td><td>0.276</td><td>0.335</td><td><b>0.775</b> 0.041</td><td>0.019</td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT3</i></th><td>0.229</td><td>0.426</td><td>0.587</td><td>0.580</td><td>0.332</td><td></td><td>0.544</td><td>0.373 – 0.162</td><td><b>0.766</b></td></tr><tr><th>rcl</th><td>0.206</td><td>0.428</td><td><b>0.901</b></td><td>0.679</td><td>0.398</td><td>0.599</td><td></td><td>0.370 – 0.436</td><td>0.036</td></tr><tr><th>ctcl</th><td>0.421</td><td><b>0.960</b></td><td>0.541</td><td>0.530</td><td><b>0.790</b></td><td>0.432</td><td>0.449</td><td>– 0.216</td><td>0.087</td></tr><tr><th>r12rct – 0.426 – 0.317 – 0.539</th><td>0.068</td><td>0.020 – 0.172 – 0.406 – 0.218</td><td>0.230</td></tr><tr><th>r3r – 0.096</th><td>0.108</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.247</td><td>0.075</td><td><b>0.787</b></td><td>0.137</td><td>0.163 0.194</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Correlations, higher than | <i>r</i> | ≥ 0.7 are printed in bold type. Abbreviations used for characters are the same as in Table 2.</p>
Table 3 in The atyid shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) rostrum: phylogeny versus adaptation, taxonomy versus trophic ecology
<p>Table 3. Analyses of sexual differences and differences due to the presence of <i>Proteus</i> in adult specimens of three major <i>Troglocaris</i> s. str. phylogroups (W-Slo; E-Slo; Adriatic) and in pooled phylogroups (Soča and Istra phylogroups added).</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Phylogroup/MC</th><th></th><th>Sexual dimorphism (males/females)</th><th></th><th>Presence of <i>Proteus</i> (presence/absence)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td><i>Proteus</i> YES</td><td><i>Proteus</i> NO</td><td></td><td>Males</td><td></td><td>Females</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>Z</i></td><td>Sig.</td><td><i>Z</i></td><td>Sig.</td><td><i>Z</i></td><td>Sig.</td><td><i>Z</i></td><td>Sig.</td></tr><tr><th><b>All phylogroups</b></th></tr><tr><th>CL</th><td>4.297</td><td><b>0.000</b> 83/161</td><td>2.688</td><td><b>0.000</b> 67/88</td><td>1.521</td><td><b>0.020</b> 83/67</td><td>2.552</td><td><b>0.000</b> 161/88</td></tr><tr><th>CT</th><td>2.389</td><td><b>0.000</b> 83/161</td><td>1.434</td><td><b>0.033</b> 67/88</td><td>2.454</td><td><b>0.000</b> 83/67</td><td>3.075</td><td><b>0.000</b> 161/88</td></tr><tr><th>RO</th><td>1.659</td><td><b>0.008</b> 74/151</td><td>1.581</td><td><b>0.014</b> 59/78</td><td>3.497</td><td><b>0.000</b> 74/59</td><td>4.074</td><td><b>0.000</b> 151/78</td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT1</i></th><td>0.720</td><td>0.678 74/149</td><td>0.895</td><td>0.399 59/79</td><td>3.190</td><td><b>0.000</b> 74/59</td><td>3.568</td><td><b>0.000</b> 149/79</td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT2</i></th><td>1.460</td><td><b>0.028</b> 83/159</td><td>1.117</td><td>0.165 65/88</td><td>2.370</td><td><b>0.000</b> 83/65</td><td>3.258</td><td><b>0.000</b> 159/88</td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT3</i></th><td>0.662</td><td>0.774 74/151</td><td>0.752</td><td>0.625 60/79</td><td>2.839</td><td><b>0.000</b> 74/60</td><td>3.293</td><td><b>0.000</b> 151/79</td></tr><tr><th>rcl</th><td>0.835</td><td>0.488 74/151</td><td>0.900</td><td>0.392 59/78</td><td>4.101</td><td><b>0.000</b> 74/59</td><td>4.202</td><td><b>0.000</b> 151/78</td></tr><tr><th>ctcl</th><td>1.070</td><td>0.202 83/161</td><td>1.364</td><td><b>0.048</b> 67/88</td><td>2.454</td><td><b>0.000</b> 83/67</td><td>3.231</td><td><b>0.000</b> 161/88</td></tr><tr><th>r12rct</th><td>1.548</td><td><b>0.017</b> 74/149</td><td>1.787</td><td><b>0.003</b> 59/78</td><td>1.478</td><td><b>0.025</b> 74/59</td><td>1.614</td><td><b>0.011</b> 149/78</td></tr><tr><th>r3r</th><td>1.731</td><td><b>0.005</b> 74/149</td><td>0.929</td><td>0.353 59/78</td><td>1.151</td><td>0.141 74/59</td><td>0.600</td><td>0.865 149/78</td></tr><tr><th><b>(1) W-Slo</b></th></tr><tr><th>CL</th><td>3.115</td><td><b>0.000</b> 34/70</td><td>1.648</td><td><b>0.009</b> 21/26</td><td>1.938</td><td><b>0.001</b> 34/21</td><td>1.742</td><td><b>0.005</b> 70/26</td></tr><tr><th>CT</th><td>1.873</td><td><b>0.002</b> 34/70</td><td>0.868</td><td>0.439 21/26</td><td>2.230</td><td><b>0.000</b> 34/21</td><td>2.703</td><td><b>0.000</b> 70/26</td></tr><tr><th>RO</th><td>0.642</td><td>0.805 31/63</td><td>1.346</td><td>0.053 19/21</td><td>3.321</td><td><b>0.000</b> 31/19</td><td>3.591</td><td><b>0.000</b> 63/21</td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT1</i></th><td>1.141</td><td>0.148 31/61</td><td>0.744</td><td>0.637 19/21</td><td>2.337</td><td><b>0.000</b> 31/19</td><td>2.188</td><td><b>0.000</b> 61/21</td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT2</i></th><td>1.190</td><td>0.118 34/68</td><td>0.868</td><td>0.439 21/26</td><td>2.362</td><td><b>0.000</b> 34/21</td><td>2.605</td><td><b>0.000</b> 68/26</td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT3</i></th><td>1.356</td><td>0.051 31/63</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.996 19/21</td><td>2.546</td><td><b>0.000</b> 31/19</td><td>2.268</td><td><b>0.000</b> 63/21</td></tr><tr><th>rcl</th><td>1.636</td><td><b>0.009</b> 31/63</td><td>0.910</td><td>0.379 19/21</td><td>3.211</td><td><b>0.000</b> 31/19</td><td>3.780</td><td><b>0.000</b> 63/21</td></tr><tr><th>ctcl</th><td>1.242</td><td>0.091 34/70</td><td>0.868</td><td>0.439 21/26</td><td>2.230</td><td><b>0.000</b> 34/21</td><td>2.703</td><td><b>0.000</b> 70/26</td></tr><tr><th>r12rct</th><td>1.868</td><td><b>0.002</b> 31/61</td><td>1.393</td><td><b>0.041</b> 19/21</td><td>3.030</td><td><b>0.000</b> 31/19</td><td>3.116</td><td><b>0.000</b> 61/21</td></tr><tr><th>r3r</th><td>1.793</td><td><b>0.003</b> 31/61</td><td>0.863</td><td>0.446 19/21</td><td>0.711</td><td>0.693 31/19</td><td>0.386</td><td>0.998 61/21</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>Proteus</i> YES</td><td><i>Proteus</i> NO</td><td></td><td>Males</td><td></td><td>Females</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>Z</i></td><td>Sig.</td><td><i>Z</i></td><td>Sig.</td><td><i>Z</i></td><td>Sig.</td><td><i>Z</i></td><td>Sig.</td></tr><tr><th><b>(2) E-Slo</b></th></tr><tr><th>CL</th><td>2.611</td><td><b>0.000</b> 22/44</td><td>1.783</td><td><b>0.003</b> 31/37</td><td>0.684</td><td>0.738 22/31</td><td>1.239</td><td>0.093 44/37</td></tr><tr><th>CT</th><td>1.219</td><td>0.103 22/44</td><td>0.970</td><td>0.303 31/37</td><td>1.099</td><td>0.178 22/31</td><td>1.991</td><td><b>0.001</b> 44/37</td></tr><tr><th>RO</th><td>1.718</td><td><b>0.005</b> 20/42</td><td>0.951</td><td>0.326 27/34</td><td>1.632</td><td><b>0.010</b> 20/27</td><td>2.768</td><td><b>0.000</b> 42/34</td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT1</i></th><td>0.473</td><td>0.979 20/42</td><td>0.289</td><td>1.000 27/35</td><td>2.341</td><td><b>0.000</b> 22/31</td><td>2.913</td><td><b>0.000</b> 42/35</td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT2</i></th><td>1.480</td><td><b>0.025</b> 22/44</td><td>0.543</td><td>0.930 30/37</td><td>1.641</td><td><b>0.009</b> 22/30</td><td>2.635</td><td><b>0.000</b> 44/37</td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT3</i></th><td>0.421</td><td>0.994 20/42</td><td>0.648</td><td>0.795 28/35</td><td>1.854</td><td><b>0.002</b> 20/28</td><td>2.434</td><td><b>0.000</b> 42/35</td></tr><tr><th>rcl</th><td>1.104</td><td>0.174 20/42</td><td>0.520</td><td>0.950 27/34</td><td>2.210</td><td><b>0.000</b> 20/27</td><td>3.382</td><td><b>0.000</b> 42/34</td></tr><tr><th>ctcl</th><td>0.783</td><td>0.571 22/44</td><td>0.859</td><td>0.451 31/37</td><td>1.010</td><td>0.260 22/31</td><td>2.074</td><td><b>0.000</b> 44/37</td></tr><tr><th>r12rct</th><td>2.033</td><td><b>0.001</b> 20/42</td><td>0.778</td><td>0.581 27/34</td><td>1.255</td><td>0.086 20/27</td><td>0.789</td><td>0.562 42/34</td></tr><tr><th>r3r</th><td>0.885</td><td>0.414 20/42</td><td>0.807</td><td>0.533 27/34</td><td>1.124</td><td>0.160 20/27</td><td>0.698</td><td>0.714 42/34</td></tr><tr><th><b>(3) Adriatic</b></th></tr><tr><th>CL</th><td>2.349</td><td><b>0.000</b> 17/36</td><td>1.997</td><td><b>0.001</b> 10/23</td><td>1.712</td><td><b>0.006</b> 17/10</td><td>1.344</td><td>0.054 36/23</td></tr><tr><th>CT</th><td>1.122</td><td>0.161 17/36</td><td>1.113</td><td>0.168 10/23</td><td>1.816</td><td><b>0.003</b> 17/10</td><td>0.814</td><td>0.521 36/23</td></tr><tr><th>RO</th><td>1.083</td><td>0.192 13/35</td><td>1.873</td><td><b>0.002</b> 9/21</td><td>1.439</td><td><b>0.032</b> 13/9</td><td>0.759</td><td>0.612 35/21</td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT1</i></th><td>0.535</td><td>0.937 13/35</td><td>0.478</td><td>0.976 9/21</td><td>0.808</td><td>0.531 13/9</td><td>0.794</td><td>0.555 35/21</td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT2</i></th><td>0.933</td><td>0.349 17/36</td><td>0.976</td><td>0.297 10/23</td><td>1.816</td><td><b>0.003</b> 17/10</td><td>1.430</td><td><b>0.034</b> 36/23</td></tr><tr><th><i>ROT3</i></th><td>0.670</td><td>0.761 13/35</td><td>0.837</td><td>0.486 9/21</td><td>0.414</td><td>0.995 13/9</td><td>0.552</td><td>0.921 35/21</td></tr><tr><th>rcl</th><td>0.548</td><td>0.925 13/35</td><td>1.355</td><td>0.051 9/21</td><td>1.261</td><td>0.083 13/9</td><td>0.897</td><td>0.397 35/21</td></tr><tr><th>ctcl</th><td>0.911</td><td>0.378 17/36</td><td>0.999</td><td>0.271 10/23</td><td>1.712</td><td><b>0.006</b> 17/10</td><td>0.710</td><td>0.694 36/23</td></tr><tr><th>r12rct</th><td>0.839</td><td>0.482 13/35</td><td>1.633</td><td><b>0.010</b> 9/21</td><td>1.360</td><td><b>0.049</b> 13/9</td><td>1.518</td><td><b>0.020</b> 35/21</td></tr><tr><th>r3r</th><td>0.697</td><td>0.716 13/35</td><td>0.757</td><td>0.615 9/21</td><td>0.926</td><td>0.357 13/9</td><td>0.966</td><td>0.308 35/21</td></tr></tbody></table><p>(<i>Continued</i>)</p><p>Six untransformed characters and four ratios are tested by a non-parametric Two Independent Samples Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (two-tailed). MC, morphological character; <i>Z</i>, Kolmogorov–Smirnov <i>Z</i> value; for each MC and condition, numbers of specimens in compared groups are added (in superscript; for sexual dimorphism, number of males/females; for presence of <i>Proteus</i>, number of specimens co-occurring with/or living without <i>Proteus</i>); bold type indicates statistically significant differences at <i>p</i> <0.05 (under Sig.); italic type indicates numerical counted characters. Characters’ abbreviations are given in Table 2.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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